TOPIC – Aromatic Plants -origin, botany, utilization M.Sc Botany Plant resource utilization Aromatic plants

1. JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
Submitted to -
Dr. Pawan K. Kasera
Submitted by -
Anmol Mertiya
(M.sc Previous 2nd Sem)
PAPER 203 - Plant Resource Utilization, Conservation and
Biostatistics
TOPIC – Aromatic Plants -origin, botany,
utilization

2. Mentha
•Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial herbs.
•Leaf colors range- dark green and gray-green to purple, blue,
pale yellow.
• Produced in false whorls - verticillasters.
•The fruit is a nutlet, containing one to four seeds.
•Mentha arvensis – Pudina/ Japanese mint
•Mentha piperita – Peppermint
•Mentha spicata – Spearmint/Garden mint
•Mentha citrata – Orange/Bergamot mint
FAMILY – Labiatae PART USED – Leaf (essential oil)

3. Mentha arvensis Mentha piperita
Mentha spicata Mentha citrata

4. Origin Of Mentha
•Mediterranean basin
•USA main producer (peppermint & spearmint)
•Orange mint native of Europe.
•M.arvensis introduced in 1954 by RRL(J&K)
•M.piperita during British period.
•M.citrata RRLA in 1959.
•M.spicata Regional center of CIMAP, Panthnagar
Botany Of Mentha
• Perennial herb spreading by
rootstalks.
• Required fertile soil, rich in
humus, pH 6-7.5
• LEAF- lanceolate,oblong, sharply
toothed, hairy.
• FLOWER- cyme, sessile, purple.

5. UTILIZATION
JAPANESE MINT
• Source of menthol
• Fresh leaves - 0.4-0.6% oil
• Main constituents - menthol (65-75%),
menthone (7-10%), methyl acetate (12-15%)
• used as a fragrance in toothpaste,
mouthwash, soaps, detergents,lotions,
perfumes.
MENTHOL-
• Toothpaste
• Dental creams
• Beverages
• Tobacco
• Pan masala
• Analgesic
PEPPERMINT-
• Fresh leaves 0.4-0.6% essential oil
• Menthol-(35-50%)
• Menthone (9-25%)
• Peppermint oil is promoted for
topical use (applied to the skin) for
problems like headache, muscle aches,
joint pain, and itching.
SPEARMINT
•Oil- carovene(58%)
•mouthwash, chewing gum
and candy, Fights Bacterial
Infections.
•decrease male hormones like
testosterone while increasing
female hormones.
•May Help Reduce Stress

6. Majorana hortensis (murwa)
FAMILY – Labiatae PART USED – Leaves (oil)
ORIGIN OF EVOLUTION
• Southern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor.
• In India, grows in garden & suited for hill stations.
• Marjoram was popular during the middle Ages as a medicine and as a
culinary herb in England during the sixteenth century.
• An aromatic herb of the mint family.
• Height- 30 to 60 cm.
• Essential oil is very strong and of very pleasant fragrance.
• The highest percentage is found in the leaves.
• Only traces in- flowers and stalks.
• Its active constituents - Monoterpene derivatives, terpenic esters
monoterpenol and sesquiterpenoids.

7. BOTANY
• As ethereal oil
• Antimicrobial properties
• Antioxidant properties
• Control of platelet
aggregation
• Therapeutic properties
• Uses in traditional medicine
• Used in food
• Antibacterial, antifungal
• Fresh twigs to flavour
garlands, bouquet.
• OIL- flavours food, soap,
cheese, meat products.
• USA consumes- 300-400 tera
oil/annum.
Annual or Perennial herb.
Leaves- Oblong, ovate.
Flowers- small, white/purple in clusters.
Inflorescence- Verticillaster
UTILIZATION

8. Growing tip with
flower buds
flowers of Marjoram
Majorana hortensis

9. Pandanus odoratissimus (Kewda)
FAMILY – Pandanaceae PART USED – Male flower: Kewda-oil &
leaves
• It is an Indian Ayurvedic plant (kewda).
• 20 m (66 ft), but can grow at elevations of 600m or higher.
• grow along seashores, banks of rivers, ponds, canals.
• grows in tropical climate, can withstand drought, salty spray & strong wind.
• 600 species- subtropical and tropical regions
• 30-40 species of Pandanus in India.
ORIGIN OF EVOLUTION
• Occurs in coastal regions of India, Iran, Malaysia.
• Native to South Asia and India has the tradition of alternative therapies.
• In Rajasthan, it was cultivated in Alwar & Pushkar.

10. Pandanus thrives in a beach habitat

11. Male inflorescences
Newly opened male
inflorescence
Male Flower

12. BOTANY
UTILIZATION
• Perennial shrub.
• LEAVES- bluish green, coriaceous, thorny, spines on margin & midrib
• Growing plant is supported by aerial roots.
• Flowering after 5 yrs. & continue upto 40-50yrs.
• MALE SPADIX- enclosed by acuminate spathe
• FEMALE SPADIX- solitary.
• FRUIT- syncarpium (numerous drupe) & become yellow/red when ripe
• FLOWERING- May- October.
• MALE SPADIX- 0.03% kewda oil, which has methyl ether of phenyl alcohol (60%),
depentene(16%), d-linalool (19%) & phenyl ethyl acetate (4.5%) .
• MALE FLOWER- Hair decoration & in preparation of kewda oil, attar & water.
• KEWDA ATTAR- Scenting clothes, pan masala, bouquets, lotion, cosmetic, soap,hair
oil, tobacco,agarbatti, etc.
• KEWDA OIL- Stimulant, antispasmodic, headache & rheumatism.
• KEWDA WATER- Sweet, syrup, soft drinks.
• LEAVES- Huts, mats, cordage, baskets,paper, in leprosy, small pox, scabies,
leucoderma, heart & brain diseases.
• PLANT- Soil binder.

13. FRUIT FEMALE FLOWER

14. Cymbopogon
FAMILY – Poaceae PART USED – Leaves
Cymbopogon winterianus – Citronella or Java citronella
Cymbopogon flexuosus – Lemon grass or Palmarosa
Cymbopogon martinii – Rosha grass or Russa grass
ORIGIN / EVOLUTION –
• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
• NBRI introduced it in India.
• C. flexuosus – India
• C. martinii – Sub-tropical India
• Rajasthan wild species (Jodhpur & Bikaner)
• Also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar
grass, oily heads, citronella grass or fever grass.
• Its a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass
family.

15. Cymbopogon winterianus
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Cymbopogon martinii

16. BOTANY
• Perennial herb, shortly rhizomatous grass
• Leaf sheaths glabrous, greenish inside
• fibrous roots; grows in clums.
• LEAF BLADDERS- linear
• INFLORESCENCE – Panicle, large, drooping.
• RACEME – long, one sessile, while other long pedicellate
• 2 lower spikelets which are male or neuter.
UTILIZATION
• C.winterianus oil- Citronellal, citronellol & Geraniol, used in soap,
perfumes, cosmetics, & flavouring industries & antibacterial properties.
• C.flexuosus oil– used for headache, toothache, baths, & as a diuretic
agent for fever & insect repellent.
• C.martinii- perfumery, flavouring tobacco, Soaps, etc.
• Essential oil- used in fighting bacteria, reducing inflammation, combating
fungal infections, providing antioxidants.
• Relaxation & massage, helping headaches.

17. ESSENTIAL OIL USES

19. Jasminum grandiflorum
FAMILY – Oleaceae PART USED – Flowers
• Commonly known as Chameli, French/Italian Jasmine.
• Growth Form- An evergreen scandent shrub in the tropics with long, rather stiff
branches.
• Foliage- simple, opposite/alternate, trifoliate or pinnate;
• Flowers- Flowers are 5 cm in diameter, white, borne in clusters. Stamens -2, ovary
bilocular with 1-4 ovules.
•Flowers open early in the morning and oil content decreases by early morning.
• Fruits- Seldom formed, fruits are 2-lobed berries that turn black when ripe.
 Etymology - The genus Jasminum is latinized from the Persian name,
yasemin or Arabic, yasamin, for perfumed plants. The specific epithet
grandiflorum means large flowers.
 Origin/ Evolution - Indo- Burma

20. Jasminum grandiflorum

21. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF OIL -
• Benzyl benzoate
• benzyl alcohol
• benzyl dehyde
• euganol
UTILIZATION & USES –
• Concrete & oil- high grade perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, muthwash,
incense, deos,hanky perfumes etc.
• Food -Herb and Spice.
• In China and Indonesia, jasmine flowers are popular to flavour tea.
• Jasmine absolute- essential oil
• concrete- waxy solid containing essential oil are used as additives in food
and tobacco.
• Medicinal- Jasmine oil or essence is said to stimulate the reproductive
system as an aphrodisiac. It also functions as a muscle relaxant.
•The infusion of flowers treats coughs and can be applied externally for
skin diseases.
• Cultural / Religious- flowers for personal adornment, in religious
ceremonies, added to baths.

23. Rosa damascena (Gulab)
FAMILY – Rosaceae PART USED – Petals
•Commonly known as the Damask rose,Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Arab rose,
Ispahan rose and Castile rose.
• Its a rose hybrid, derived from Rosa gallica and Rosa moschata.
• stems densely armed with stout, curved prickles and stiff bristles.
• The leaves are pinnate, with five (rarely seven) leaflets.
• Fruit- Pseudobactate, red, ovoid, rich in Vit.C.
•It is considered an important type of Old Rose.
ORIGIN OF EVOLUTION
• Europe & middle east countries (Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan).
• Introduced into European countries.
•Moracco- Largest producer of rose oil in world.
• In Rajasthan- Pushkar & Haldighati.
• Believed that the ancient Romans brought it to their colonies in England.
• Some believed that the physician of King Henry VIII gifted him in 1540.

24. ROSEHIPS

26. Components of rose (essential) oil
Citral- cosmetics
and personal
care products
Carvone- Flavouring
agent,air freshening
products.
Citronellol- as a
mite attractant in
insect repellants.
Citronellyl Acetate-
gives the aroma of roses.
Eugenol- antiseptic
& antiinflammatory
properties.
Farnesol- natural
pesticide for mites. it
is one of 599 additives
in cigarettes.
Phenylacetaldehyde-
found in flavoured
cigarettes, beverages,
& fragrances.
Phenyl Geraniol-
common in flavours of
pineapple, lemon,
orange,plum,&bluebery.

28. UTILIZATION
• ROSE OIL- Citronellol(0.4%), nonadecane(12%), geraniol(15%),
henicosane(17%),& β-phenylethyl alcohol(4%).
• FLOWERS- Laxative property due to presence of a flavanoil glucosite.
• Commercial source of rose oil, concrete, water, gulkand,etc.
• Oil in perfumery
• Different rose products used in cosmetics
• Beverages & cold drinks
• Flavouring agent in food stuff.
• Chewing tobacco
• Alcoholic liquor.
ROSE OIL-- reduce anxiety, stress, depression, pain
-- increase libido
-- protect against harmful bacteria and fungi

30. References
• Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. 1996. Biodiversity of Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of
Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
•https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305495443_Aromatic_Plants
•https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267271451_Majorana_hortensis_
M_A_review_update
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833/
•https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/cymbopogon
•https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aps/2014/120895/
•https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/4/1436

31. THANK YOU!