1. The document summarizes key features of the Poaceae family including distribution, habit, roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, and floral characteristics.
2. It then lists important cultivated crops in Poaceae including their botanical names and provides more detail on rice and wheat.
3. For rice, it describes botanical position, origin, cultivated forms, key morphological features, economic importance, and role in the Green Revolution.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
this power point presentation is about seed production in maize regarding the sowing, planting ratio, isolation distance, seed standards, climate and soil requirements etc
Seed marks the beginning of each plant production and therefore
ensuring its quality is the priority of modern seed science and a prerequisite
for obtaining high yields of all plant species. Determination of seed quality
and its viability indicates what seed lots can be placed onto the market, and
for that reason it is very important to have reliable methods and tests to be
used for seed quality and seed vigour testing
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
this power point presentation is about seed production in maize regarding the sowing, planting ratio, isolation distance, seed standards, climate and soil requirements etc
Seed marks the beginning of each plant production and therefore
ensuring its quality is the priority of modern seed science and a prerequisite
for obtaining high yields of all plant species. Determination of seed quality
and its viability indicates what seed lots can be placed onto the market, and
for that reason it is very important to have reliable methods and tests to be
used for seed quality and seed vigour testing
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
PESTS OF CLOVE , STEM BORER AND SCALE INSECT, ITS MANAGEMENT, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, CHEMICAL CONTROL, CULTURAL CONTROL, MECHANICAL CONTROL, SPICES, ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, SHUATS, SHIATS,
Assalam o Alaikum!
here you can find the grass that serves as good ground mat as well as a good forage. detailed information can be taken through references mentioned.
thanks
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
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of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. Lecture 4 List of cultivated crops, economic
parts, chromosome number and family
description of Poaceae; Key botanical features
of Rice and Wheat
PBG 101 Introduction to Agricultural Botany (1+1)
PBG 101 Course Teacher
Dr. R.Kalaiyarasi
Professor(PBG)
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003
Mobile : 9443440881
Email : kalaiyarasi_2002@yahoo.com
Facebook : Kalaiyarasi Ramachandran
2. Family characters of Poaceae
• Distribution: Most of the members of the family are
cosmopolitan in distribution.
• The plants are commonly found in temperate regions and
are also found in tropical and sub-tropical
regions.
Habit: annual or perennial herbs, rarely woody, mostly
wild, some are cultivated.
Root: adventitious, fibrous.
3. Family characters of Poaceae
• Stem: erect, prostrate or creeping, commonly fistular,
often solid, presence of distinct nodes and
internodes, the stem is called culm.
• Leaf: alternate, exstipulate, sessile, simple and
sheathing base covering the inter node.
Leaf blade linear to lanceolate, parallel venation.
4. Family characters of Poaceae
• Floral characters:
Inflorescence: racemose type, spiklet.
Flowers: bracteates, sessile, zygomorphic, bisexual or
unisexual, incomplete and hypogynous.
Perianth: absence or mostly represented by two
membranous lodicules as in rice, wheat; 3 in
bamboo and one in Malice spp.
5. Family characters of Poaceae
• Androecium: stamens 3 or 3+3 , rarely reduced to 2 or 1, distinct,
filaments slender and long, anther dithecous, versatile and dehisce
by longitudinal slits.
• Gynoecium : carpels 1,2 or 3, syncarpous, ovary rounded, superior,
unilocular with a single basal ovule, style and stigma feathery.
Fruit: caryopsis
Floral formula: Br.% ○ P2 (lodicules) or absent
A3 or 3+3 G (3) or (2) or 1
6. List of Cultivated crops in Poaceae
Common
Name
Botanical Name Common name Botanical name
Rice Oryza sativa L Sugarcane Saccharum
officinarum
Wheat Triticum aestivum Napier grass Pennisetum
purpureum
Maize Zea Mays Guinea grass Panicum maximum
Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Kolukattai Grass Cenchrus sp.
Cumbu Pennisetum glaucum White kolukkattai grass Cenchrus ciliaris
Ragi Eleucine coracana Neela kolukattai grass Cenchrus glaucus
Samai Panicum sumatrance Black kolukattai grass Cenchrus setigerus
Tenai Setaria italica
varagu Paspalum scrobiculatum
panivaragu Panicaum miliaceum
kudiraivali Echinochloa frumentosa
7. Rice
Scientific name : Oryza sativa L.
Chromosome No : 2n = 24
Common Names
» Arisi
» Nellu
» Chawal
8. Systematic position
Division : Phanerogams
Sub-Division : Angiosperms
Class : Monocotyledon
Series : Glumaceae
Sub class : Glumiflorae
Family : Poaceae
Sub family : Poacideae
Tribe : Oryzae
Genus : Oryza
9. Origin:
Place of origin : South and South east asia
Distribution : China, India, Bangladesh, Japan,
Pakistan, Burma, Thailand and
Vietnam.
In India : All the states.
10. Two forms of cultivated rice
Asian rice – O. sativa
African rice – O. glaberrima
Origin of Cultivated Rice
1. Polyphyletic origin
2. Monophyletic origin
11.
12. Monophyletic
Both Asian rice and African rice originated from a
common parent. (O. perennis)
Most accepted one - both Asian rice and African rice
are similar in most characters
Except
• Glume pubescence
• Ligule size
• Kernel colour
13. Species of the genus Oryza
Botanical name Chromosome No. Genome Origin
O. sativa 24 AA Asia
O. nivara 24 AA Asia
O. meridionalis 24 - Australia
O. longistaminata 24 AA Africa
O. rufipogan* 24 AA Asia
O. glumaepatula 24 - America
O. grandiglumis 48 CCDD America
O. glaberrima 24 AA Africa
O. barthii 24 AA Africa
O. australiensis 24 EE Australia
O. latifolia 48 CCDD America
O. alata 48 CCDD America
* Source of CMS
14. Species
Botanical name Chromosome
No.
Genome Origin
O. eichingeri 24, 48 CC, BBCC Africa
O. minuta+ 48 BBCC Asia
O. punctata 48 BBCC Asia
O. officinalis 24 CC Asia
O. granulata 24 - Asia
O. meyeriana 24 - Asia
O. ridleyi 48 - Asian
O. longiglumis 48 - New Guinea
O. brachyantha 24 FF Africa
O. schlechteri - - New Guinea
+ Multiple resistant sp.
15. Subspecies of cultivated Oryza sativa
Rice is adapted to diverse climatic conditions and soils.
This resulted in the evolution of three geographical races
which has given subspecies status.
The three subspecies of Oryza sativa
1. O. sativa subsp indica
2. O. sativa subsp japonica
3. O. sativa subsp javanica
16. Characters Indica Japonica Javanica
Size & colour
of leaves
Broad to narrow
light green leaves
Narrow dark
green leaves.
Broad, stiff light
green leaves.
Grain type Long to short,
slender, flat grains
Short,
roundish
grains.
Long, broad,
thick grains.
Tillering Profuse tillering Medium
tillering
Low tillering.
Plant stature Tall to
intermediate plant
stature
Short to
intermediate
plant stature
Tall
Differences between subspecies
Contd.
17. Characters Indica Japonica Javanica
Awn Awnless Awnless to long
awned
Long
awned
Grain shattering Easy shattering Low Low
Types of tissue Soft plant tissue Hard Hard
Photosensitivity Varying
sensitivity to
photoperiod
very low Low
Amylose content 23-30% amylose 10-24% 20-25%
GT Variable GT Low GT Low GT
18. Family : Poaceae. (Graminae)
Habitat
Tropical and subtropical
Habit
• Semiaquatic
• Free tillering
• Annual herbaceous species
• Fibrous root system.
BOTANY OF RICE
19. • The jointed stem of rice
called Culm
• Made up of a series of
nodes and internodes.
• Erect, cylindrical, hollow
at the internodes and
solid at the Nodes
• Internodes - shorter at the
base and progressively
longer at top.
Stem
20. • Leaves- alternate on the stem in two ranks one at each
node.
• The leaf sheath is continuous with the blade.
• There may be swelling at the base called pulvinous.
• Uppermost leaf below the panicle is called the flag leaf.
• Ligule is a small, white, triangular scale that looks like a
continuation of the sheath.
LEAVES
21. • At the base of the blade, i.e. around the junction between
the blade and sheath, there is white band called the
collar.
• A pair of hairy and sickle shaped auricles are located at
the junction between the collar and the sheath.
• Leaf sheath encircles the whole or part of the internode.
• Leaf blade long narrow pubescent having spiny hairs on
the margins.
LEAVES
22. • Loose terminal panicle.
• Usually 10-30 cm long.
• Erect or drooping,
• Base of the peduncle
• Enclosed in the flag leaf sheath
Inflorescence
23. • Spikelets occur in single, attached to
secondary rachis.
• Spikelets are laterally compressed, borne
on a short pedicel and is subtended by two
miniature sterile glumes that are lanceolate
in shape.
• Lemma is tough, large, boat shaped,
strongly five nerved, apex is solid or it may
be awned.
• Palea is narrower than lemma and strongly
three nerved.
• The extended tips of the lemma & palea
are the “apiculous”.
Spikelet structure
24. Perianth is modified and restricted into small fleshy
transparent portions called lodicules.
• At anthesis, the lodicules become turgid and thrust
open the lemma and palea apart exposing the fertile
stamens.
• Stamens are six in number in two rows,
• Filaments are slender, Anthers versatile,
• Pistil with single ovule,Two plumose stigma.
Spikelet structure
26. Grain structure
Economic part : The seed of the paddy
is called “Caryopsis”
The ovule after fertilisation develops into seed
with seed coats (outer layer) completely fused
together
with the developing ovary wall or pericarp.
27.
28. • The pericarp is made up of distinct
layers of quadrangular cells which
form the epicarp.
• These cells have slight thickening
and are followed by cells which are
much compressed and form the
mesocarp consisting of two to three
layers.
• The endocarp is a single layer of tube
cells.
1. THE PERICARP OR
FRUIT COAT
Epicarp
Mesopcarp
Endocarp
29. 2.The Seed Coat
• A few layers of cells
below the pericarp are
the integuments of seed
coats.
30. 3.The Aleurone layer
A prominent layer of
rectangular cells
which contain
protein lying next to
the seed coats.
31. The CARYOPSIS that comes from the field directly is
known as paddy or.
Rough rice - 20% hull (Ummi) i.e. lemma and palea.
The process of removing the hull - hulling.
This can be done by hand pounding or by dehusker.
ROUGH RICE
rough rice
32. After hulling the produce is known as ‘brown rice’.
Then next step is polishing.
The brown rice consists of pericarp, nucellus, aleurone
layer and embryo.
All these are collectively known as bran, which is rich in
oil (15 to 20%), protein, mineral salts and vitamins.
During polishing process most of
the nutrients are lost.
BROWN RICE OR HUSKED RICE
brown rice
33.
34. Economic Importance
• Whole grain is cooked and eaten.
• Rice grain - producing parched rice, popped rice / beaten
rice
• Rice flour - for preparation of edible items and ice cream
• Rice Starch - in textile industry, manufacture of dextrin /
glucose.
• Rice bran - valuable livestock and poultry feed
• Rice bran oil - for making soaps and cosmetic
• Rice straw - for cattle feeding, making straw boards, paper/
mats.
35. Value added products and their uses
Rice bran
• It’s colour and nutty flavour is an excellent source of
thiamin, niacin, vitamin B-6, iron, phosphorus,
magnesium, potassium & fiber.
• Rice bran - used to feed livestock.
Rice hull
Hulls are used as fuel in power plants and rice mills
36. Rice bran oil
• It is a high quality cooking oil
• Effective in reducing cholesterol in the blood.
• Used for making soaps and cosmetics
37. Brewers rice
• Used in brewing beer and other fermented products.
• Rice vine, with 10-15 per cent alcohol - from glutinous rice
38. Rice Flour
• To produce rice pasta, chips / snacks / breakfast cereals.
• Substitute for wheat flour to persons who are allergic
Broken Kernels
Used to make various products including rice flour
and pet food
39. Rice and Green revolution
• Green revolution in rice was started after the discovery
of dwarf mutant Dee-Gee- Woo – Gen by a farmer in
Taiwan.
• Utilizing this in Taiwan developed first dwarf variety
T(N) 1.
• Later of this Dee Gee Woo Gen Was utilized in IRRI
and released Wonder Rice, IR 8 . (Peta x Dee-Gee -
Woo -Gen.)
40. Dr R.Kalaiyarasi
Visit to IRRI, Manila ,
Philippines and
Participated in
International Rice
Research Conference.
Discussion with Father
of Hybrid Rice -
Dr.Yuan Long Ping
Father of hybrid rice
Dr. Yuan Long Ping
Dr.R.Kalaiyarasi
Dr.R.K
41. Dr.R.Kalaiyarasi Visit to IRRI, Manila,
Philippines and Participated in IRRC.
Father of Hybrid Rice Dr.Yuan Long Ping
Yuan
Long
Ping
R.Kalaiyarasi
