The document summarizes the BrainGate neural interface system, which is an implant that monitors brain activity to allow paralyzed people to control external devices. It was developed in 2003 by Cyberkinetics and Brown University to help those who have lost limb function, such as ALS patients. The implant consists of a microchip that detects electromagnetic signals from neurons and translates them to commands for a computer. In trials, implantees were able to control a cursor and prosthetics. The technology offers hope for more independent living but challenges remain regarding safety, cost, and information transfer rates.

1. SEMINAR BY:
MAMTA (I.T. IVth YEAR)
0902IT131020

2. INTRODUCTION
• BrainGate is a brain implant system built, designed to
help those who have lost control of their limbs, or
other bodily functions, such as patients
with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)[disease that
causes the death of neurons which control voluntary
muscles] or spinal cord injury.
• The sensor, which is implanted into the brain,
monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the
intention of the user into computer commands.

3. DEVELOPMENT
BrainGate is developed by the bio-tech company CYBERKINETICS in 2003 in
conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University .
BrainGate previously owned by Cyberkinetics , currently under development and in
clinical trials and now owned by privately held BrainGate.
In July 2009, a second clinical trial (dubbed "BrainGate2") was initiated by researchers
at Massachusetts General Hospital, Brown University.
Nicholas HatsopoulosJeff StibelJudy Hackett

4. UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
”The principle of operation of the BrainGate Neural
Interface System is that with intact brain function, neural
signals are generated even though they are not sent to
the arms, hands and legs”.
The signals are interpreted and transmitted into cursor
movements.

5. NEUROCHIP
• The chip uses 100 hair-thin electrodes that 'hear' neurons firing in
specific areas of the brain, for example, the area that controls arm
movement. It is made of silicon.
• It sense electromagnetic signature of Neutrons.

6. IMPLANTING
• The chip is implanted on the surface of the brain
in the motor cortex area that controls
movement. Doctor drills a small hole into the
skull and implant the sensor.

7. COMPONENTS
• The BrainGate pilot device consists of a
Sensor (microchip) of the size of a contact
lens, a cable and pedestal (connector), which
connects the chip to the computer, a
convertor(that converts signals by neurons to
digital signal ), a cart which consists the signal
processing unit (processing section) And
external devices.

8. WORKING
Monitored signal send by brain is translated into electrically
charged signals, Signals are then sent and decoded
using a program to move cursor, robot arm, even a wheelchair etc.

9. Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain
during neurosurgery .
Invasive BCI provides the highest quality of signals among BCIs but
are prone to scar –tissue build- ups.
Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the
brain rather than within the grey matter. They produce better resolution signals
than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and
deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue
No break in the skin is made .Activities are carried out on
the scalp.
INVASIVE
PARTIALLY INVASIVE
NON-INVASIVE
BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE

10. REAL LIFE EXAMPLE
• According to the Cyberkinetics website, three
patients have been implanted with the
BrainGate system.
• One is Matthew Nagle, a quadriplegic
paralyzed from the neck down
• The device was implanted in 2004 over the
portion of the motor cortex that controlled
his left hand and arm

11. MATTHEW NAGLE
• “I can't put it into words. It's just—I use my brain. I just thought it. I said, "Cursor go
up to the top right." And it did, and now I can control it all over the screen. It will
give me a sense of independence.”
-- Matt Nagle
• Using the BrainGate system, Matt could control a :
- Cursor on a computer screen
- Control TV
- Check e-mail
- Draw on screen
• He could also send commands to an external prosthetic
hand

12. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
• Faster than what is possible with the hands of a non-
disabled person.
• Controlling remote devices
• Making and receiving telephone calls
• Accessing the internet.
• Turn on or off the lights
• Control robotic arm
• Watch and control television
• Use the pc
• Locking or unlocking doors
• Motorized wheelchair
• Typing words by mind

13. DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Risky Surgery
 Not Wireless yet
 Difficulty in adaptation and learning.
 Limitation in information transform rate. The latest technology is 20
bits/min.

14. FUTURE SCOPE
• In the next two years, Cyberkinetics hopes to refine the chip to
develop a wireless version
• No need for a plug
• Safer
• Less visible
• Smaller
• Wireless
• The user will have an improved control of respiratory system,
limb with muscle stimulation or robotics.

15. CONCLUSION
The invention of BrainGate is such a
Revolution in medical field. The
remarkable breakthrough offers hope that
people who are paralyzed will one day be
able to independently operate artificial
limbs, computers or wheelchairs.