Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
This presentation has been intended to offer a bird's eye view about the phylogenetic classification of the plant kingdom in general and the Engler and Prantl system in particular with merits and demerits.
Arrangement of plants in an orderly sequence based upon their similarities and relationship in hierarchy such as species, genus, family, order, class and division in conformity with the nomenclatural system
The closely related plants are kept within a group and unrelated plants are kept far apart in separate groups.
BENTHAM AND HOOKER SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION.pptxRASHMI M G
Bentham and Hooker system of plant classification is the best example of natural system of classification
Their contribution to the field of taxonomy and plant systematics is enormous
Their classification is of practical importance even today
The 3 volume work ‘Genera Plantarum’ published by them It consists of descriptions with names and classification of about 97,205 seed plants (flowering plants) belonging to 7569 genera of 200 families of flowering plants.
Amentiferae Order or taxon ?
अमेंटिफेरी क्यों खास है ? Phylogeny and characteristics.
Dr. Praveen Mohil
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany, university of Rajasthan
This PPT has been made to explore the plant classification in general and the classification as made by Bentham & Hooker for the classification of the flowering plants. It also offers the history of plant classification along with the merits and demerits of this aforesaid classification.
In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of the Early Devonian that had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes.
What is Meristematic Tissue? Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli coined the term “meristem.” Meristematic tissue contains undifferentiated cells, which are the building blocks of the specialized plant structures. Meristematic tissues contain living cells with varied shapes.
Stems of many plants are modified to perform different functions such as storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation and perennation. Modifications help in better adaptation and survival.
Stems develop from the plumule of the germinating seed. It bears leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. The characteristic feature of a stem is nodes and internodes. The main function of the stem is to support other parts of the plant and conduction of food, water and minerals.
In some plants, stems are modified, which can be aerial, subaerial or underground modifications. They are modified to perform other functions, which are not normally associated with the stem.
Morphology and modifications of roots.pptxmanoj Joshi
The plants that we see today is the result of billions of years of evolution. Today, plants cover almost 30 per cent of the total landmass and account for the 50 per cent of the plant’s productivity (generation of biomass). Plants fulfil many roles in the ecosystem. They are a source of food, nutrition, shelter, maintain the integrity of soil (by preventing erosion) and most importantly, they are the main source for balancing the oxygen level in the atmosphere.
Plants are an essential part of the ecosystem. Every life on the earth is directly or indirectly dependent on plants. Among the different parts of a plant, the leaf is the most essential.
Characteristic form or bodily appearance of an organism.
(The habit of the plant can be understood only if the plant is provided with roots or seen growing in
nature.)
In plants some structures are already present to defend the attack while in others, the structures to defend the host develops after the infection. In this way, structural defense can be characterized as
A collection of dried and pressed plant arranged according to a classification system and available for study or reference is known as herbarium ( plural herbaria).
Taxonomy (or systematics) is basically concerned with the classification of organisms. Living organisms are placed in groups on the basis of similarities and differences at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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2.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or
group of plants an distinct category following a system of
nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well
established plan.
Some of the earlier systems of classification of angiosperms
were artificial systems, since they used only certain
superficial characteristics as the basis.
With more and more detailed study on the morphological,
physiological and reproductive aspects of angiosperms, the
artificial systems of classifications were replaced by the
natural systems of classification.
INTRODUCTION
3.
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker - Two English
taxonomists who were closely associated with the Royal
Botanical Garden at Kew, England have given a detailed
classification of plant kingdom, particularly the angiosperms.
They gave an outstanding system of classification of
phanerogams in their Genera Plantarum which was published
in three volumes between the years 1862 to 1883. It is a natural
system of classification.
They described 97,205 species of flowering plants grouped into
202 orders (now recognised as families).
The system has the advantage of being the first great natural
system of classification, which is very easy to follow.
INTRODUCTION
4. George Bentham
1800-1884
Joseph Dalton Hooke
1817-1911
A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed
plants was published in :
G. Bentham & J.D. Hooker (1862–1883). Genera plantarum
ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (three
volumes)
5.
The system recognises the following main groups:
Class DICOTYLEDONES
DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I
Series 1. THALAMIFLORÆSeries 2. DISCIFLORÆSeries 3.
CALYCIFLORÆ
DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
Series 1. INFERÆSeries 2. HETEROMERÆSeries 3.
BICARPELLATÆ
DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
Class GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1)
Class MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)
13. HETEROMERAE
Flowers with superior ovary
Number of carpels - more than two
Ebenales
Families
Sapotaceae
Ebenaceae
Styracaceae
Primulales
Families
Plumbaginaceae
Primulaceae
Myrsinaceae
Ericales
Families
Ericaceae
Clethraceae
Epacridaceae
Diapensiaceae
Lennoceae
Orders
17.
1. One of the most valuable contribution of this work is the
description of the taxa at all levels. Description are accurate and
easy to identify plant species up to family level.
2. Because the description were based on direct observation by the
authors they become models of accuracy.
3. This system placed order Ranales placed at the beginning of the
system is very reasonable.
4. The placement of dicots before monocots is also accepted by all
the modern taxonomists.
Merits
18.
1. Gymnosperms are most primitive than angiosperms and
placing gymnosperms in between dicots and monocots is a
serious error.
2. The introduction of monochlamydeae is another drawback .
Since this group contains advanced and primitive forms.
3. Among the monocot Orchidaceae is placed in the beginning
with all it’s advanced characters.
4. The subdivision of the monocot is based on the position of
ovary and characters of perianth. This may resulted in the
anomalous situation for many families.
Demerits
