This document discusses plant nomenclature and some key concepts in naming plants scientifically. It covers:
1) The International Code of Nomenclature governs assigning scientific names to plants, algae, and fungi in Latin. Names must follow the code's rules to be legitimate.
2) Plants are named using a binomial system with the genus as the first part and specific epithet as the second, such as Themeda pseudotremula.
3) Types, either a holotype or lectotype, are designated specimens that anchor the name to a taxon. Priority of publication determines which scientific name is correct when multiple names have been assigned.
1.plant systematic
levels of taxonomy
specie
specie concept
phases of taxonomy
components of taxonomy
2.palynological evidence
2. taxonomical evidence
3. chemotaxonomy
1.plant systematic
levels of taxonomy
specie
specie concept
phases of taxonomy
components of taxonomy
2.palynological evidence
2. taxonomical evidence
3. chemotaxonomy
Journey of ICBN to ICN- Changes and Significances.
Presented by : Chhan Kumar Kalita, PG 1st Semester, Department of Botany, Nowgown College (Autonomous).
Guided by : Dr. Prantik Sharma Baruah, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Nowgown College (Autonomous).
Binomial System of Nomenclature is used in Taxonomy. It has been first time used consistently by Carolous Linnaeus aka Carl von Linne in his famous Species Plantarum published in 1753.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
Journey of ICBN to ICN- Changes and Significances.
Presented by : Chhan Kumar Kalita, PG 1st Semester, Department of Botany, Nowgown College (Autonomous).
Guided by : Dr. Prantik Sharma Baruah, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Nowgown College (Autonomous).
Binomial System of Nomenclature is used in Taxonomy. It has been first time used consistently by Carolous Linnaeus aka Carl von Linne in his famous Species Plantarum published in 1753.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
Chapter deals with basics of systematics and Taxonomy. The chapter introduces biology students about various components of living world like taxonomy, systematics and various taxonomical aids.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Plant nomenclature
1. Plant Nomenclature
National workshop on Grass Systematics
Sharad Suresh Kambale
Assistant Professor,
Department of Botany,
Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s Arts, Commerce
& Science College, Tryambakeshwar,
Nashik- 422212.
Email: skambalesu@gmail.com
Contact no.: 09623127314
2. Nomenclature?
Giving names to plants, algae and fungi.
How we give names to plants?
International Code of Nomenclature for algae,
fungi, and plants (ICN)
(Earlier International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN)
What we can name by using ICN?
Land plants, "algae," and fungi (+slime molds, water
molds)
3. Scientific name?
The names assigned by the rules of the ICN
In Latin language
Usually italicized or underlined, or bolded
E.g., Hubbardia, Jansenella, Apluda
4. Binomials
E.g., Themeda pseudotremula Potdar, Salunkhe & S.R.Yadav
Themeda = genus name (capitalized)
pseudotremula =
Themeda pseudotremula = species name
Potdar, Salunkhe & S.R.Yadav = authors
Linnaeus: consistently used binomials
specific epithet (not capitalized)
5. Basic Concepts and Terms
Name vs. Taxon
Gathering and specimen
Description and diagnosis
Protologue
6. Legitimate Names: in accordance with the rules of the ICN
Illegitimate Names: violate one or more rules of the ICN
Homonyms
Isonyms
Circumscription
Tautonyms
= a heterotypic synonym, based on a different type
≡ a homotypic synonym, based on the same type
7. ICN Governs two basic activities:
1) Naming new taxa
2) Determining the correct name for previously
named taxa
8. Principles of Plant Nomenclature
1) Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological
and Bacteriological nomenclature.
2) The application of botanical names is determined by
means of nomenclatural types.
3) Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of
publication.
9. 4) Each taxon of a particular circumscription, position, and rank
can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with
the rules. [=Fundamental Principle!]
5) Scientific names are treated as Latin.
6) The rules and regulations of the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive.
10. Why not Common names?
1) Scientific names are universal, used the same world-wide.
2) Common names are not consistent.
a) A taxon may have more than one common name (e.g
Woodbine, Morning Glory for Ipomoea)
b) One common name to more than one taxon (e.g., “Salai”
(Konkani) for Aporosa lindleyana and Ehretia indica).
3) Common names tell nothing about rank; scientific names do.
4) Many, if not most, organisms have no common name in any
language.
11. Rank?
Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank
is inclusive of all lower ranks.
Position?
Placement of a taxon as a member within particular genus or species
E.g., Apluda & Cyperus of same rank (genus) but different positions
(Poaceae & Cyperaceae)
12. What are the ranks?
Kingdom (various) Plantae
Phylum [Division] -phyta Magnoliophyta
Subphylum [Subdivision] -phytina Magnoliophytina
Class -opsida Magnoliopsida
Subclass -idae Asteridae
Superorder -anae, [-iflorae] Asteranae
Order -ales Asterales
Suborder -ineae Asterineae
Family -aceae Asteraceae
Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae
Tribe -eae Heliantheae
Subtribe -inae Helianthinae
Genus (various) Helianthus
Subgenus (various) Helianthus
Section (various) Helianthus
Species (various) Helianthus annuus
Subspecies (various) Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus
Variety (various) Helianthus annuus var. annuus
13. Rank Endings
Order -ales Gentianales
Family -aceae Gentianaceae
Subfamily -oideae Gentianoideae
Tribe -eae Gentianeae
Subtribe -inae Gentianae
Genus (various) Gentiana
Subgenus (various) Gentiana
Section (various) Gentiana
Species (various) Gentiana indica
Subspecies (various) Gentiana indica ssp. indica
Variety (various) Gentiana indica var.
sikkimensis
14. What is the rank of:
Poideae subfamily
Poaceae family
Hubbardeae tribe
Asteridae subclass
Eulalia shrirangii var. shrirangii variety
Magnoliopsida class
Magnoliophyta phylum
Ranales order
Poa genus
Hubbardia diandra species
Dichanthium annulatum subsp. annulatum subspecies
16. Ternary names?
subspecies or variety name
(both are infraspecific names)
E.g., Arisaema sahyadricum var. ghaticum
( ghaticum = varietal epithet)
Ceropegia longifolia subsp. sinensis
(sinensis = subspecies epithet)
17. Authorship?
the name of the person who first validly published
the name
Poaceae Barnhart
Pooideae Benth.
Sorghum Moench
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
Author names often abbreviated:
Eg. L.= Linnaeus; Benth. =Bentham
18. Easiest way to learn scientific names
Learn the etymology (meaning).
Mangifera
Moringa
Apluda
Themeda
Man Kai (in Tamil) and fera: bearing
Moringo: Malyalam
Latin apluda is for chaff or bran. Nature of involucres
Arabic thaemed for grass.
19. Usually herbarium specimen .
Permanently associated with a name.
Holotype - primary specimen upon which a name is based,
designated at the time of publication.
Isotype - duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the
same person from the same place.
Lectotype - selected from the original material to serve as the type
when holotype not available.
Neotype - specimen derived from a non-original collection that is
selected to serve as the type.
Nomenclature type?
21. Type specimen of Ceropegia mannarana P. Umam. & P. Daniel
Type: INDIA. Tamil Nadu;
Tirunelveli district, Gulf of
Mannar coast, Uvari, 18 Nov.
1995, S. A. Muthukumar
106332 (CAL! Isotype MH!)
22. Ceropegia angustifolia Wight,
Contr. Bot. India 31. 1834
Lectotype: (vide Kambale
& Yadav, 2014: 27-28):
BANGLADESH, Silhet,
s.d. N. Wallich Wall.
asclep. n. 13. K
(K000894290), photo!;
syntypes E and K (photo!)
23. Syntype: When no holotype designated or more than one type designated
Isosyntype: Duplicate of Syntype
Paratype: Specimen cited in Protologue other than holotype/isotype
Original material: Syntype, paratype, holotype and isotype
Epitype: Specimen/illustration selected to serve as interpretative type
What is type of Homo sapiens L.?
Homo sapiens L. 1758. Systema Naturae
Linnaeus
24. Source: The Code Decoded, Page no. 65.
The typification Flow Chart:
25. Types exist for all ranks up to family
Hubbardia diandra L. Chandore 31
Ceropegia candelabrum L. is the type for
the genus Ceropegia L.
Genus Poa is the type for family Poaceae Borkh.
26. What is a priority of publication?
When and with what publication begin?
Nomina familiarum conservanda
Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda
Nomina species conservanda
Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753
(with exceptions)
Name published first is the legitimate one
How to correct?
30. Two reasons for name change?
1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate).
2) Additional research has changed definition and
delimitation of a taxon.
33. Four major ways that names are changed?
United
Divided
Changed in rank
Changed in Position
34. Names may be united:
Name changes:
E.g., Sarcostemma and Cynanchum (Apocynaceae) have been united
into one genus, Cynanchum
Sarcostemma Cynanchum
35. Name may be divided:
E.g., Cleome (Cleomaceae) split into Cleome,
Corynandra, and Cleoserrata
Name changes:
Cleome Corynandra Cleoserrata
36. Name may be changed in position:
Name changes:
E.g., Ceropegia brevitubulata transferred to the genus Brachystelma.
The new species Brachystelma brevitubulatum.
Brachystelma brevitubulatum.
37. Name changes:
E.g., Ceropegia biflora
changed to rank of variety: Ceropegia candelabrum var. biflora
Ceropegia candelabrum Ceropegia candelabrum var. biflora
38. What is a basionym?
The “name bearing” name.
The original (possibly now rejected) name, part of
which (the epithet) has been used in a new
combination.
Person(s) who named basionym. Retained!
Author(s) in parentheses?
39. Basionym
E.g., Clerodendrum serratum was transferred to the genus
Rotheca by Steane & Mabberley, new species name is:
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.
[Note: Volkameria serrata L. is the basionym]
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press
(Eusteralis deccanensis Panigrahi =basionym)
40. What is an autonym?
Automatically created name for infrafamilial,
infrageneric, and infraspecific taxa.
Created when taxa are divided.
Assigned based on priority of publication.
Autonyms have no authors.
41. Autonyms:
E.g., Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. bulbosa
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Var. lushii (Graham) Hook.f.
Apluda mutica L. var. mutica
Apluda mutica var. major (Hack.) R.K. Jain
42. What are the main criteria of valid publication?
1) Name must be effectively published
= in a journal generally available to botanists
As of 1 Jan 2012:
Electronic material published online in Portable
Document Format (PDF) with an International
Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International
Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute
effective publication
43. What are the main criteria of valid publication?
2) Name must be published in the correct form, properly
Latinized with the correct rank ending.
3) Name must be published with a Latin description or
diagnosis or with a reference to such.
[Vernacular description typically included.]
As of 1 Jan 2012:
A description or diagnosis may be in either Latin or
English.
44. What are the main criteria of valid publication?
4) Rank must be indicated (e.g., “sp. nov.,” “subsp. nov.,”
or “var. nov.”)
5) Nomenclatural type must be indicated (for genus and
below).
48. What is a synonym?
= a rejected name, by a particular author or authors.
Synonyms usually indicated in brackets; e.g.,
Brachystelma brevitubulatum (Bedd.) Gamble[Ceropegia
brevitubulata Bedd.]
1) because illegitimate.
2) because of taxonomic judgment.
Why rejected?
49. Two types of synonyms:
E.g., Brachystelma brevitubulatum (Bedd.)
Gamble
[Ceropegia brevitubulata Bedd.]
1) Homotypic (nomenclatural) – based on the same
type specimen
E.g., Andrographis beddomei C.B. Clarke 1884
[Andrographis nallamalayana J.L. Ellis(1967)]
1) Heterotypic (taxonomic) – based on a different
type specimen
51. What is a correct name?
A legitimate (and therefore validly published) name
that is accepted by a particular author or authors.
Each taxon can have only one correct name.
How can a name be legitimate but not correct?
There may be 2 (or more) alternative,
legitimate names.
Only one of these can be correct
(in any given work).
52. What is a homonym?
= synonym identical to accepted, correct name.
E.g.: Vicia gigantea Hook., 1831 [Vicia gigantea Bunge,1833]
= binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical
in spelling.
Tautonyms are not permitted by the ICN!
E.g., Themeda themeda would be a tautonym and illegitimate.
Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karst. (Jujube) is not a tautonym and is
permitted.
What is a tautonym?
53. Abbreviations:
"in" = "in the publication of”
Amorphophallus commutatus var. anshiensis Punekar in
Punekar and Lakshminarasimhan.
"ex" = "validly published by.”
comb. nov. (combinatio nova) means a new nomenclatural
combination
E.g., Decalepis khasiana (Kurz) Ionta ex Kambale
May be abbrev.: Decalepis khasiana Kambale
54. Abbreviations:
s.l. (sensu lato) means “in the broad sense”
E .g. Apocynaceae s.l.
s.s. or s.str. (sensu stricto) means “in the narrow sense”
E.g. Asclepiadaceae s.s.
E.g.,
Boraginaceae s.l. includes the families Hydrophyllaceae,
Ehretiaceae, Heliotropaceae, Cordiaceae, and others
Boraginaceae s.s. does not (those families are separate)
55. Abbreviations
"x" = a hybrid.
E.g., Salvia x palmeri (A. Gray) Greene
= S. apiana x S. clevelandii.
"sp. nov." = species novum
E.g., “Aponogeton bruggenii sp. nov."
"cf." = confer, meaning "compare.”
E.g., "Calyptridium cf. monandrum” (meaning check this
specimens of species for confirmation)
aff. (affine) means “related to”
56. auct. non (auctorum non) means “not of these authors,” referring to a
“misapplied” name, such that the type specimen of the name does not fall
within the circumscription of the taxon being referred to by that name
emend. (emendatio) means a correction or amendment
et is Latin for “and”
sp. nov. (species nova) means a new species
gen. nov. (genus novum) means a new genus
nom. nov. (nomen novum) means a new name, e.g., proposed as a
substitute for an older name (e.g., an illegitimate homonym, in which
case the older name serves as the type for the new one)
nom. nud. (nomen nudum) means published without a description or
diagnosis, making the name invalid.
57. non is Latin for “not”
nom. cons. (nomen conservandum) means a conserved name
stat. nov. (status novus) means a change in rank, e.g., elevating a varietal
name to specific status
typ. cons. (typus conservandus) means a conserved type specimen
typ. des. (typus designatus) means the designation of a type specimen
vide (video) means to cite a reference
X indicates a hybrid
! (symbol for vidi, “I have seen it”) can mean a) a confirmation of a name, as
on an annotation label agreeing with the name on the original herbarium
label; or b) indication that a specimen (usually a type) has been seen by the
author in a publication
Eg. Chandore 3031 K!, BM!
58. n. v. (non visus) is Latin for “not seen,” typically meaning that
authors did not see a specimen, such as a type.
orth. cons. (orthographia conservanda) means a conserved spelling
59. Gender of the generic names:
General rule
"-us" ending: masculine: Phaseolus, Helianthus, Hibiscus,
"-a”, “is”, “es”, ending: feminine: Rosa, Brassica, Oryza, Carota,
Coffea. Aerides, etc.
"-um" ending: neuter: Triticum, Coriandrum, Psidium
Exceptions: 1) The "-ma" ending generic names of Greek origin may be
neuter or feminine:
e.g.,
Neuter: Abroma, Aneilema, Arisaema, Megastigma, Melastoma,
Theobroma, Trema, Zygnema (alga) and Brachystelma
Feminine: Hedeoma, Callicoma, Meliosma, Radiopalma and Ceropegia
Note: Only adjectival epithets need to match their genders with
the gender of the genus name.
60. Exercises on gender endings
1. Ceropegia manoharii Sujanapal, P.M.Salim, Anil Kumar &
Sasidh.
The epithet "manoharii" is NOT a Latin term (but is Latinized).
2. Barleria prattensis Santapau
3. Crinum pratense Herb.
4. Polygonum plebeium R. Br. var. indica (Heyne ex Roth) Hook. f.
5. Balanophora elkinsi Blatt.
6. Antidesma bunius Spreng.
7. Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will.Watson
8. Enteropogon prieurii (Kunth) Clayton
9. Isachne borii Hemadri
61. 11. Aerides multiflorum Roxb.
12. Aerides crispum
12. Dendrobium lawanum Lindl.
13. Brachystelma nallamalayana K.Prasad & B.R.P.Rao
14. Miliusa malnadense Page & Nerlekar
15. Ceropegia candelabrum L.
Only the "-er" ending is treated as a vowel, and we add a single "i",
e.g., alexander; "alexanderi"
"-ar", "-ir", "-or", and "-ur" endings are treated as consonants.
Therefore, we add 2 "i"
10. Sporobolus helvola T.Durand & Schinz