Presentation of botanical nomenclature [Autosaved]-1.pdf

Presentation of botanical nomenclature [Autosaved]-1.pdf

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  PRESENTATION OF SEMINAR T OP I C : Name: Hamsa Dilbar Roll no.101(044866) Submitted t o:Sir MUKHTAR Sem. Duration: 2020-2024(6th sem) Discipline: Bs.Botany IMPORTANCE OF LATIN NAMES AND BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE WITH AN ITRODUCTION TO ICBN.
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  NOMENCLATURE: ▪ A systemthrough which organisms, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and other living things are given distinct scientific names is called Nomenclature. ▪ “Binomial nomenclature is the biological system naming the organisms in which the name is composed of two terms, where, the first term indicates the genus and the second term indicates the species of the organism. Genus Species ▪ The Binomial Nomenclature system is a formal system of naming that was introduced by the scientist Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.
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  NOMENCLATURE AND COMMON NAME: Nomenclatureis defined as the system of naming of plants and animals. Scientific names are the language of taxonomists. When a taxonomist identifies and describes the natural group of plants, he gives appropriate scientific names to the groups. The names are of two types - vernacular (common name) and scientific names. Common names do not serve the purpose because; ▪ A plant may have more than one common name. ▪ The same common name may be used for more than one plant. Laurel is a common name applied to trees in five different plant families. ▪ Many common names are confusing. A pineapple is not a kind of pine, nor is it an apple. Kentucky bluegrass is not blue, nor is it native to Kentucky. ▪ Common names vary from country to country. Even they vary from region to region within a country. ▪ Many common names are used for taxonomic categories higher than species level .i.e; rose is a genus.It has many species. Thus common names does not provide information about the species.
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  TYPES OF NOMENCLATURE POLYNOMIALSYSTEM • In polynomial system, a generic name and specific name which consisted of many words were used. It was eventually found to be incompatible and hence, was replaced by binomial system. • For e.g., Caryophyllum saxatilis folis gramineus umbellatus corymbia which means Caryophyllum growing on rocks, having grass like leaves and umbellate corymb flowers. BINOMIAL SYSTEM In binomial nomenclature, each scientific name has 2 components - generic name (genus) and specific name (species). E.g., Solanum tuberosum (potato), Mangifera indica (mango) . The name indicates relationship of a species with others present in the same genus. TRINOMIAL SYSTEM • This system was proposed by Huxley and Stricklandt. • According to this system, name of any plant or species is composed of three names. • When members of any species have large variations then trinomial system is used. On the basis of Generic name Specific name dissimilarities, this species is classified into sub-species. • Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage)
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  CHARACTERISTICS OF ABINOMIAL NOMENCLATUR E: T O E N S U R E T H A T O N E S C I E N T I F I C N A M E T A X O N O M I S T M U S T S E E T H E F O L L O W I N G : (1) The name chosen for a plant has not been already given to some other plant. (2) The first element of the scientific name is the genus as in Triticum, the genus of wheat. The second element is the specific epithet, as in aestivum, the particular kind of wheat called breadwheat. Triticum aestivum is the species name of bread wheat.
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  EXAMPLES OF BINOMIALNOMENCLATURE Helianthus annuus Allium cepa Solanym tuberosum Zea mays
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  The International Codeof Botanical Nomenclature ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations regarding scientific nomenclature of plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is accepted worldwide. ICBN was first accepted in 1961. Different meeting of ICBN held in different countries in different years. The codes were thoroughly revised in Vienna code 2005.Later it was replaced by Melbourne code 2011.  Starting Date The ICBN sets the formal starting date of plant nomenclature at 1 May 1753, the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN)
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  R U LE S O F B I N O M I A L N O M E N C L A T U R E B Y I C B N M A I N R U L E S O F W R I T I N G B I N O M I A L N O M E N C L A T U R E A R E A S F O L L O W I N G : 01 According to binomial system name of any species consists of two names. The name of the genus always begins with a capital letter.The specific epithet names always begins with a small letter. Examples: 02 The scientific name are always italicized. When handwritten, the genus name and specie name have to be separatrly underlined. 1.Helianthus annuus ( Sunflower plant). 03 The scientific name of a plant is considered to be in Latin. Many others are Greek. Some are a combination of Latin and Greek. Still others derive from many different languages. From a grammatical standpoint, the name of a genus is a singular noun or a word that is treated as a noun. Specie is usually adjective. 2.Allium cepa (onion) 04 The genus may also be written by abbreviating it to its initial letter. Yucca filamentosa is abbreviated to Y.filamentosa. 3.Solanym tuberosum (potato)
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  05 In plant nomenclature(ICBN), tautonyms are not valid. i.e; generic name and specific name should not be same in plants. E.g., Mangifera mangifera 06 Name of scientist (who proposed nomenclature) should be written in short after the specific name. Name of scientist should be neither underlined nor written in italics, but written in roman letters. E.g., Mangifera indica Lin. 07 If any scientist has proposed wrong name then his name should be written in bracket and the scientist who corrected the name should be written after the bracket. Linnaeus named this plant as Pinus canadensis. E.g., Tsuga canadensis (Lin.) Salisbury 08 The specific differences of a plant have no concern with the original place of the plant. Long generic names with difficult pronunciation must be avoided. 09 Each plant specie must posses a generic name. The shorter specific name is always well and good.
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  R E CO M M E N D A T I O N S :   ➢ ➢
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  IMPORTANCE OF BINOMIALNOMENCLATURE 1.Unique Name: The name assigned to any living organism is unique, and no other organism can share the same name. 2.Internationally Accepted: A s mentioned above, all organisms are named according to the prescribed rules and regulations found in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This ensures that a common standard is maintained by everyone. 3.Efficient & Accurate Categorisation: Scientists can easily add an organism to a specific category, making it easier to define characteristics, and maintain records. 4.Stability: Very often, with scientific methods advancing, there are changes made to an organism’s category. So, even if the genus of an organism changes, it doesn’t disturb the existing categories or the categorised living organisms. 5.Improved Research: When you categorise every living organism, identifying similarities and differences between certain species becomes easier. These categories help identify new species and fill in the blanks.
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  PRINCIPLES OF BOTANICALNOMENCLATURE Principle I : Straightforward Principle • Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature. The Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these groups were originally so treated. Principle II : Type Principle • The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types. The type principle states, "The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types". For vascular plants such as grasses, a nomenclatural type is a herbarium specimen that has been deposited in a herbarium. Principle III : Priority Principle • The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication. This principle states, in essence, that if a taxonomic group has been given two or more names, the correct name is the first name that meets the Code’s standards for publication. The rejection of the name in favour of valid old name.
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  TYPE PRINCIPLE: ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ▪ ▪ : ▪: In case holotype and original plant is lost then herbarium sheet prepared from some other plant of same species is called neotype. ▪ ▪ ▪
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  PRINCIPLES OF BOTANICALNOMENCLATURE Principle V : As-it-should-be Principle Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation. Principle IV : Uniqueness Principle • The uniqueness principle states that there is only one correct name for a particular taxonomic group within a given taxonomic treatment. Principle VI : Retroactivity Principle The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited. The Retroactivity Principle means that anyone proposing a change in the Code needs to consider the effect that the proposed change will have on names published in a wide range of literature and over a considerable period of time.
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  CHANGES IN NAME ❑Insome cases,a genus is divided into two or more genera. Similarly a specie is split into two or more species. In such cases, original generic or specific name must be retained. ❑In some cases, texa of the same rank are united into one. Here the oldest name must be used for the new combined texon.
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  THANK YOU