Presentation of botanical nomenclature [Autosaved]-1.pdf
1. PRESENTATION OF
SEMINAR
T O P I C :
Name: Hamsa Dilbar
Roll no.101(044866)
Submitted t o:Sir MUKHTAR
Sem. Duration: 2020-2024(6th sem)
Discipline: Bs.Botany
IMPORTANCE OF LATIN NAMES
AND BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
WITH AN ITRODUCTION TO ICBN.
2. NOMENCLATURE:
▪ A system through which organisms, including plants,
animals, microorganisms, and other living things are given
distinct scientific names is called Nomenclature.
▪ “Binomial nomenclature is the biological system
naming the organisms in which the name is composed
of two terms, where, the first term indicates the genus
and the second term indicates the species of the
organism.
Genus Species
▪ The Binomial Nomenclature system is a formal system of
naming that was introduced by the scientist Carolus
Linnaeus in 1758.
3. NOMENCLATURE AND
COMMON NAME:
Nomenclature is defined as the system of naming of plants and animals.
Scientific names are the language of taxonomists. When a taxonomist
identifies and describes the natural group of plants, he gives appropriate
scientific names to the groups.
The names are of two types - vernacular (common name) and scientific names.
Common names do not serve the purpose because;
▪ A plant may have more than one common name.
▪ The same common name may be used for more than one plant. Laurel is a
common name applied to trees in five different plant families.
▪ Many common names are confusing. A pineapple is not a kind of pine, nor is it
an apple. Kentucky bluegrass is not blue, nor is it native to Kentucky.
▪ Common names vary from country to country. Even they vary from region to
region within a country.
▪ Many common names are used for taxonomic categories higher than species
level .i.e; rose is a genus.It has many species. Thus common names does not
provide information about the species.
4. TYPES OF NOMENCLATURE
POLYNOMIAL SYSTEM
• In polynomial system, a generic
name and specific name which
consisted of many words were
used. It was eventually found to
be incompatible and hence, was
replaced by binomial system.
• For e.g., Caryophyllum saxatilis
folis gramineus umbellatus
corymbia which means
Caryophyllum growing on rocks,
having grass like leaves and
umbellate corymb flowers.
BINOMIAL SYSTEM
In binomial nomenclature,
each scientific name has 2
components - generic name
(genus) and specific name
(species). E.g., Solanum
tuberosum (potato), Mangifera
indica (mango) .
The name indicates
relationship of a species with
others present in the same
genus.
TRINOMIAL SYSTEM
• This system was proposed by Huxley
and Stricklandt.
• According to this system, name of
any plant or species is composed of
three names.
• When members of any species have
large variations then trinomial
system is used. On the basis of
Generic name Specific name
dissimilarities, this species is
classified into sub-species.
• Brassica oleracea var. capitata
(Cabbage)
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF A BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATUR E:
T O E N S U R E T H A T O N E S C I E N T I F I C N A M E T A X O N O M I S T
M U S T S E E T H E F O L L O W I N G :
(1) The name chosen for a plant has not been already given to some
other plant.
(2) The first element of the scientific name is the genus as in Triticum,
the genus of wheat. The second element is the specific epithet, as in
aestivum, the particular kind of wheat called breadwheat.
Triticum aestivum is the species name of bread wheat.
7. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations
regarding scientific nomenclature of plants.
Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name
that is accepted worldwide.
ICBN was first accepted in 1961.
Different meeting of ICBN held in different countries in different years. The codes were thoroughly
revised in Vienna code 2005.Later it was replaced by Melbourne code 2011.
Starting Date
The ICBN sets the formal starting date of plant nomenclature at 1 May 1753, the publication
of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL
NOMENCLATURE (ICBN)
8. R U L E S O F B I N O M I A L N O M E N C L A T U R E B Y I C B N
M A I N R U L E S O F W R I T I N G B I N O M I A L N O M E N C L A T U R E A R E A S
F O L L O W I N G :
01
According to binomial system
name of any species consists of
two names.
The name of the genus always begins
with a capital letter.The specific epithet
names always begins with a small letter.
Examples:
02
The scientific name are always
italicized.
When handwritten, the genus name and
specie name have to be separatrly
underlined.
1.Helianthus
annuus
( Sunflower plant).
03
The scientific name of a plant is
considered to be in Latin. Many
others are Greek. Some are a
combination of Latin and Greek.
Still others derive from many different
languages. From a grammatical
standpoint, the name of a genus is a
singular noun or a word that is treated as a
noun. Specie is usually adjective.
2.Allium cepa
(onion)
04
The genus may also be written by
abbreviating it to its initial letter.
Yucca filamentosa is abbreviated to
Y.filamentosa.
3.Solanym
tuberosum
(potato)
9. 05
In plant nomenclature (ICBN), tautonyms
are not valid.
i.e; generic name and specific name
should not be same in plants.
E.g.,
Mangifera
mangifera
06
Name of scientist (who proposed
nomenclature) should be written in short
after the specific name.
Name of scientist should be neither
underlined nor written in italics, but
written in roman letters.
E.g.,
Mangifera
indica Lin.
07
If any scientist has proposed wrong name
then his name should be written in bracket
and the scientist who corrected the name
should be written after the bracket.
Linnaeus named this plant as Pinus
canadensis.
E.g., Tsuga
canadensis
(Lin.) Salisbury
08
The specific differences of a plant have no
concern with the original place of the
plant.
Long generic names with difficult
pronunciation must be avoided.
09
Each plant specie must posses a generic
name.
The shorter specific name is always well
and good.
11. IMPORTANCE OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
1.Unique Name: The name assigned to any living organism is unique, and no other organism can share the
same name.
2.Internationally Accepted: A s mentioned above, all organisms are named according to the prescribed rules
and regulations found in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This ensures that a common
standard is maintained by everyone.
3.Efficient & Accurate Categorisation: Scientists can easily add an organism to a specific category, making it
easier to define characteristics, and maintain records.
4.Stability: Very often, with scientific methods advancing, there are changes made to an organism’s
category. So, even if the genus of an organism changes, it doesn’t disturb the existing categories or the
categorised living organisms.
5.Improved Research: When you categorise every living organism, identifying similarities and differences
between certain species becomes easier. These categories help identify new species and fill in the blanks.
12. PRINCIPLES OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Principle I : Straightforward
Principle
• Botanical nomenclature
is independent of
zoological and
bacteriological
nomenclature. The Code
applies equally to names
of taxonomic groups
treated as plants whether
or not these groups were
originally so treated.
Principle II : Type Principle
• The application of names of taxonomic
groups is determined by means of
nomenclatural types.
The type principle states, "The application
of names of taxonomic groups is
determined by means of nomenclatural
types". For vascular plants such as
grasses, a nomenclatural type is a
herbarium specimen that has been
deposited in a herbarium.
Principle III : Priority
Principle
• The nomenclature of a
taxonomic group is based upon
priority of publication.
This principle states, in essence, that
if a taxonomic group has been given
two or more names, the correct
name is the first name that meets
the Code’s standards for publication.
The rejection of the name in favour of
valid old name.
13. TYPE PRINCIPLE:
➢
➢
➢
➢
▪
▪ :
▪ : In case holotype and original plant is lost then herbarium sheet prepared from some other plant of
same species is called neotype.
▪
▪
▪
14. PRINCIPLES OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Principle V : As-it-should-be
Principle
Scientific names of taxonomic
groups are treated as Latin
regardless of their derivation.
Principle IV : Uniqueness
Principle
• The uniqueness
principle states that
there is only one
correct name for a
particular taxonomic
group within a given
taxonomic treatment.
Principle VI : Retroactivity
Principle
The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive
unless expressly limited.
The Retroactivity Principle means that
anyone proposing a change in the Code
needs to consider the effect that the
proposed change will have on names
published in a wide range of literature and
over a considerable period of time.
15. CHANGES IN NAME
❑In some cases,a genus is
divided into two or more
genera. Similarly a specie is
split into two or more
species. In such cases,
original generic or specific
name must be retained.
❑In some cases, texa of the
same rank are united into
one. Here the oldest name
must be used for the new
combined texon.
