Bone and Its Types
Classification on Basis of Shape
Classification on Basis of Development
Classification on the Basis of Region
Classification on the Basis of Structure
Types of Fractures
De Quervain's Disease
Jersey Finger
Boxer's Finger
Saturday night palsy
Mallet Finger
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Student's Elbow
all the stages of bone formation described in easiest way possible for better understanding including graphical representation for better understanding. description of each and very thing.
all the stages of bone formation described in easiest way possible for better understanding including graphical representation for better understanding. description of each and very thing.
elbow joint , type of joint, articular surface of elbow joint, joint capsule of elbow joint, articulating bones of elbow joint, cubital articulation, ligaments of the elbow joint, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, relation of elbow joint, action of elbow joint, blood supply and nerve supply of elbow joint, dislocation of elbow joint, carrying angle, cubital varus, cubital vulgus, subluxation of head of radius, tennis elbow, students or minors elbow,
elbow joint , type of joint, articular surface of elbow joint, joint capsule of elbow joint, articulating bones of elbow joint, cubital articulation, ligaments of the elbow joint, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, relation of elbow joint, action of elbow joint, blood supply and nerve supply of elbow joint, dislocation of elbow joint, carrying angle, cubital varus, cubital vulgus, subluxation of head of radius, tennis elbow, students or minors elbow,
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
Fracture Healing,Introduction,Pathology&Stages,Factors influencing osteogenesis,differences in healing of fractured bone by conservative&operative management.
Visit my Blog for more on Dentistry and Medicine :
http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Free Download e Books,PPT's and Lecture notes
Contents
Knee Joint anatomy with Diagrams
Anatomical Components of Knee
Anatomy of Patella
Innervations of the Knee
Knee Movements
Osteoarthritis in the Knee
Management of Disorders in Knee joint
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Skeletal Framework of pterygopalatine fossa
Formation of pterygopalatine fossa
Location of pterygopalatine fossa
Contents of pterygopalatine fossa
Boundries of Pterygopalatine Fossa
Contents:
Occurrence of Avascular Necrosis
Causes of Avascular Necrosis
Symptoms of Avascular Necrosis
Risk factors of Avascular Necrosis
Bones prone to be Necrosed
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Bone, Type Of Bones, Type Of Fractures
1. Be Confident..!!!
Bone and Its Types
Definition:
Bone is a hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most the skeleton of vertebrates,composed
chiefly of calcium salts.
Types ofBone:
Bones are classified on the basis of:
1. Shape
2. Development
3. Region
4. Structure
a) Macroscopic Approach
b) Microscopic Approach
TYPE 1: Classification on Basis ofShape:
1- Long Bone:
- Definition: Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure,and mobility.
A long bone has a shaft and two ends. There are also bones in the fingers that are classified as
"long bones," even though they are short in length.
- Examples:humerus,femur, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula. Metacarpals,metatarsals and
phalanges of both upper and lower limb. Clavicle and body of vertebrae.
2- Short Bone:
- Definition: Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their
primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement.
- Examples:Cuboid, cuneiform, scaphoid, trapezoid etc. In fact all the carpaland tarsal bones
are included in this category.
3- Flat Bone:
- Definition: Flat bones are bones whose principle function is either extensive protection or the
provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. These bones are expanded into broad,
flat plates.
- Examples:Scapula,ribs, sternum.
4- Irregular Bone:
- Definition: The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped
as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone.
- Examples: Vertebrae,hip bone and bones in the base of skull.
5- Pneumatic Bone:
- Definition: Pneumatic Bones have air spaces within them which make them lighter than more
solid bone. They are only found in the skull.
- Examples: Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone and Maxilla.
6- Sesamoid Bone:
- Definition: A small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes
over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet.
- Examples:Patella,Pisiform and Fabella.
2. Be Confident..!!!
TYPE 2: Classification on Basis ofDevelopment:
1. Membranous bones:
- Definition: These are also known as dermal bones and the process by which they ossify is
called intra-membranous ossification. These bones ossify from mesenchymal condensations
in the intrauterine life.
- Examples are bones of the skull and facial bones.
3. Be Confident..!!!
2. Cartilaginous bones:
- Definition: These bones ossify from a cartilage model and this type of ossification is known
as intra-cartilaginous ossification. These bones do not form from mesenchymal condensations
but from preformed cartilage models.
- Examples of this type of bones include bones of limbs, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
3. Membrocartilaginous bones:
- Definition: These bones ossify partly from cartilage and partly from mesenchymal
condensations.
- Examples of this class of bones include clavicle, mandible, occipital, temporal and sphenoid
etc.
4. Be Confident..!!!
TYPE 3: Classification on the Basis ofRegion:
1. Bones ofaxial skeleton:
- These bones form the axial skeleton of human body.
- Examples are bones of skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
2. Bones ofappendicular skeleton:
- These bones form the appendicular skeleton of the body.
- Examples of this type of bones are bones of the limbs and girdles of limbs.
TYPE 4: Classification on the Basis ofStructure:
The structural classification has two approaches that are macroscopic approach and microscopic
approach.
1. Macroscopic Approach divides the bones into two categories that are:
a) Compact bone:
- The part of a bone where bone substance to bone space ration is a bigger quantity is
called compact bone. This means that there is more bone tissue and less empty space.
a) Spongy bone:
- The part of a bone where bone substance to bone space ratio is a smaller quantity. This
means that there is more empty space and less bone tissue.
2. Microscopic approach divides the bones into following categories;
a) Lamellar bone:
- The type of bone which are composed of thin plates (lamellae) of bony tissue. Most
mature human bones are lamellar bones.
b) Fibrous bone:
- These have more fibers in them. In humans they are found only in fetus.
5. Be Confident..!!!
Types of Fractures
A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture occurs,it is classified as either open
or closed:
1- Open fracture (Also called compound fracture.) - The bone exits and is visible through the skin, or
a deep wound that exposes the bone through the skin.
2- Closed fracture (Also called simple fracture.) - The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.
Common Types of Fractures That May Occur:
Greenstick Fracture - Incomplete fracture.
- A greenstick fracture occurs when a bone bends and cracks,instead of breaking
completely into separate pieces. This type of broken bone most commonly occurs in
children because their bones are softer and more flexible than are the bones of adults.
Transverse Fracture:
- A transverse fracture,which is broken straight across the bone, is the result of a sharp,
direct blow or may be a stress fracture caused,for example, by prolonged running.
Spiral Fracture:
- The break spirals around the bone; common in a twisting injury.
- A spiral fracture refers to a fracture caused by a twisting force that creates an oblique
fracture around and through the bone.
6. Be Confident..!!!
Oblique Fracture:
- Diagonal break across the bone.
- The oblique fracture is broken at an angle across the bone and is usually the result of a
sharp angled blow to the bone.
Compression Fracture:
- The bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance.
- A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a
weakening of the vertebra. This weakening is seen in patients with osteoporosis or
osteogenesis imperfecta, lytic lesions from metastatic or primary tumors, or infection.
7. Be Confident..!!!
Comminuted Fracture:
- The comminuted fracture which splinters and contains small bone particles that can
shatter into more than two pieces. This fracture is usually caused by severe force such as
in a car accident.
Delayed Union Fracture:
- A delayed union fracture refers to a bone fracture that is taking an exceptionally long
amount of time to heal.
Malunion Fracture:
- A malunion fracture refers to the healing of a fracture with incorrect anatomical
alignment.
Nonunion Fracture:
- The nonunion of a fracture refers to the absence of healing in a fracture.
8. Be Confident..!!!
Symptoms of a Bone Fracture:
- Swelling or bruising over a bone
- Deformity of an arm or leg
- Pain in the injured area that gets worse when the area is moved or pressure is applied
- Loss of function in the injured area
- In compound fractures,bone protruding from the skin
Causes ofBone Fracture:
- Fractures are usually caused by a fall, blow or other traumatic event.
- Pathological fractures are those caused by disease that weakens the bones; they can occur with
little or no trauma.
Special Conditions
De Quervain's Disease:
De Quervain's disease is a painful inflammation of tendons in the thumb that extend to the
wrist, also known as tenosynovitis.
The swollen tendons and their coverings rub against the narrow tunnel through which they
pass.
The result is pain at the base of the thumb and extending into the lower arm.
Jersey Finger:
Jersey finger is a sports injury that can happen when one player grabs another's jersey and a
finger - usually the ring finger gets caught, and the tendon is pulled off the bone.
9. Be Confident..!!!
Boxer's Finger:
The head of the metacarpalbone connects the metacarpalbone to the bone of the finger.
The head of the metacarpalbones form the knuckle of an enclosed fist.
A boxer's fracture involves a break in the neck of the metacarpal.
Saturday night palsy:
Saturday night palsy from falling asleep with one's arm hanging over the arm rest of a chair,
compressing the radial nerve at the spiral groove.
Honeymoon palsy from another individual sleeping on and compressing one's arm overnight.
10. Be Confident..!!!
Mallet Finger:
A mallet finger is a deformity of a finger caused when a certain tendon - the extensor tendon
is damaged.
When a ball or other object strikes the tip of the finger or thumb, the force damages the thin
tendon that straightens the finger.
The force of the blow may even pull away a piece of bone along with the tendon.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
CTS is a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of a major nerve
where it passes over the carpalbones through a passage at the front of the wrist.
It may be caused by continual repetitive movements or by fluid retention.
11. Be Confident..!!!
Student's Elbow:
Student’s elbow is a condition characterized by pain, redness and swelling around the
olecranon, caused by inflammation of the elbow's bursa.
Student’s Elbow also informally known as:
Olecranon bursitis
Elbow bump
Popeye's elbow
Baker's elbow
References:
http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/bone-fractures-types-symptoms-prevention
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/greenstick-fractures/basics/symptoms/con-
20027302
http://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/RelatedItems/89,P07392
http://www.innerbody.com/image_skel06/skel56.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_compression_fracture
umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/long-bones
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bone
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_bone
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_bone
https://student.brighton.ac.uk/anatomy/pneumatic_bones.htm
www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/de-quervains-disease
www.mymosh.com/services/hand/jersey-fingers/
www.emedicinehealth.com/boxers_fracture/article_em.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_neuropathy
orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00018
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon_bursitis
A broken bone can heal, but the wound a word opens can fester forever. - Jessamyn West