Tendons ligaments
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Tendons consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibers that provide great tensile strength to anchor muscles to bones. Ligaments contain bundles of elastic fibers and some collagen, making them more flexible than tendons but offering less strength to hold bones together. Fibroblasts secrete the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue and are called fibrocytes when not actively engaged in synthesis. The poor blood supply to tendons and ligaments affects their behavior in the body.
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O documento descreve a fáscia, sua estrutura e funções no corpo humano. Resume que a fáscia é o tecido conjuntivo que dá forma e suporta os órgãos e músculos, e possui duas camadas principais - a superficial e a profunda. Também discute técnicas de trabalho fascial como rolamento da pele e liberação miofascial.
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127167 connective-tissues
Connective tissues have relatively few cells distributed within a large noncellular matrix. The composition and structure of the matrix determines the tissue's function, with ordinary connective tissues providing binding of cells, mechanical linkage, and intercellular exchange. Connective tissues are classified based on their composition and function, with ordinary tissues including loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and regular collagenous tissues like tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support through its proteoglycan gel matrix. Bone is the strongest connective tissue composed of mineralized collagen fibers embedded in solid ground substance.
127167 connective-tissues
Connective tissues have relatively few cells distributed within a large noncellular matrix. The composition and structure of the matrix determines the tissue's function, with ordinary connective tissues providing binding of cells, mechanical linkage, and exchange of nutrients. Connective tissues are classified based on their composition and function, with ordinary tissues including loose connective tissue found throughout the body, adipose tissue containing fat cells, and regular collagenous tissues composed of parallel collagen fibers. Cartilage is a connective tissue with a specialized proteoglycan gel matrix that provides strength and support. Bone is the strongest connective tissue containing a dense network of collagen in a mineralized ground substance.
Connective tissue blood+cartilage
This document discusses the different types of connective tissue. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of general connective tissue. The main types of fibers in connective tissue are then outlined as collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. The document then discusses the different types of specialized connective tissues, including loose and dense connective tissue, blood, and cartilage. It provides detailed descriptions of the composition and features of these specialized connective tissues.
Lect. 5a connective tissue types
This document discusses the different types of connective tissue. It describes loose connective tissue as consisting of cells embedded in a loose matrix with a large amount of ground substance. Loose connective tissue is found throughout the body binding structures. Dense connective tissue contains fewer cells and more collagen fibers, making it less flexible but more resistant to stress. Dense connective tissue can be irregular or regular, depending on the organization of collagen fibers. Regular dense connective tissue is highly organized and found in structures like tendons and ligaments. The document provides examples of where different types of connective tissue can be found.
Connective tissues
This document discusses the different types of connective tissues in the body. It describes connective tissues as having relatively few cells distributed within a large noncellular matrix. The main functions of connective tissues are to provide mechanical support, maintain strength and elasticity, bind cells together, and allow for intercellular exchange. The document classifies and describes the different ordinary connective tissues, including loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and regular and irregular collagenous and elastic tissues. It also discusses cartilage and bone.
Structural Organisation In Animals- connective Tissue
Connective tissues are composed of cells and an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance. They serve to support and connect other tissues in the body. There are several types of connective tissues including loose connective tissue which has loosely arranged cells and fibers in a semi-fluid matrix; dense connective tissue where fibers and cells are tightly packed; and specialized connective tissues like cartilage, bone, and blood. Cartilage is flexible but can withstand compression, bone is rigid and provides structure, and blood transports substances throughout the body.
Bio soia
Connective tissues are composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are four main types of connective tissues - loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, and blood. Loose connective tissue has loosely arranged cells and fibers in a semi-fluid ground substance. Dense connective tissue has compactly packed fibers and cells. Cartilage is a solid but flexible tissue found in joints, nose and ears. Bone is a hard tissue providing structure and protection, containing osteocytes in lacunae. Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports substances throughout the body.
Joint structures and function
This document provides an overview of joint structure and function. It defines a joint and lists the intra-articular and extra-articular structures. It describes the basic principles of joint design and complexity matching function. It explains Wolff's law relating bone structure to function. It details the cellular and extracellular components of connective tissue, including collagen and elastin fibers. Finally, it discusses joint classification, motions, and the response of connective tissues to loads.
Tissues03
The document summarizes the four main types of human tissues - epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective tissue. It provides descriptions of the subtypes of each tissue, including their structure, function and location in the body. Key tissues mentioned include cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, stratified squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, dense connective tissue, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue.
BIOMECHANICS OF LIGAMENT AND TENDONS.pptx
what biomechanics is and why it's important in understanding ligaments and tendons. structure and composition of ligaments and tendons. the roles of ligaments and tendons in the body and how they contribute to movement and stability. mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons, including strength, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.
Connective tissues
1. Connective tissue is one of the four tissue types found throughout the body. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.
2. Connective tissue develop from mesoderm during embryonic development. While some connective tissues are specialized ( bone , blood), all organs have some amount of connective tissue in them which hold their parenchyma together.
Connective tissues
Connective tissue is one of the four main tissue types found throughout the body. It is the most abundant tissue and develops from mesoderm during embryonic development. Connective tissue consists of cells embedded within an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance. The major fibers are collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. Connective tissue provides structure, strength, and binding properties to organs and varies depending on the composition and organization of its cellular and extracellular components.
Animal Tissues
This document discusses the four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides details on the structure and function of each tissue type, including the different cells and materials that make up the tissues. For epithelial tissue, it describes the three main cell shapes - squamous, cuboidal and columnar - and explains how epithelia can be classified based on cell layers. For connective tissue, it outlines the different categories and functions, such as areolar tissue binding organs together and bone providing structure. The document also compares the key characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type in the body and has a wide variety of functions, including connecting structures, holding organs in place, and storing lipids. Connective tissue is composed of cells within an intercellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substance. The composition of the matrix gives each connective tissue its characteristics, with ground substance ranging from liquid to gel-like to solid depending on the tissue. The main protein fibers are collagen, which provides structure and tensile strength, and elastic fibers, which are highly elastic but less strong.
Histology 2 connective_tissue
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. It comes in many forms, ranging from rigid to flexible to fluid. Connective tissue is made up of ground substance, fibers, and cells. The main functions of connective tissue are binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation. The major connective tissues are connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue. Each has a unique structure and location that allows it to perform important functions in the body.
Section 2,chapter 5
Connective tissues are composed of cells separated by an extracellular matrix. The matrix contains protein fibers like collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers which are secreted by fibroblasts. Connective tissue includes specialized types like cartilage, bone, blood, as well as loose and dense connective tissue. Cartilage provides structure and protection to joints, bone forms the skeleton, and blood transports cells and proteins throughout the body.
As Tissues
There are four primary tissue types in the body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms sheets that cover surfaces and line cavities. There are two types - simple epithelial tissue which is one cell thick, and stratified epithelial tissue with multiple cell layers. Connective tissue is found throughout the body and has three main components - connective tissue proper, dense connective tissue, and specialized connective tissues like blood, bone, and cartilage. Muscular tissue is responsible for body movement and has two types - voluntary muscle like skeletal muscle, and involuntary muscle such as smooth and cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue is made of neurons and regulates and controls the body.
A Tissues
There are four primary tissue types in the body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms sheets that cover surfaces and line cavities. There are two types - simple epithelial tissue which is one cell thick, and stratified epithelial tissue with multiple cell layers. Connective tissue is found throughout the body and has three main components - connective tissue proper, dense connective tissue, and specialized connective tissues like blood, bone, and cartilage. Muscular tissue is responsible for body movement and has two types - voluntary muscle like skeletal muscle, and involuntary muscle such as smooth and cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue is made of neurons and regulates and controls the body.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues in the body. It has several functions including mechanical support, transport of nutrients and waste, energy storage, and defense. Connective tissue is composed of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. It can be classified as loose connective tissue including areolar and adipose tissue, dense connective tissue including regular and irregular tissue, cartilage including hyaline, fibro, and elastic cartilage, bone tissue, and liquid connective tissue including blood and lymph. Loose connective tissue forms a network and fills spaces between organs, dense connective tissue has densely packed fibers, and cartilage and bone provide structure and support.
STRUCTURAL-ORGANIZATION-IN-ANIMALS-7.pptx
Animal tissues are organized into four main types - epithelial, connective, muscle and neural tissue. Epithelial tissue provides covering or lining and is made up of closely packed cells. It includes simple epithelium which lines cavities and ducts and compound epithelium which has multiple layers and provides protection. Connective tissue links and supports other tissues. It includes loose connective tissue with loosely arranged cells and fibers and dense connective tissue with compactly packed fibers. Muscle tissue contains contractile fibers that allow movement. The three types are skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. Neural tissue is made up of neurons which conduct electrical signals throughout the body.
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Structural Organisation In Animals- connective Tissue
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Protection of the cns
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three layers of tissue (the meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Blood enters the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and drains into venous sinuses which form the jugular veins. The blood brain barrier regulates what substances can enter the brain by restricting passage through tight junctions between endothelial cells.
Deep brain structures
The document summarizes several structures that make up the limbic system and their functions. It discusses the pituitary gland which directs hormone production, its lobes (anterior, posterior, intermediate) and the hormones each regulates. It also describes the hypothalamus which controls the pituitary and regulates various functions, the amygdala which processes emotions, the hippocampus involved in memory, and the cingulate gyrus which regulates emotions and behavior.
Action potential notes
1. A signal travels down a motor neuron axon to the neuromuscular junction.
2. Vesicles at the axon terminal release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.
3. Acetylcholine binds receptor sites on the muscle fiber membrane, causing it to become permeable to sodium ions.
Review motor end plate nmj notes
The document reviews muscle terminology and structures:
- The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds each myofibril.
- A sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit within a myofibril. Myofibrils contain alternating actin and myosin filaments.
- T-tubules extend from the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber to bring electrical impulses close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcomeres.
- A motor unit is a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. More motor units means more forceful contraction.
Articulations
There are two main ways to classify joints in the human body. Structural classification divides joints into three categories - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial - based on how the bones connect and whether a space exists between them. Functional classification also has three categories - synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis - and considers the degree of movement permitted at each joint. Synovial joints allow the most movement as diarthrosis joints, while fibrous joints permit the least movement and are mostly synarthrosis joints.
Respiratory review part 2
The document summarizes key concepts related to human respiration and lung volumes. It defines that breathing helps ventilate carbon dioxide, heat, and water from the body. It states that the average tidal volume is 500 ml and residual volume is 1200 ml. The total lung capacity in humans averages 6000 ml.
Respiratory review part 1
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It defines key terms like alveoli, bronchioles, larynx, trachea, lungs, and pharynx. It describes the branching structure of the bronchial tree and roles of different parts like the nose, sinuses, tonsils, and lungs in respiration and gas exchange.
Laryn trachea
The larynx, also known as the voice box, contains the vocal cords and is located at the top of the trachea. The vocal cords are longer and looser in males than females, resulting in deeper male voices. The trachea is a tube that extends from the larynx to the lungs, and contains rings of cartilage surrounded by muscle and fibrous tissue. Smoking paralyzes the cilia in the trachea that sweep particles out of the lungs, leading to a buildup of toxins and increased risk of lung damage and disease over time.
Intro nose pharynx
The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen. It has secondary functions of olfaction and sound production.
The main components include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree. The nose warms, moistens, and filters incoming air and produces sound. It has external cartilage and skin and internal nasal cavities separated by the nasal septum.
The pharynx is a common tube that functions as an important junction. It contains the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx contains tonsils that screen microorganisms and attack them with immune cells. Hum
Bronchial tree alveoli lungs review
The document describes the structure and function of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins by explaining how the trachea branches into primary bronchi, which then branch further into secondary and tertiary bronchi. The smallest branches are bronchioles that lead to clusters of alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. The lungs have a very large surface area due to the large number of alveoli, which allows for efficient gas exchange.
Breathing
The document discusses the process of breathing and the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation. It notes that breathing involves two phases - inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the active intake of air and can involve contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Expiration is the passive release of air and relies on relaxation of these muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs. Forced exhalation uses additional contraction of the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.
Volumes capacities 2
The document defines and provides average values for various lung volumes and capacities, including:
- Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, averaging 500 ml.
- Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond normal tidal breathing, averaging 3200 ml.
- Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation, averaging 1200 ml.
- Total lung capacity is the total amount of air the lungs can hold, averaging 6000 ml.
Axial skeleton parts 1 2
The document summarizes the axial skeleton and its components. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of 29 bones divided into 5 areas: the cranium (8 bones), facial bones (14 bones), hyoid bone (1 bone), ossicles of the ear (6 bones), and Wormian bones (? bones). The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones include the nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer bones.
Appendicular skeleton
The document summarizes the bones that make up the human skeletal system, including those of the axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities. It lists the specific bones in each region, such as the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges that comprise the upper extremities, and the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges that make up the lower extremities.
Axial skeleton parts 3 5
The document summarizes the organization and components of the human skeleton. It describes the axial skeleton, which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton. It provides details on the bones and structures of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and their functions in supporting the body and vital organs. Key bones mentioned include the cranium, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react in addition to the reflex response. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by a spinal cord reflex and followed by a brain response.
Tissue
Nerve tissue consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs. It contains neurons, which come in three types - sensory, interneuron and motor neurons. Nerve tissue also contains neuroglia cells which outnumber neurons 10 to 1 and support and nourish them. Nerve tissue is specialized in irritability, responding to stimuli like touch, and conductivity, carrying signals between the brain and body. It appears as either gray matter containing neuron bodies or white matter containing myelinated axons.
Neuroglia
Neuroglia are cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system. There are several types of neuroglia, including astrocytes which provide energy and structural support for neurons, microglia which remove dead material, and oligodendrocytes which myelinate axons in the central nervous system. Schwann cells perform a similar role of myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system. Myelination allows for faster nerve impulse transmission along myelinated axons.
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react further. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by the spinal cord but also sending a signal to the brain. Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory and motor neurons, and an effector like a muscle.
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
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Tendons ligaments
- 1. Dense (Regular) Connective Tissue
- 4. Tendons These consist of bundles of collagenous fibers arranged in parallel . They are arranged this way to form cords which have great tensile strength. Tendons function to anchor or bind muscles to bones .
- 5. This slide demonstrates the arrangement of the collagen fibers in Tendon. The yellow lines show the parallel bundles of collagen in a regular pattern.
- 9. Ligaments These consist mostly of bundles of elastin molecules formed into elastic fibers with some bundles of collagen. Ligaments are therefore more elastic and flexible than tendons but offer less tensile strength. Ligaments function to hold or bind bone to bone .
- 10. Fibroblasts
- 13. Fibroblasts - This most common and characteristic C. T. cell type secretes the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue. When not actively engaged in synthesis, these cells may be called fibrocytes . One final note, the blood supply to tendons and ligaments is quite poor. How does this affect their behaviour in the body?