Screw and plates are most common used devices in orthopedics. However, sometimes we forget their principles, so this presentation hopes to review most their problems. Thank you for your attention!
Screw and plates are most common used devices in orthopedics. However, sometimes we forget their principles, so this presentation hopes to review most their problems. Thank you for your attention!
conventional plates including different functions of screws, modes of plate application, Compression Mode.
Neutralization Mode.
Buttress plate.
Antiglide plate.
Bridge plating or span plating.
Tension band.
prebending precountouring
working length
lag screw
AO principles
biological fixation
MIPO
conventional plates including different functions of screws, modes of plate application, Compression Mode.
Neutralization Mode.
Buttress plate.
Antiglide plate.
Bridge plating or span plating.
Tension band.
prebending precountouring
working length
lag screw
AO principles
biological fixation
MIPO
Αμπελόκηποι Αθήνας και Βασίλης Καλομοίρης: Μνήμες-μικρό οδοιπορικό στην περιοχή 56ο Γυμνάσιο Αθήνας
Αμπελόκηποι Αθήνας και Βασίλης Καλομοίρης: Μνήμες-μικρό οδοιπορικό στην περιοχή
Συντακτική και Φωτογραφική Ομάδα Εργαστηρίου Πληροφορικής
Σχολικά έτη: 2016-2017
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ÍNDICE
1. Ciclo celular
2. Replicación del ADN
2.1. Fases de la replicación
3. Mecanismo de la elongación
4. Mitosis
a. Profase
b. Metafase
c. Anafase
d. Telofase
5. Citodiéresis o citocinesis
5.1. Citodiéresis en células animales
5.2. Citodiéresis en células vegetales
6. Meiosis.
6.1. Fases de la meiosis.
a. Primera división meiótica.
b. Segunda división meiótica
7. Concepto de reproducción. Reproducción y multiplicación
7.1. Reproducción asexual
▪ Bipartición o fragmentación
▪ Gemación
▪ Esporulación
▪ Regeneración
7.2. Reproducción sexual
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everytime i listen to a lecture, i wonder...shall i teach someone about ignoring, or how to ignore something...this concept was actually started with a though, how to ignore a teacher...Phylosophical presentation...
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. AO PRINCIPLES
• In 1958, the AO formulated four basic
principles which have become guideline for
internal fixation
– Anatomical reduction
– Stable fixation
– Preservation of blood supply
– Early active mobilization
3. BONE PLATE
• Like an internal splints holding together the
fractured end of a bone
• A load sharing device
• General principle – anatomical reduction and
stable internal fixation
• Two mechanical function
– Transmits force from one end to another bypassing
fracture area
– Holds the fracture ends while maintaining alignment
of the fragments
4. CLASSIFICATION
• Shape of the plate (semitubular plate)
• Width of the plate (broad/Narrow)
• Shape of the screw hole (Round hole plate)
• Surface contact characteristics of the plate
(low contact)
• Intended site of application (Condylar)
5. Contd…
• Classified into a group, according to their
function
– Neutralization plate
– Compression plate
– Buttress plate
– Condylar plate
6. NEUTRALIZATION PLATE
• Transmits force from one end to
another bypassing the fracture site
• Acts as a bridge
• Function – mechanical link
between healthy segment of bone
above and below fracture
• Does not produce compression
• In combination with lag screw is
also neutralization plate
7. • If geometry permits, produce compression at
fracture site
• Clinical application
– To protect the screw fixation of a short oblique
fracture
– Butter fragment
– Mildly comminuted fracture of long bone
– Fixation of segmental bone defect in combination
with bone graft
8. COMPRESSION PLATE
• Produce locking force across a
fracture site
• Works as per Newton’s third
law
• Direction of compression is
parallel to plate
• General principle
– A plate is attached to a bone
fragment, pulled across the
fracture site and tension is
produces. As a reaction to this
tension, compression is produced
at the fracture site.
9. • ROLE OF COMPRESSION
– Compaction of fracture to force together
• Increase stability of the construct
– Reduction of the space between bone fragments
– Protection of blood supply
– Friction
• Resists the tendency of fragment to slide under torsion
or shear force
– Generates axial inter-fragmental compression
• Fracture immobilization to that of neutralization plate
10. • Compression may be static or dynamic
compression
– Dynamic
• A phenomenon by which a plate can transfer or modify
functional physiological force into compression force at
fracture site
– Static
• A plate applied under tension produces static
compression site, this compression exist constantly even
when limb is at rest or functioning
11. DYNAMIC COMPRESSION PLATE
• Two basic functions:
– independent axial compression
– the ability to place screws at different angles of
inclination.
• There are three areas in which to place a
screw:
– one at each end (eccentrically)
– one in the middle (concentrically).
• The act of compression is accomplished
through the merging of two eccentric circles
to become concentric.
12. • A screw placed at the inclined plane moves
the plate horizontally in relation to the bone
until the screw head reaches the intersection
of the two circles.
• At this point, the screw has optimal contact
with the hole, ensuring maximal stability and
producing axial compression of the bone and
tension on the plate.
13. • The plate can be placed for depending on the insertion
of the screw
– neutralization
– compression
– buttressing,
• The DC plate can be modified for use and its use is
based on fracture pattern and location
• Certain shortcomings of the DC plate have been
discovered through the years.
– interference with the periosteal blood supply
• plate-induced osteoporosis
• sequestrum could form underneath the plate.
– a soft spot in fracture healing can occur
• possibility of refracture
14. LIMITED CONTACT DYNAMIC COMPRESSION
• Modification that attempts to correct some of the design
shortcomings of the DC plate.
• Based on work by Klaue and Perren, there are three main
differences in design.
– sides of the plate are inclined to form a trapezoidal cross section
interrupted by undercuts that form.
• reduces the area of contact between the plate and the periosteal
surface of the bone,
– the screw hole is made up of two inclined and one horizontal
cylinder
• they meet at the same angle, permitting compression in both
directions
– stress is more equally distributed
• less deformation occurs at the screw holes when contouring
• The biomechanical uses and applications of the LCDC plate
are the same as those for the DC plate.
15. Methods of achieving compression
• Self compressing plate
– Converts torque applied to the screw head to a
longitudinal force which compresses the fractured
bone ends
– Screws and plates are designed to facilitate this
conversion
• Tensioning device
– Special tensioning device can be attached the bone
plate and adjacent bone cortex
– Produce tension in the plate and compression force
across the fracture
16. • Eccentric screw placement
– Eccentric means cirlce with different centre
– Eccentric screw placement in a plate hole creates
considerable shear stress in the screw which is
transmitted to the plate and can occasionally be
used to produce interfragmental compression
– Inefficient technique, screw head may break
17. TENSION BAND
• When fuctional activity begins, physiological
force which are normally destabilizing for a
fracture, are converted to a stabilizing and
active force by the same plate, which acts as a
tension band.
• This band is used to create a small amount of
compression, which results in partial closure of
the discontinuity and compression of the
spring on the same side as the band.
18. Buttress plate
• Applies a force to the bone which
is perpendicular to the flat surface
of the plate
• Main function:
– Buttress weakened are of cortex
– Protects from collapsing during
healing process
– Designed with large surface area to
facilitate wider distribution of load
– Used to maintain bone length or
support the depressed fracture
fragment
• Commonly used in fixing
epiphyseal and metaphyseal
fracture
19. Bridging Plate
• Called bridge because its fixation is out of the
main zone of injury at the end of the plate to
avoid additional injury in comminuted zone
• Intended to maintain length and alignment of
severly comminuted and segmental fracture
• Limits devitalization of fragments and thereby
allows for a better healing enviroment
20. Condylar plate
• Has distinct mechanical function
– Maintains the reduction of main intra-articular
fragments
– Rigidly fixes the metaphyseal components to
diaphyseal shaft, permitting early movement of the
extremity
• Functions as neutralization plate as well as
buttress plate. it does act as compression plate as
well.
• Fixed angle of the plate overcomes the coronal
plane instability and prevents consequent
collapse.
21. SEMI-TUBULAR, ONE-THIRD TUBULAR, AND QUARTER-
TUBULAR PLATES
• the first AO self-compression plate designed in the shape of a half-
tube.
• It provides compression through eccentrically placed oval plate
holes.
• Semi tubular plate:
– maintains its rotational stability with edges that dig into the side of the
periosteum under tension.
– Its main indication is for tension resistance
• The one-third tubular plate
– commonly used as a neutralization plate in the treatment of lateral
malleolar fractures.
• The quarter-tubular plates
– have been used in small bone fixation (e.g., in hand surgery).
22. RECONSTRUCTION PLATE
• designed with notches in its
side so that it can be contoured
in any plane
• mainly used in fractures of the
pelvis, where precise
contouring is important
• also be used for fixation of
distal humerus and calcaneal
fractures.
• relatively low strength, further
diminished with contouring.
• offers some compression
because of its oval screw holes.
23. ANGLED PLATES
• developed in the 1950s for the
fixation of proximal and distal femur
fractures.
• They are a one-piece design with a U-
shaped profile for the blade portion
and a 95° or 130° fixed angle between
the blade and the plate.
• The shaft is thicker than the blade and
can withstand higher stress.
• The forces applied in this area exceed
1200 lb/in. with the medial cortex
exposed to compression combined
with greater stress and the lateral
cortex exposed to tension.
24. • The 130° Blade Plate
– originally designed for fixation of proximal femur
fractures
– has different lengths to accommodate different
fracture patterns.
– The 4- and 6-hole plates are used for fixation of
intertrochanteric fractures, while the 9- to 12-hole
plates are used for treatment of subtrochanteric
fractures.
– It has been replaced for the most part by the
dynamic hip screw, which allows for compression
of the fragments.
25. • The 95° Condylar Blade Plate
– designed for use with supracondylar and
bicondylar distal femur fractures
– the length employed is also fracture specific
– It can be used for subtrochanteric fractures where
more purchase on the fracture fragment can be
gained with a sharper angled plate.
– the device is strong and provides stable fixation
– The need for precise alignment in all three planes
demands careful preoperative planning and
intraoperative radiographic control.
26. LOCKING COMPRESSIVE PLATE
• General principle:
– Represents novel, bio-friendly approach to internal
fixation
– it combines the principles of conventional plate
osteosynthesis for direct anatomical reduction with
those of bridging plate osteosynthesis.
– The importance of the reduction technique and
minimally invasive plate insertion and fixation relates
to ensuring that bone viability is undisturbed.
27. • Is a symbiosis of various locking techniques of plate
osteosynthesis
• Offers a versatile, easy to use and purposeful design to
improve the surgical approach to fracture treatment
• Is a construct where screw with threaded head locked in a
threaded hole in a bone plate
• The force are transferred from the bone to the fixator across
the threaded-screw fixator connection
28. BIOMECHANICS
• Might be considered as ultimate external fixator, with
minimal soft tissue dissection, wide screw spacing, locked
screw and the plate functioning as the connecting bare,
placed extremely close to the mechanical axis of the bone.
• Locked plate controls the axial orientation of the screw to
the plate, enhancing the screw-plate-bone construct
stability by creating a single beam construct
• Single beam construct is four times stronger than load
sharing beam construct.
• Relative stability and secondary bone healing are the goals
of LCP
29. ADVANTAGES
• Preserve biological intergrity
• Resistance to infection
• Locking the screw in the fixator abolishes
– load transmission by friction,
– minimizes bone contact,
– increase stability,
– eliminates the risk of loss of reduction
• Achieving fixation in osteopenic or pathologic
bone
30. DISADVANTAGES
• Has no tactile feedback as to the quality of screw
purchase into the bone
• Can maintain fracture reduction but not to obtain it
• Locked screw will not pull the plate down on its own
• Higher rate of fracture malalignment
• Rigidity of locked screw plate construct
• Inability to alter the angle of the screw within the hole
and still achieve a locked screw
• Hardware removal is more difficult
31. SUMMARY
• The basic biomechanical functions of plates in fracture
fixation have been discussed, as well as some of the
major plate designs and examples of plates modified
for use in specific anatomic areas.
• It is important to realize that specific design features of
plates can be used to fulfill biomechanical needs based
on the particularities of the fracture.
• Research in this area continues to improve fracture
fixation techniques and instrumentation.