This document discusses the design and function of surgical screws. It defines what a screw is, describes the different types of screws including cortex screws and cancellous bone screws. It explains how screws work through turning rotational forces into linear motion. The key functions of screws are compression, both between a plate and bone and between two bone fragments. The lag screw technique provides interfragmentary compression and absolute stability by allowing the screw to glide through the near cortex while threading into the far cortex. Countersinking creates a seat for the screw head to maximize contact and minimize stress. Different screw functions include lag screws, compression screws, position screws, and more.
Screw and plates are most common used devices in orthopedics. However, sometimes we forget their principles, so this presentation hopes to review most their problems. Thank you for your attention!
conventional plates including different functions of screws, modes of plate application, Compression Mode.
Neutralization Mode.
Buttress plate.
Antiglide plate.
Bridge plating or span plating.
Tension band.
prebending precountouring
working length
lag screw
AO principles
biological fixation
MIPO
Screw and plates are most common used devices in orthopedics. However, sometimes we forget their principles, so this presentation hopes to review most their problems. Thank you for your attention!
conventional plates including different functions of screws, modes of plate application, Compression Mode.
Neutralization Mode.
Buttress plate.
Antiglide plate.
Bridge plating or span plating.
Tension band.
prebending precountouring
working length
lag screw
AO principles
biological fixation
MIPO
You find here basic knowledge about Ring and Ring Traveller of ring frame machine.This also help you to understand the role of ring and traveller in ring spinning.
DR. ARPAN CHAUDHARY
3rd YEAR PG RESIDENT,
M.S. ORTHOPAEDICS
SCREWS-HEAD, SHAFT, TIP,
RUN OUT, THREAD, TYPES OF SCREWS, CORTICAL SCREW, CANCELLOUS SCREW, CANNULATED CANCELLOUS SCREW, THE HERBERT SCREW, DYNAMIC HIP SCREW, PEDICAL SCREW, BIOABSORBABLE SCREW, LAG SCREW PRINCIPLE, TENSION BAND WIRING, GOETZE-RHINELANDER-BOHLER METHOD
REFERENCE- ANAND THAKUR
Scientific meeting in El Behira Health Directorate – PowerPoint PPT presentation
This was a part of the Egyptian Board Training Program for Orthopedic trainees
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. 2
Learning outcomes
• Identify what is a screw
• Define the design characteristics of a screw
• List what kind of screws are available
• Explain how a screw works
• Describe how the lag screw technique provides absolute
stability
• State the purpose of the
countersink
• Evaluate the different
functions of screws
3. 3
What is a screw?
A simple mechanical device for turning rotational
forces into linear motion.
4. 4
Types of screws and material
cortex screw cancellous bone screw stainless steel titanium
standard self-tapping
5. 5
Cortex screw terminology
4.5 mm cortex screw
• 4.5 mm thread diameter
• 8.0 mm head
- Hexagonal
- Cruciate
- Star (Torx)
• 1.25 mm pitch
• 3.1 mm core diameter
• 3.2 mm pilot drill bit
• 4.5 mm gliding hole
6. 6
Cortex screws
4.5 mm cortex screw thread is designed for application in
diaphyseal bone.
7. 7
Cancellous bone screw terminology
6.5 mm cancellous bone screw
• 6.5 mm thread diameter
• Thread length
- Full
- Partial, 32 mm or 16 mm
• 8.0 mm head
• 1.75 mm pitch
• 4.5 mm shaft
• 3.2 mm pilot drill bit
32 mm 16 mm
9. 9
Function of screws
• Compression
• Types of compression:
- Plate to bone
- Two bone fragments for
interfragmentary
compression
10. 10
Working concept of screws
• Threads advance screw
• Head contacts bone (plate)
• Compression under head
• Tension in shaft
• Friction produces stability
- Under plate
- Between fragments
11. 11
Principle of the lag screw technique
• It is a technique of insertion not a type of
screw
• Any screw can function as a lag screw
• Provides interfragmentary compression
• Produces 2500-3000 Newtons of force
• Results in absolute stability
13. 13
Axiom
Any time a screw crosses a fracture line it must be inserted
as a lag screw to provide interfragmentary compression.
14. 14
Bone–screw interface
• Maximum stress is
between screw head
and bone cortex
• Countersink to
maximize contact
between screw and
bone to minimize
stress
15. 15
When to countersink
• Cortical bone
• Screw outside plate
• Create circular “seat” for
undersurface of screw head
• Oblique orientation
produces oval hole
20. 20
Lag screw technique—step 4
Use depth gauge to measure depth of hole
• Longest distance allows maximum purchase
21. 21
Lag screw technique—step 5
Tap cortex with 4.5 mm tap
• Screw and tap same size
• Always use tap sleeve
• Soft tissue protection
• Direction and wobble
control
22. 22
Lag screw technique—step 6
Insert 4.5 mm cortex screw
• Interfragmentary compression
• Absolute stability
23. 23
Six step lag screw technique
Using 4.5 mm cortex screw:
• Drill 4.5 mm gliding hole
• Drill 3.2 mm threaded hole
• Countersink
• Measure depth
• Tap
• Screw
24. 24
Names of the different screw functions
• Lag/interfragmentary compression screw
• Compression screw
• Position screw
• Locking head screw
• Buttress/antiglide screw
• Anchor screw
• Push-pull screw
• Reduction screw
• Poller screw
34. 34
Summary
• Every screw has two names
• Any screw can perform different functions
• Lag screw is a technique
- Building block of internal fixation
- Interfragmentary compression
- Absolute stability
• Countersink to distribute forces under the screw head
• Washer in metaphyseal regions
