Presented by Michael Blümmel, Jane Wamatu, Barbara Rischkowsky and Siboniso Moyo at the International Conference on Pulses for Health, Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Drylands, Marrakesh, Morocco, 18-20 April 2016
Opportunities from multi-dimensional crop improvement and the supporting role...ILRI
This document discusses opportunities for improving crop residues as animal feed sources through multi-dimensional crop improvement supported by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) networks. It notes that crop residues make up the majority of livestock feed in places like India. Small differences in crop residue quality can significantly impact livestock productivity. Existing cultivar variations and targeted genetic enhancement through conventional breeding or molecular tools can exploit differences and improve crop residue quality. NIRS hubs could help support high-throughput phenotyping needed for this multi-dimensional crop improvement.
This document summarizes research on breeding wheat with improved water use efficiency (WUE) and heat tolerance in China. Researchers identified 70 quantitative trait loci (QTL) markers for drought and heat tolerance traits. They used these markers in marker-assisted recurrent selection of six breeding populations, developing 192 crosses. Elites lines from the Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCP) reference set were crossed over 200 times with Chinese cultivars. Two lines entered national trials and seven entered provincial trials. Next steps include validating additional QTLs, enhancing marker-assisted recurrent selection, delivering drought and heat tolerant lines, and exchanging information to build molecular breeding capacity.
1) The study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) with starch extracted from three cassava varieties on their behavior, reproduction, and oxidative status.
2) Results showed that flies fed diets supplemented with starch from two of the cassava varieties (TMS 30572 and local sweet cassava) had higher survival rates and faster recovery from chill-induced coma compared to flies fed normal diet or diet supplemented with starch from the third variety (TMS 92/0326).
3) Flies fed the starch-supplemented diets also had greater egg to adult viability and higher antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting the starch provided a protective effect against oxidative stress.
This document summarizes the breeding strategies and activities of the GCP Wheat CI Team in India to improve wheat tolerance to drought and heat stress. The team consists of researchers from 5 agricultural institutes across India. They are working to combine and validate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with improved water use efficiency and heat tolerance in Indian wheat varieties using marker-assisted recurrent selection and breeding. In winter 2013, families selected from two mapping populations were intercrossed to accumulate favorable alleles at multiple QTLs associated with drought and heat tolerance.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the digestibility of cacao waste fiber fractions fermented with indigenous microorganisms in sheep. Sixteen sheep aged 6-12 months were fed one of four ration treatments: A) 40% concentrate and 60% forage, B) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented leaves, C) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented cacao rind, or D) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, 15% fermented leaves, and 15% fermented cacao rind. The study found that fermenting cacao waste improved fiber fraction digestibility and increased sheep weight gain compared to the control group fed only forage
Opportunities from multi-dimensional crop improvement and the supporting role...ILRI
This document discusses opportunities for improving crop residues as animal feed sources through multi-dimensional crop improvement supported by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) networks. It notes that crop residues make up the majority of livestock feed in places like India. Small differences in crop residue quality can significantly impact livestock productivity. Existing cultivar variations and targeted genetic enhancement through conventional breeding or molecular tools can exploit differences and improve crop residue quality. NIRS hubs could help support high-throughput phenotyping needed for this multi-dimensional crop improvement.
This document summarizes research on breeding wheat with improved water use efficiency (WUE) and heat tolerance in China. Researchers identified 70 quantitative trait loci (QTL) markers for drought and heat tolerance traits. They used these markers in marker-assisted recurrent selection of six breeding populations, developing 192 crosses. Elites lines from the Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCP) reference set were crossed over 200 times with Chinese cultivars. Two lines entered national trials and seven entered provincial trials. Next steps include validating additional QTLs, enhancing marker-assisted recurrent selection, delivering drought and heat tolerant lines, and exchanging information to build molecular breeding capacity.
1) The study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) with starch extracted from three cassava varieties on their behavior, reproduction, and oxidative status.
2) Results showed that flies fed diets supplemented with starch from two of the cassava varieties (TMS 30572 and local sweet cassava) had higher survival rates and faster recovery from chill-induced coma compared to flies fed normal diet or diet supplemented with starch from the third variety (TMS 92/0326).
3) Flies fed the starch-supplemented diets also had greater egg to adult viability and higher antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting the starch provided a protective effect against oxidative stress.
This document summarizes the breeding strategies and activities of the GCP Wheat CI Team in India to improve wheat tolerance to drought and heat stress. The team consists of researchers from 5 agricultural institutes across India. They are working to combine and validate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with improved water use efficiency and heat tolerance in Indian wheat varieties using marker-assisted recurrent selection and breeding. In winter 2013, families selected from two mapping populations were intercrossed to accumulate favorable alleles at multiple QTLs associated with drought and heat tolerance.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the digestibility of cacao waste fiber fractions fermented with indigenous microorganisms in sheep. Sixteen sheep aged 6-12 months were fed one of four ration treatments: A) 40% concentrate and 60% forage, B) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented leaves, C) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented cacao rind, or D) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, 15% fermented leaves, and 15% fermented cacao rind. The study found that fermenting cacao waste improved fiber fraction digestibility and increased sheep weight gain compared to the control group fed only forage
Marker-Assisted Introgression of opaque2 and crtRB1 for Enhancement of Amino Acids and Provitamin-A in Sweet Corn.Marker-Assisted Introgression of opaque2 and crtRB1 for Enhancement of Amino Acids and Provitamin-A in Sweet Corn
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING GRAIN QUALITY OF CEREALS Guru6005
This document summarizes research on improving the quality of various cereal grains through agronomic practices. It includes tables showing the effects of factors like planting methods, nutrient levels, tillage systems and crop rotations on the protein, starch, and oil content as well as yields of crops like maize, wheat and rice. The results demonstrate how agronomic biofortification through optimized fertilization and cultivation techniques can enhance the nutritional quality of staple grains.
This experiment evaluated the metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility of detoxified castor meal and castor cake for broilers. The detoxified castor cake had higher apparent metabolizable energy, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, and digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and ether extract compared to the detoxified castor meal. The higher fat content and lower fiber content of the castor cake likely contributed to its better energy and nutrient utilization. The detoxified castor meal had an apparent metabolizable energy of 1829 kcal/kg and digestibility coefficients ranging from 10.5% to 68.4%, while the detoxified castor cake
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
Maize Research and Development in Nepal: Status, Challenges and new Interven...Jiban Shrestha
Maize is an important crop in Nepal, contributing 25.8% of total food production. However, productivity remains low at 2,119 kg/ha compared to yields of over 10,000 kg/ha in experiments. The document outlines Nepal's maize research and development efforts including varietal development of hybrids, QPM varieties, and varieties resistant to diseases. It also discusses testing of improved varieties in different agro-ecological zones. Priority research areas are identified such as developing open-pollinated and hybrid varieties for hills adapted to drought, low soil fertility, and diseases. Addressing low productivity through breeding higher-yielding varieties and closing yield gaps is a major issue.
Assessing the nutritional status of four indigenous breeds of cattleAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of four breeds of cattle (Bunaji, Rahaji, Sokoto Gudali, and Azawak) in Nigeria using blood metabolites. The study found:
1) There were significant differences between breeds for creatinine, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, and blood glucose levels at various times during the 90-day study.
2) In general, the results did not identify any clear nutritional constraints to productivity among the breeds.
3) Glucose, albumin and urea results indicate that dietary energy and protein were not limiting for the cattle.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Dual-purpose crop developments, fodder trading and feed processing options fo...ILRI
Invited lead paper presented by M. Blümmel, S.A. Tarawali, N. Teufel and I.A. Wright at the International Dairy Conference 2010 held at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, April 3-4, 2010
This study examined the effects of including hempseed at different levels (5%, 10%, 20%) in the diets of Japanese quail on performance, carcass traits, and antioxidant activity in blood. Body weight was not significantly different between groups at 7 and 21 days, but was lower in the 20% hempseed group at 42 days. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among groups. Carcass, organ weights, and their percentages to carcass weight were significantly different between treatment groups. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA, NO) decreased in blood serum with hempseed supplementation, while antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) increased, indicating higher antioxidant activity
Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant...Premier Publishers
Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
This document summarizes a study that investigated co-digesting cattle manure and organic kitchen waste to increase biogas production. The study tested anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of cattle manure and organic kitchen waste using rumen fluid as inoculum in laboratory-scale digesters at mesophilic temperature. Co-digesting the wastes substantially increased biogas yields by 24 to 47% compared to digesting the wastes alone. The highest methane yield was obtained with a mixture of 75% organic kitchen waste and 25% cattle manure. However, adding 75% cattle manure inhibited the digestion process and resulted in 23% lower methane yield than 25% cattle manure. The study demonstrated that co-digest
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of extrusion process for production of texturized flaxseed defat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this work was to obtain and evaluate the nutritional and functional properties of texturized defatted flaxseed meal rich in protein. The flaxseed was defatted, grinded, and sieved to eliminate hull fiber. The independent variables used were 14 to 20 per cent feed moisture; 300 to 500 rpm screw speed and 120 to 1800C barrel temperature. The texturized flaxseed defatted meal contained 2.61per cent moisture, 2.707 per cent fat, 38.24 per cent protein and 12.24 per cent fiber. During texturization two important reactions (protein denaturation and starch gelatinization) in dough can affect viscosity. Functional properties as indicated by this study, texturized defatted flaxseed meal may be recommended for use as an ingredient in products such as noodles, cookies, extruded snacks, meat batters, hamburgers, and ice cream. Keywords: Extrusion, Flaxseed meal, Texturization, Response surface methodology etc.
This study examined the residues of the pesticide endosulfan in the milk of goats following ingestion of endosulfan through their diet. 12 goats were divided into 3 groups - a control group and two treatment groups that received either 15 mg or 30 mg of endosulfan per goat, daily, for 25 days. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for endosulfan residues. Residues gradually increased during treatment and peaked on the last day, then declined after treatment ended. The half-life of decline was approximately 8.67-8.88 days. There were no significant effects on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition or blood parameters in the treated goats.
Sustainable Food Production: Increasing Food Security by Closely Integrating ...IFSD14
This document summarizes activities from a project that aimed to increase food security in Mali by integrating tree fodder into sheep fattening rations. The project conducted 3 main activities: 1) A survey identified 5 tree species perceived by farmers as good potential fodder. 2) A cafeteria trial found the preferred species to be Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Pterocarpus lucens based on intake and palatability. 3) Development of fattening rations containing 50% tree leaves performed as well economically as the control ration containing peanut haulm. The rations containing the 3 preferred tree species showed potential to improve food security.
The document describes a study that calibrated and validated the CERES-Rice crop growth simulation model for different rice cultivars at Navsari, India. The model was calibrated using experimental crop data from 2009-2011 and validated using 2012 data. Genetic coefficients for three rice cultivars were developed through an interactive process. The calibrated model was evaluated based on its ability to simulate grain yield, biomass production, and yield attributes compared to observed values. Simulation error was lowest for the second transplanting date and highest nitrogen level for grain yield, and lowest for the earliest transplanting date for biomass production. The study demonstrated the CERES-Rice model, after calibration and validation, can accurately simulate rice growth
Molecular Breeding for Development of Biofortified Maize Hybrids in IndiaCIMMYT
The document discusses molecular breeding efforts in India to develop biofortified maize hybrids. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide are malnourished. Maize is an important crop but often lacks nutrients like iron, zinc, and vitamins A, E. The program aims to introgress genes like opaque2, opaque16, and crtRB1 to increase lysine, tryptophan, and provitamin A. It has released new hybrids with these traits like Pusa HM4 Improved. It also discusses efforts to enrich for vitamin E and reduce phytate to enhance mineral availability through genes like lpa1. The long-term goal is to develop multi-trait hybrids addressing several deficiencies
Marker-Assisted Introgression of opaque2 and crtRB1 for Enhancement of Amino Acids and Provitamin-A in Sweet Corn.Marker-Assisted Introgression of opaque2 and crtRB1 for Enhancement of Amino Acids and Provitamin-A in Sweet Corn
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING GRAIN QUALITY OF CEREALS Guru6005
This document summarizes research on improving the quality of various cereal grains through agronomic practices. It includes tables showing the effects of factors like planting methods, nutrient levels, tillage systems and crop rotations on the protein, starch, and oil content as well as yields of crops like maize, wheat and rice. The results demonstrate how agronomic biofortification through optimized fertilization and cultivation techniques can enhance the nutritional quality of staple grains.
This experiment evaluated the metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility of detoxified castor meal and castor cake for broilers. The detoxified castor cake had higher apparent metabolizable energy, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, and digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and ether extract compared to the detoxified castor meal. The higher fat content and lower fiber content of the castor cake likely contributed to its better energy and nutrient utilization. The detoxified castor meal had an apparent metabolizable energy of 1829 kcal/kg and digestibility coefficients ranging from 10.5% to 68.4%, while the detoxified castor cake
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
Maize Research and Development in Nepal: Status, Challenges and new Interven...Jiban Shrestha
Maize is an important crop in Nepal, contributing 25.8% of total food production. However, productivity remains low at 2,119 kg/ha compared to yields of over 10,000 kg/ha in experiments. The document outlines Nepal's maize research and development efforts including varietal development of hybrids, QPM varieties, and varieties resistant to diseases. It also discusses testing of improved varieties in different agro-ecological zones. Priority research areas are identified such as developing open-pollinated and hybrid varieties for hills adapted to drought, low soil fertility, and diseases. Addressing low productivity through breeding higher-yielding varieties and closing yield gaps is a major issue.
Assessing the nutritional status of four indigenous breeds of cattleAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of four breeds of cattle (Bunaji, Rahaji, Sokoto Gudali, and Azawak) in Nigeria using blood metabolites. The study found:
1) There were significant differences between breeds for creatinine, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, and blood glucose levels at various times during the 90-day study.
2) In general, the results did not identify any clear nutritional constraints to productivity among the breeds.
3) Glucose, albumin and urea results indicate that dietary energy and protein were not limiting for the cattle.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Dual-purpose crop developments, fodder trading and feed processing options fo...ILRI
Invited lead paper presented by M. Blümmel, S.A. Tarawali, N. Teufel and I.A. Wright at the International Dairy Conference 2010 held at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, April 3-4, 2010
This study examined the effects of including hempseed at different levels (5%, 10%, 20%) in the diets of Japanese quail on performance, carcass traits, and antioxidant activity in blood. Body weight was not significantly different between groups at 7 and 21 days, but was lower in the 20% hempseed group at 42 days. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among groups. Carcass, organ weights, and their percentages to carcass weight were significantly different between treatment groups. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA, NO) decreased in blood serum with hempseed supplementation, while antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) increased, indicating higher antioxidant activity
Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant...Premier Publishers
Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
This document summarizes a study that investigated co-digesting cattle manure and organic kitchen waste to increase biogas production. The study tested anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of cattle manure and organic kitchen waste using rumen fluid as inoculum in laboratory-scale digesters at mesophilic temperature. Co-digesting the wastes substantially increased biogas yields by 24 to 47% compared to digesting the wastes alone. The highest methane yield was obtained with a mixture of 75% organic kitchen waste and 25% cattle manure. However, adding 75% cattle manure inhibited the digestion process and resulted in 23% lower methane yield than 25% cattle manure. The study demonstrated that co-digest
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of extrusion process for production of texturized flaxseed defat...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this work was to obtain and evaluate the nutritional and functional properties of texturized defatted flaxseed meal rich in protein. The flaxseed was defatted, grinded, and sieved to eliminate hull fiber. The independent variables used were 14 to 20 per cent feed moisture; 300 to 500 rpm screw speed and 120 to 1800C barrel temperature. The texturized flaxseed defatted meal contained 2.61per cent moisture, 2.707 per cent fat, 38.24 per cent protein and 12.24 per cent fiber. During texturization two important reactions (protein denaturation and starch gelatinization) in dough can affect viscosity. Functional properties as indicated by this study, texturized defatted flaxseed meal may be recommended for use as an ingredient in products such as noodles, cookies, extruded snacks, meat batters, hamburgers, and ice cream. Keywords: Extrusion, Flaxseed meal, Texturization, Response surface methodology etc.
This study examined the residues of the pesticide endosulfan in the milk of goats following ingestion of endosulfan through their diet. 12 goats were divided into 3 groups - a control group and two treatment groups that received either 15 mg or 30 mg of endosulfan per goat, daily, for 25 days. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for endosulfan residues. Residues gradually increased during treatment and peaked on the last day, then declined after treatment ended. The half-life of decline was approximately 8.67-8.88 days. There were no significant effects on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition or blood parameters in the treated goats.
Sustainable Food Production: Increasing Food Security by Closely Integrating ...IFSD14
This document summarizes activities from a project that aimed to increase food security in Mali by integrating tree fodder into sheep fattening rations. The project conducted 3 main activities: 1) A survey identified 5 tree species perceived by farmers as good potential fodder. 2) A cafeteria trial found the preferred species to be Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Pterocarpus lucens based on intake and palatability. 3) Development of fattening rations containing 50% tree leaves performed as well economically as the control ration containing peanut haulm. The rations containing the 3 preferred tree species showed potential to improve food security.
The document describes a study that calibrated and validated the CERES-Rice crop growth simulation model for different rice cultivars at Navsari, India. The model was calibrated using experimental crop data from 2009-2011 and validated using 2012 data. Genetic coefficients for three rice cultivars were developed through an interactive process. The calibrated model was evaluated based on its ability to simulate grain yield, biomass production, and yield attributes compared to observed values. Simulation error was lowest for the second transplanting date and highest nitrogen level for grain yield, and lowest for the earliest transplanting date for biomass production. The study demonstrated the CERES-Rice model, after calibration and validation, can accurately simulate rice growth
Molecular Breeding for Development of Biofortified Maize Hybrids in IndiaCIMMYT
The document discusses molecular breeding efforts in India to develop biofortified maize hybrids. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide are malnourished. Maize is an important crop but often lacks nutrients like iron, zinc, and vitamins A, E. The program aims to introgress genes like opaque2, opaque16, and crtRB1 to increase lysine, tryptophan, and provitamin A. It has released new hybrids with these traits like Pusa HM4 Improved. It also discusses efforts to enrich for vitamin E and reduce phytate to enhance mineral availability through genes like lpa1. The long-term goal is to develop multi-trait hybrids addressing several deficiencies
Similar to Opportunities and limitations of multidimensional crop improvement in grain legumes to support increased productivity in mixed crop livestock systems
Multi-dimensional crop improvement: Experiences from collaborative ILRI-ICRIS...ILRI
Presented by Michael Blümmel, V. Vadez, N. Seetharama D. V. A. Tonapi, V Bhat, B. V. S. Reddy and C. S. Jones at the Sorghum in the 21st Century Workshop, Cape Town, South Africa, 9 - 12 April 2018
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Potential and limitations of by-product based feeding systems to mitigate gre...ILRI
Presentation by M. Blümmel, S. Anandan, and C.S. Prasad to the 13th Biennial Animal Nutrition Conference of the Animal Nutrition Society of India: Diversification of Animal Nutrition Research in the Changing Scenario, Bangalore, India, 17-19 December 2009.
Spin-off technologies from 2nd generation biofuel: Potential to transform fod...ILRI
Presented by Michael Blümmel, Sharma, G.V.M., Ravindranath, K., Padmakumar, V. and Christopher Jones at the 27 Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), EIAR, Addis Ababa, 29–31 August 2019
The document summarizes a study on intercropping maize with Lablab purpureus cv. Rongai to improve fodder availability and quality for smallholder dairy farmers in Uganda. Intercropping maize with the legume increased maize grain yield by 7% and cob size by 6% while reducing stover yield by 5%. Crude protein content and other nutritional values of the stover were significantly higher in the intercropped systems. However, the fodder quality remained inadequate to meet the needs of crossbred dairy cows without supplementation. Further research is recommended to evaluate staggered planting dates and supplementing intercropped forage diets for dairy cattle.
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Ruminants and sustainability: The main improve...Irta
This document discusses several topics related to ruminants and sustainability, including:
1) The need to increase efficient use of byproducts from food/fiber processing as animal feed sources by 2050 to meet growing demand while minimizing land use.
2) Research into herbivore gut ecosystems and rumen systems biology to better understand microbe interactions and maximize production with lower environmental impact.
3) Evidence that certain animal products can provide health benefits to humans if produced sustainably, and that grass-fed systems and lipid supplementation can alter milk fatty acid profiles.
4) Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock vary significantly depending on production system and management practices, and methane mitigation strategies include lipid supplementation, feed add
Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water r...ICRISAT
Drought (midseason or terminal)is a regular and recurring event in arid and semi-arid land, affected by approximately 30% of the world total area and are in habited by 20% of the total world population. The reduction in crop production and yield caused by drought has direct effecton livelihood of farmers(and their families)that inturn affects the yield from livestock (draft capacity/milching).Sorghum is a dual purpose drought resilient crop cultivated in Africa and Asia.
physiochemical characterization of the brewers’ spent grain from a breweryIJEAB
Brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated in the production process of breweries formed by the solid part obtained from the wort filtration before boiling. It is mainly comprised of pulp and husk residues of the malt, but it also contains grains of the adjuncts, such as rice, maize and wheat. Quantitatively, brewers' spent grain is the main byproduct of the brewing process and currently it is used as animal feed. The objective of this study was to determine the physiochemical composition of the brewers' spent grain and its potential use in human food. To this end, brewers' spent grain samples were collected from a craft beer brewery located in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, determining such parameters as moisture, ash, total proteins, lipids, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy. The results revealed that the moisture and ash levels were 78.23 ± 1.45 and 3.76± 1.23g.100g-1, respectively. The figures for carbohydrates, total proteins, total fats and crude fibers were 1.89±1.21; 4.89 ± 0.29; 2.67 ± 0.68 and 4.19 ± 0.56, represented in g.100g-1 respectively. The energy values obtained were 109.23± 4.23 kcal.100g-1. As such, the conclusion can be drawn that brewers' spent grain can be used in both animal and human food.
Presented by Michael Blümmel, G.V.M. Sharma, K. Ravindranath, V. Padmakumar, H. Rahman and C. Jones at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
Use of biotechnologies to improve feed quantity and quality: Adaptation to th...ExternalEvents
Use of biotechnologies to improve feed quantity and
quality: Adaptation to the changing climate from the animal nutrition perspective`presentation by Ulrich Meyer, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
Valuing Feedstocks for Anaerobic Digestion – Balancing Energy Potential and N...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67610
To improve the energy production and revenue generation, many farm digester operators are including off-farm feedstocks in the blend. Off-farm feedstocks are raw materials with high carbon concentrations that can be degraded anaerobically. Common off-farm feedstocks include food service or retail waste, food processing byproducts, residuals from biofuels production and FOG (fat, oil & grease) resulting from food preparation. Typically, off-farm feedstocks have a higher energy potential when compared to manure. Manures generally have biogas potential in the range of 280 to 500 L of biogas/kg of VS, compared to off-farm feedstocks which can range from 300 to 1,300 L of biogas/kg of VS [1]. In addition to the increased biogas production, revenue can also be generated from tipping fees collected for feedstock brought onto a farm. The tipping fee is typically comparable to the cost of disposing of the material at a landfill or wastewater treatment plant.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
Winning solutions for climate-smart dairy animal nutrition in IndiaILRI
This document discusses opportunities to improve dairy production in India through better livestock feeding solutions that are climate-smart. It notes that dairy demand is increasing rapidly in India but production relies heavily on low-quality crop residues as feed. Improving feed quality and processing can boost milk yields while reducing emissions. Specifically, crop breeding to select for higher-digestibility crop residues like rice straw could both improve animal nutrition and reduce burning of residues. Processing methods like feed blocks can also enhance the utilization of available feedstuffs. Overall, modest gains in feed quality and intake could significantly increase production and lower emissions intensities to support sustainable dairy development.
The document discusses cotton production in Bangladesh. It summarizes that cotton cultivable land area is limited in Bangladesh due to limited land area and declining soil fertility. It also discusses the main constraints in increasing domestic cotton production, including limited land area, declining soil fertility, and availability of agricultural land over time. The document also provides information on cotton crop calendar, soil fertility status, nutrient deficiency trends over time, fertilizer application rates and methods, and organic matter status of Bangladeshi soils.
Discovery to delivery: Livestock and Fish – Maize CRP Collaboration on dual p...ILRI
This document summarizes research on developing dual-purpose maize hybrids in rain-fed systems. It discusses using conventional and molecular breeding to improve maize grain and stover traits. Genomic selection methods were able to accurately predict the in vitro dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy of maize lines. Testing showed advanced maize breeding lines had higher stover quality than existing sorghum varieties. However, transporting maize stover is less cost-effective than sorghum due to lower bulk density. The research concludes that work is needed along the entire value chain from discovery to delivery.
Improving quality of pulses through physiological approachesVivek Zinzala
This document summarizes a student's research on pulses. It provides background information on pulses, including their nutritional value and importance in India. It also shares results from the student's research, including the effects of plant growth regulators like salicylic acid and brassinolide on chickpea protein, carbohydrate, and methionine content. Tables show results on the nutritional composition and yield of chickpea and black gram in response to various treatments. In conclusion, the document presented the student's research on pulses.
Similar to Opportunities and limitations of multidimensional crop improvement in grain legumes to support increased productivity in mixed crop livestock systems (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Opportunities and limitations of multidimensional crop improvement in grain legumes to support increased productivity in mixed crop livestock systems
1. Opportunities and limitations of multidimensional crop improvement in
grain legumes to support increased productivity in mixed crop livestock
systems
Michael Blümmel1, Jane Wamatu2, Barbara Rischkowsky2 and Siboniso Moyo1
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA)
International Conference on Pulses for Health,
Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Drylands
Marrakesh, Morocco, 18-20 April 2016
2. Topics
Rational for paying attention to haulm traits:
demand, impact and cultivar differences
Differences in haulm traits available in crop
improvement and opportunities for further
improvements
Relationships between traits and trade-offs
Where to go from here
3. Demand, impact and cultivar differences
Legume haulm fodder markets
Productivity of livestock fed legume haulms
4. CP HAY GN HAY CS CAKE R CONC
January 493±49bc 454±9ef 159±5a 152±3a
February 568±34ab 494±17de 174±7a 144±3a
March 610±20a 533±9cd 162±2a 163±3a
April 561±15ab 503±8de 167±3a 152±4a
May 598±10a 558±8bcd 165±2a 164±3a
June 651±8a 597±4ab 164±2a 160±4a
July 650±12a 612±6ab 180±12a 157±2a
August 667±9a 611±6ab 165±3a 162±5a
September 665±6a 649±9a 166±3a 164±5a
October 367±11d 326±10g 163±2a 172±6a
November 411±8cd 345±8g 163±3a 161±4a
Cost of (FCFA /kg DM) of cowpea (CP) and groundnut
(GN) hay compared to cotton seed (CS) cake and a
ruminant (R) concentrate at 5 fodder markets in Mali in
2010
Ayantunde et al (2015)
5. Live weight gains in Indian Deccan sheep fed
exclusively on groundnut haulms
Groundnut cultivars Gain (g/d)
ICGV 89104 137
ICGV 9114 123
TMV 2 111
ICGS 76 76
ICGS 11 76
DRG 12 66
ICGS 44 65
ICGV 86325 83
ICGV 92020 95
ICGV 92093 109
Prob > F 0.02
Prasad et al. 2010
6. Live weight changes in West African Dwarf
Sheep fed exclusively on groundnut haulms
Groundnut cultivars Gain/loss (g/d)
M170-801 46
M554-76 24
M572-801 26
RMP-12 31
UGA-2 -6
UGA-5 38
Etela and Dung 2011
7. Live weight Changes in Ethiopian Arsi-Bale
Sheep Fed Exclusively on Faba bean Straws
Wegi et al., 2016
Cultivars Grain Yield Straw Yield Weight Gain (g/d)
Mosisa 4.28a 5.68a 52.2ab
Walki 4.21a 4.42c 64.6a
Degaga 4.20a 4.31c 43.2bc
Shallo 4.06a 4.98b 37.5c
Local 2.89b 3.65d 48.3bc
8. Conclusion: demand, impact and cultivar
differences
High monetary value of legume haulm, beginning of
grading for variations in quality
Excellent feed potential, substantial cultivar
differences in haulm quality
Importance of livestock productivity trials in
validating food-feed traits of cultivars
9. Differences in haulm traits available in crop
improvement and opportunities for
further improvements
Variations in key haulm fodder quality traits nitrogen
(N x 6.25 equals protein) and in vitro digestibility
(IVOMD)
Broad sense heritabilities for key traits
10. Crop N % IVOMD % Source
Mean Range Mean Range
Cowpea [50x2x5] 2.2 1.5 – 2.5 59.1 56.7-61.0 Samireddipally et al (2016)
Groundnut [800] 1.7 1.2 – 2.3 56.3 51.7-61.1 Nigam & Blümmel (2014)
Chickpea [280] 0.7 0.4-1.7 49.5 44.0-58.6 Blümmel et al (2016)
Chickpea [475] 0.9 0.5-1.4 49.3 44.9-53.7 Wamatu et al (2016)
Field Pea [144] 1.25 0.6-1.5 50.1 47.8-52.5 Wamatu et al (2016)
Faba Bean [150] 0.83 0.8-0.9 42.1 40.4-43.7 Ashraf et al (2016)
Lentils [530] 1.5 0.6-2.4 49.3 44.9-53.7 Wamatu et al (2016)
11. Crop PY HY N IVOMD
1Cowpea [50 x 2 years x 5 locations] 0.50 0.29 0.67 0.61
2Groundnut [200 x 2 years x 2 H2O] 0.72 0.75 0.81 0.49
Broad sense heritabilities (h2) for pod (PY) and haulm yield
(HY) and key haulm fodder quality traits nitrogen
(N) and in vitro digestibility (IVOMD)
1Samireddipally et al (2016), Boukar et al (2016)
2Blümmel et al (2011)
12. T w e n ty h ig h e s t n itro g e n c o n te n ts
2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7 2 .8 2 .9 3 .0 3 .1
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
C o n tro l: P = 0 .5
S tre s s : r= -0 .4 5 ; P = 0 .0 4
R e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n h a u lm n itro g e n c o n te n ts a n d p o d
y ie ld in c u ltiv a rs ra n k e d fo r h a u lm n itro g e n
N itro g e n c o n ten t o f h a u lm s (% )
Podyield(kg/ha)
T w e n ty h ig h e s t p o d y ie ld e rs
1 .7 1 .8 1 .9 2 .0 2 .1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7 2 .8
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
c o n tro l: P = 0 .2 5
s tre s s : P = 0 .1 6
N itro g en co n te n t o f h a u lm (% )
Podyield(kg/ha)
R e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n h a u lm n itro g e n c o n te n ts a n d p o d
y ie ld in c u ltiv a rs ra n k e d fo r p o d y ie ld
Primary of trait: Groundnut pod yield versus haulm nitrogen yield
Groundnut Set [200 x 2 years x 2 H2O]
Blümmel et al (2012)
13. T w e n ty h ig h e s t in v itro digestibilities
6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
c o n tro l: P = 0 .6 3
s tre s s : P = 0 .5 9
R e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n h a u lm in vitro d ig e s tib ility a n d p o d
y ie ld in c u ltiv a rs ra n k e d fo r in vitro d ig e s tib ility
In v itro digestibility of haulm s (% )
Podyield(kg/ha)
T w e n ty h ig h e s t p o d y ie ld e rs
5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
s tre s s : P = 0 .7 6
c o n tro l: P = 0 .5 0
R e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n h a u lm in vitro d ig e s tib ility a n d p o d
y ie ld in c u ltiv a rs ra n k e d fo r p o d y ie ld
In v itro d ig e s tib ility o f h a u lm s (% )
Podyield(kg/ha)
Primary of trait: Groundnut pod yield versus haulm in vitro
digestibility yield
Groundnut Set [200 x 2 years x 2 H2O]
Blümmel et al (2012)
14. Conclusions: Differences in haulm traits available
and opportunities for further improvements
Substantial variations in key fodder quality traits
available in most crops
Broad sense heritabilities for key traits high enough to
allow targeted improvement
Multi traits selection seem feasible
15. Relationships between traits and trade-offs
Are there immediate trade offs between biomass
quantity and quality
How are key fodder quality traits related to pod and
haulm yield
16. Variable Means Ranges P<F h2
Pod yield
Stress
Control
988
1753
316 - 1951
589 – 3283
0.0001
0.0001
0.77
0.70
Haulm yield
Stress
Control
2916
3840
1232 – 4622
1777 – 6045
0.0001
0.0001
0.73
0.70
Haulm nitrogen
Stress
Control
2.41
2.23
1.94 – 2.88
1.81 – 2.66
0.0001
0.0001
0.77
0.70
Haulm digestibility
Stress
Control
60.9
61.6
57.3 – 64.3
59.5 – 64.2
0.0001
0.0001
0.26
0.44
Pod yields (kg/ha), haulm yields (kg/ha), haulm N contents (%) and in vitro
digestibilities (%) in groundnut cultivars grown under stress (202) and
control (194) conditions at Patancheru India in 2009 and 2010
17. Crop N vs PY IVOMD vs PY N vs HY IVOMD vs HY
Cowpea [50x2x5] -0.26 0.11 0.21 0.44**
Groundnut [800] 0.26*** 0.05 0.26*** 0.23***
Groundnut [200] -0.23*** -0.20*** 0.53*** 0.48***
Chickpea [475] -0.06 0.06 -0.02 0.11*
Faba Bean [150] -0.16* 0.16* -0.05 0.12
Lentils [530] -0.73*** -0.12** -0.25*** 0.19***
Correlations between haulm nitrogen (N) and in vitro
digestibilities and pod (PY) and haulm yield (HY)
20. Conclusions: Relationships between traits
and trade-offs
Considerable elasticity between changes in biomass yield and
biomass composition
In many cases inverse relations between haulm N content and
pod yield, series in the case of lentils
Generally positive relationships between haulm fodder quality
and haulm yield
Water stress enforces negative and positive trait relationships
21. Where to go from here
Assess “real” likely future value of haulms of grain legumes
Is improvement for pod yield “only” adequate and matches
farmers demand
How could haulm traits (and grain traits) be included into
crop improvement and cultivar release criteria
22. Ration Design Sheep Fattening CP (%) ME (MJ/kg) Feed Cost (FCFA/100 kg)
Early dry season: based on cowpea hay 15 8.10 29 008
Early dry season: based on concentrate 15 8.34 15 406
Late dry season: based on cowpea hay 15 8.19 39 480
Late dry season: based on concentrate 15 8.39 15 870
Ayantunde et al (2015)
Potential iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic sheep fattening rations
based on either cowpea or ruminant concentrate available at the
markets and analyzed for price-quality
23. Comparisons of on farms advantage of improved
dual purpose groundnut and traditional cultivar in
3 villages of Anantapur, India
Cultivars Pod yield Haulm yield Milk yield
TMV2 2.24 t/ha 2.64 t/ha 3.92 kg/d
ICGV 91114 2.57 t/ha 3.08 t/ha 4.36 kg/d
15 % 17 % 10 %
24. Haulm fodder quality traits in 15 cultivars release-tested
across four locations in India
Protein Lignin Digestibility
Range 13.4-19.0 3.7-6.4 54.8-59.5
Mean 15.4 5.2 56.6
25. Qualitative trait prediction in plant breeding based
on Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Non-evasive
c. 200 samples/d
>30 traits
Physico-chemical
c. 60 000 US $
Calibration
Validation
NIRS equations sharable across
compatible instruments
At current: ILRI
26. Propositions: Where to go from here
Promotion and support of testing of different least cost rations
among sheep fatteners in West Africa: “perceptions vs
science”
Understand better farmer demand and valuations of whole
crop compared to “grain” focus
Include haulm traits into new cultivar release processes of a
grain legume as proof-of-concept
Can we discuss this in context of CRP Phase 2 work?
27. CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish
livestockfish.cgiar.org
The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish aims to increase the productivity of small-scale livestock and fish systems in
sustainable ways, making meat, milk and fish more available and affordable across the developing world.
This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.