This document summarizes a study that investigated co-digesting cattle manure and organic kitchen waste to increase biogas production. The study tested anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of cattle manure and organic kitchen waste using rumen fluid as inoculum in laboratory-scale digesters at mesophilic temperature. Co-digesting the wastes substantially increased biogas yields by 24 to 47% compared to digesting the wastes alone. The highest methane yield was obtained with a mixture of 75% organic kitchen waste and 25% cattle manure. However, adding 75% cattle manure inhibited the digestion process and resulted in 23% lower methane yield than 25% cattle manure. The study demonstrated that co-digest
Effect of co digestion on anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry with maize cob...Alexander Decker
1) Researchers investigated the effect of co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at different ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 cattle slurry to maize cob) on biogas and methane production under mesophilic temperature (37°C).
2) Co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at a 3:1 ratio produced the highest biogas yield of 453.38 lN/kg oDM and methane yield of 334.18 lNCH4/kg oDM.
3) Methane concentrations ranged from 73.71% to 77.55% depending on the ratio, with the highest concentration obtained at a 1:1 ratio of cattle sl
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
physiochemical characterization of the brewers’ spent grain from a breweryIJEAB
Brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated in the production process of breweries formed by the solid part obtained from the wort filtration before boiling. It is mainly comprised of pulp and husk residues of the malt, but it also contains grains of the adjuncts, such as rice, maize and wheat. Quantitatively, brewers' spent grain is the main byproduct of the brewing process and currently it is used as animal feed. The objective of this study was to determine the physiochemical composition of the brewers' spent grain and its potential use in human food. To this end, brewers' spent grain samples were collected from a craft beer brewery located in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, determining such parameters as moisture, ash, total proteins, lipids, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy. The results revealed that the moisture and ash levels were 78.23 ± 1.45 and 3.76± 1.23g.100g-1, respectively. The figures for carbohydrates, total proteins, total fats and crude fibers were 1.89±1.21; 4.89 ± 0.29; 2.67 ± 0.68 and 4.19 ± 0.56, represented in g.100g-1 respectively. The energy values obtained were 109.23± 4.23 kcal.100g-1. As such, the conclusion can be drawn that brewers' spent grain can be used in both animal and human food.
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document examines the influence of various natural and synthetic carbon sources on the production of α-amylase by Brevibacillus sp. under submerged fermentation.
2. Secondary screening showed that the natural carbon source Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) at 5% produced the maximum α-amylase activity, while the synthetic carbon sources maltose at 1% and sucrose at 4% also enhanced amylase production.
3. Other carbon sources like starch, dextrose, and galactose had an average effect on amylase production, while lactose and mannitol decreased enzyme production.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract Numerous marine microorganisms secrete enzymes which can provide new insights and understanding of enzymes. Marine microorganisms have been attracting more attention as source for novel enzymes. Secondary screening is strictly essential in any systematic screening programme which helps in detection of useful bacteria in fermentation processes. Secondary screening also provides information pertaining to the effect of different components of the medium. This is valuable in designing the medium that may be attractive as far as economic consideration is concerned. Natural carbon source, Saccharum officinarum (5%) produced maximum α-amylase while Triticum vulgare (4%) produced very low α-amylase. Synthetic carbon source when supplemented with maltose (1%) and sucrose (4%) regulated higher production of amylase. Starch (2%), dextrose (3%) and galactose (4%) exhibited average effect on production whereas lactose (3%) and mannitol (3%) decreased production. The α-amylase was found to have many applications in the field of starch processing, textile industry, improving shelf life of bread, ethanol production, sewage treatment and effluent treatment. Keywords: Brevibacillus borostelensis R1, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum vulgare, maltose, sucrose
This document summarizes research that optimized production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Pseudomonas fluorescens using rice bran as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to screen significant medium components, identifying rice bran, peptone, NaCl, and MnCl2 as most effective. Central composite design then optimized their concentrations for maximum EPS yield of 4.62 g/L after 48 hours of fermentation. Kinetic modeling using logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret equations accurately simulated microbial growth, substrate utilization, and EPS formation. The extracted polysaccharide shows potential as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative to synthetic polymers with antioxidant properties for industrial and pharmaceutical
Physiologically studied appropriate broiler diets for better chicksAlexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the effect of feeding broiler chicks diets containing wild-type barley or one of three low-phytate mutant barley grains on fecal phosphorus composition.
2) Total phosphorus concentrations in feces were 10-20% lower for chicks fed low-phytate barley diets compared to the wild-type barley diet.
3) Phosphate was the main phosphorus fraction in feces, accounting for 69-75% of extracted phosphorus, despite the type of barley fed. Phytate constituted only 3-12% of fecal phosphorus, indicating its hydrolysis in the bird.
Effect of co digestion on anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry with maize cob...Alexander Decker
1) Researchers investigated the effect of co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at different ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 cattle slurry to maize cob) on biogas and methane production under mesophilic temperature (37°C).
2) Co-digesting cattle slurry and maize cob at a 3:1 ratio produced the highest biogas yield of 453.38 lN/kg oDM and methane yield of 334.18 lNCH4/kg oDM.
3) Methane concentrations ranged from 73.71% to 77.55% depending on the ratio, with the highest concentration obtained at a 1:1 ratio of cattle sl
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
physiochemical characterization of the brewers’ spent grain from a breweryIJEAB
Brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated in the production process of breweries formed by the solid part obtained from the wort filtration before boiling. It is mainly comprised of pulp and husk residues of the malt, but it also contains grains of the adjuncts, such as rice, maize and wheat. Quantitatively, brewers' spent grain is the main byproduct of the brewing process and currently it is used as animal feed. The objective of this study was to determine the physiochemical composition of the brewers' spent grain and its potential use in human food. To this end, brewers' spent grain samples were collected from a craft beer brewery located in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, determining such parameters as moisture, ash, total proteins, lipids, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy. The results revealed that the moisture and ash levels were 78.23 ± 1.45 and 3.76± 1.23g.100g-1, respectively. The figures for carbohydrates, total proteins, total fats and crude fibers were 1.89±1.21; 4.89 ± 0.29; 2.67 ± 0.68 and 4.19 ± 0.56, represented in g.100g-1 respectively. The energy values obtained were 109.23± 4.23 kcal.100g-1. As such, the conclusion can be drawn that brewers' spent grain can be used in both animal and human food.
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document examines the influence of various natural and synthetic carbon sources on the production of α-amylase by Brevibacillus sp. under submerged fermentation.
2. Secondary screening showed that the natural carbon source Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) at 5% produced the maximum α-amylase activity, while the synthetic carbon sources maltose at 1% and sucrose at 4% also enhanced amylase production.
3. Other carbon sources like starch, dextrose, and galactose had an average effect on amylase production, while lactose and mannitol decreased enzyme production.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Influence of carbon sources on α amylase production by brevibacillus sp. unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract Numerous marine microorganisms secrete enzymes which can provide new insights and understanding of enzymes. Marine microorganisms have been attracting more attention as source for novel enzymes. Secondary screening is strictly essential in any systematic screening programme which helps in detection of useful bacteria in fermentation processes. Secondary screening also provides information pertaining to the effect of different components of the medium. This is valuable in designing the medium that may be attractive as far as economic consideration is concerned. Natural carbon source, Saccharum officinarum (5%) produced maximum α-amylase while Triticum vulgare (4%) produced very low α-amylase. Synthetic carbon source when supplemented with maltose (1%) and sucrose (4%) regulated higher production of amylase. Starch (2%), dextrose (3%) and galactose (4%) exhibited average effect on production whereas lactose (3%) and mannitol (3%) decreased production. The α-amylase was found to have many applications in the field of starch processing, textile industry, improving shelf life of bread, ethanol production, sewage treatment and effluent treatment. Keywords: Brevibacillus borostelensis R1, Saccharum officinarum, Triticum vulgare, maltose, sucrose
This document summarizes research that optimized production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Pseudomonas fluorescens using rice bran as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to screen significant medium components, identifying rice bran, peptone, NaCl, and MnCl2 as most effective. Central composite design then optimized their concentrations for maximum EPS yield of 4.62 g/L after 48 hours of fermentation. Kinetic modeling using logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret equations accurately simulated microbial growth, substrate utilization, and EPS formation. The extracted polysaccharide shows potential as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative to synthetic polymers with antioxidant properties for industrial and pharmaceutical
Physiologically studied appropriate broiler diets for better chicksAlexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the effect of feeding broiler chicks diets containing wild-type barley or one of three low-phytate mutant barley grains on fecal phosphorus composition.
2) Total phosphorus concentrations in feces were 10-20% lower for chicks fed low-phytate barley diets compared to the wild-type barley diet.
3) Phosphate was the main phosphorus fraction in feces, accounting for 69-75% of extracted phosphorus, despite the type of barley fed. Phytate constituted only 3-12% of fecal phosphorus, indicating its hydrolysis in the bird.
Effect of Co-Digestion of Cow Dung And Poultry Manure on Biogas Yield, Proxim...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Effects of Fermentation of Cashew Kernel on the Nutrient Value of Cassava Sem...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Protein-energy malnutrition in children is a public health problem. This nutrition problem is attributed to inappropriate complementary feeding. Indeed, the cost of high-quality food supplements is high and traditional food supplements have a low nutritional quality related to the presence of antinutritional factors. The objective of this study is to determine acceptability and antinutritional factors in attiéké / cashew kernel composite flours. The cashew kernel flour is produced after various technological treatments to obtain two types of flour (unfermented flour and fermented flour). Physico-chemical and sensory analyzes are performed. The results showed that fermentation has an influence on the parameters studied. The protein contents of the unfermented formulations range from 7.53% to 10.62% while those of the fermented formulations range from 8.23% to 11.53%. Both formulations contain antinutritional factors.
This document describes a sustainable biorefinery concept that converts animal wastes into value-added products through three main steps:
1) Anaerobic digestion is used to treat animal wastes and produce biogas for energy generation. This results in liquid and solid digestates.
2) The liquid digestate is treated with electrocoagulation to reclaim water.
3) The solid digestate undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis and fungal fermentation using the electrocoagulation water, producing fungal biomass containing the high-value chemical chitin.
The biorefinery concept fully utilizes animal wastes to simultaneously treat wastes and produce a valuable product, while being energy
This study examined the residues of the pesticide endosulfan in the milk of goats following ingestion of endosulfan through their diet. 12 goats were divided into 3 groups - a control group and two treatment groups that received either 15 mg or 30 mg of endosulfan per goat, daily, for 25 days. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for endosulfan residues. Residues gradually increased during treatment and peaked on the last day, then declined after treatment ended. The half-life of decline was approximately 8.67-8.88 days. There were no significant effects on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition or blood parameters in the treated goats.
11.evaluation of the nutritive value of mixture of fermented bovine blood and...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of including fermented bovine blood and rumen digesta (FBBRD) at levels of 0-20% in diets for broiler finishers. 300 broilers were fed one of five experimental diets and evaluated over 35 days. Birds fed diets with 5-20% FBBRD performed similarly or better than the control group in terms of feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and organ weights. Nutrient digestibility was generally higher for the control group. Including FBBRD up to 20% was found to reduce feed costs and the cost of meat production without negatively impacting broiler performance.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the digestibility of cacao waste fiber fractions fermented with indigenous microorganisms in sheep. Sixteen sheep aged 6-12 months were fed one of four ration treatments: A) 40% concentrate and 60% forage, B) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented leaves, C) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented cacao rind, or D) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, 15% fermented leaves, and 15% fermented cacao rind. The study found that fermenting cacao waste improved fiber fraction digestibility and increased sheep weight gain compared to the control group fed only forage
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
The newsletter discusses climate change impacts and mitigation strategies related to livestock production. It provides summaries of several projects exploring options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from grassland systems through the use of legume-grass mixtures. Research shows mixtures can substantially reduce nitrous oxide emissions without loss of productivity. Studies are examining mixtures' resilience to drought. Models estimate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Africa and Latin America, finding variability between regions due to differences in systems. Analysis of climate impacts on European grasslands finds increased exposure to heat and drought in many areas, though some northern regions may see increased productivity. The article on Brazil discusses historical land use changes that degraded pastures there and the need for intensification.
Applications of in vitro gas production technique. Avijit Dey. 4th June.2014avijitcirb
The document discusses the in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) for evaluating ruminant feedstuffs. It notes that IVGPT allows for rapid and routine evaluation of large numbers of feed samples, as it is less labor intensive and expensive than in vivo or in situ methods. The document outlines the IVGPT method and explains that it measures gas production from microbial fermentation of feeds, which correlates with short chain fatty acid production and extent of digestion. It also describes how IVGPT can be used to determine nutrient degradability, predict metabolizable energy and short chain fatty acid levels, examine effects of antinutritional factors and additives, and study rumen microbial changes and kinetics of fermentation. The
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01. Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance with The Bureau of Indian Standards.
This study evaluated the life cycle assessment of organically grown cotton from cultivation to disposal. Key findings include that field emissions significantly contributed to environmental impact categories like eutrophication and acidification. Fertilizer production was also an important contributor to impacts. Compared to conventional cotton, organic cotton showed potential savings of 46% for global warming potential, 70% for acidification potential, 26% for eutrophication, 91% for blue water consumption, and 62% for non-renewable energy demand. These reductions were largely due to avoiding mineral fertilizers and pesticides in organic systems.
Akoto et al. - 2013 - Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize...Henry Andoh
The study measured pesticide residue levels in maize and cowpea samples from Ejura, Ghana. A total of 37 pesticides were investigated, including organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids. Results showed that some pesticide residues in maize exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Similarly, residues of some pesticides in cowpea also exceeded the ADI, suggesting potential for chronic toxicity to consumers of these foods.
Integrated nutrient management influence on crop yields in dryland agriculturearchana reddy
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in dryland agriculture systems. INM involves optimizing the use of nutrients from various sources, including inorganic fertilizers, crop residues, organic manures, and biofertilizers, to improve soil health and crop productivity. Tables from various studies show that INM approaches, such as combining reduced inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments, resulted in higher crop yields, nutrient uptake, rainfall use efficiency, and benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional practices.
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
The document describes integrating anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with advanced biofuel production. Sewage sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion under two conditions: 1) low pH control and 2) chemical inhibition of methanogens. Both treatments resulted in accumulation of acetic acid. Acetic acid from digestion was then used as a carbon source for a fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and engineered Escherichia coli to produce fatty acids. The engineered E. coli strain had higher fatty acid yield and produced both medium and long chain fatty acids, while the fungus mainly produced long chain fatty acids. The study demonstrated a potential process to combine anaerobic digestion with microbial cultivation to simultaneously treat sewage
Optimization of insecticidal potency of composites of aqueous, acetone, and e...IJEABJ
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of composites of extracts of Piper guineense seed on Callosobruchus maculatus using the mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM).Callosobruchus maculatus damages stored legumes and grains resulting in huge agronomic and economic losses. Synthetic chemical insecticides is currently in useto check the wastage despite their known toxicity to man and the environment. Efforts to find alternatives to chemical synthetic insecticides has spotted Piper guineenseas a promising alternative candidate but less work has been done on its preparation and formulation for optimum activity. Fresh Piper guineenseberry was harvested from Essien Udim Local Government Area, of Akwa Ibom State, it was dried in the sun to moisture content of about 14% and ground to pass through 100 mesh sieve. The ground seed was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry. Single blends of aqueous, ethanolic, acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed showed increasing insecticidal potency on the testinsect than binary blends.The model of dead insect was significant (R2=0.9931, Mean=68.69), bean damage was significant (R2=09786, Mean 63.46). Optimization analysis of experimental data revealed that 0.09, 0.437, 0.473 proportions of aqueous, ethanolic, and acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed respectively produced 95% and 31% dead insects and bean damage respectively at a desirability level of 76.80%.Result of the study shows that composites extracts of Piper guineense seeds could be a useful controller of stored maize.
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
The document discusses feeding and evaluating the nutrient content of cow feed. It outlines several key points:
1) Effective feeding is important to maintain cow fertility, production and profitability. Feeds must meet cow requirements for energy and nutrients.
2) Feed samples should be taken and tested to determine nutrient composition, including dry matter, protein, fiber and energy levels. Factors like weather and quality can impact nutrient content.
3) Various methods are used to analyze feeds chemically and determine digestibility, including proximate analysis, Van Soest method, and digestibility trials using nylon bags or artificial rumens. This helps evaluate the quality and energy value of different feeds.
At present our country is facing various problems, among that energy crisis has become more serious in next coming years. Both energy crisis and pollution problems could be controlled by adopting an alternative method of biogas production form waste products. Food waste is the best alternative for biogas production in a community level biogas plant. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to study the rate of biogas production in a lab scale biogas digester model for the efficient conversion of the food waste (starch –rich materials) generated from PRIST University Campus. The biogas production depends on the maximum biogas yield, the concentration of volatile solids of the input, the density of the effluent, the density of the biogas and the reaction rate constant, which are all substrate - or process - specific. The experiments were carried out for 40 days and the rate of gas production was measured by water displacement method. The pH value of the cow dung and food waste was initially measured and adjusted to nearer to neutral and gradually increased to acidic and again it got stabilised to the neutral pH which favoured the production of biogas. The percentage of total solids was 69.86, 93.56 and 25.67 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile solids was 52.5, 86.3 and 18.9 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile fatty acid was 285, 356 and 365 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. Observations on daily basis were made on the constituent of biogas, pH, volume and rate of biogas production. The rate of biogas production continuously increased as days progressed and there was maximum yield in biogas after 20 days. Thus continuous feeding helps in daily biogas production and can be used at a small as well as larger scale to manage the organic waste and energy production for various applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of Co-Digestion of Cow Dung And Poultry Manure on Biogas Yield, Proxim...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Effects of Fermentation of Cashew Kernel on the Nutrient Value of Cassava Sem...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Protein-energy malnutrition in children is a public health problem. This nutrition problem is attributed to inappropriate complementary feeding. Indeed, the cost of high-quality food supplements is high and traditional food supplements have a low nutritional quality related to the presence of antinutritional factors. The objective of this study is to determine acceptability and antinutritional factors in attiéké / cashew kernel composite flours. The cashew kernel flour is produced after various technological treatments to obtain two types of flour (unfermented flour and fermented flour). Physico-chemical and sensory analyzes are performed. The results showed that fermentation has an influence on the parameters studied. The protein contents of the unfermented formulations range from 7.53% to 10.62% while those of the fermented formulations range from 8.23% to 11.53%. Both formulations contain antinutritional factors.
This document describes a sustainable biorefinery concept that converts animal wastes into value-added products through three main steps:
1) Anaerobic digestion is used to treat animal wastes and produce biogas for energy generation. This results in liquid and solid digestates.
2) The liquid digestate is treated with electrocoagulation to reclaim water.
3) The solid digestate undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis and fungal fermentation using the electrocoagulation water, producing fungal biomass containing the high-value chemical chitin.
The biorefinery concept fully utilizes animal wastes to simultaneously treat wastes and produce a valuable product, while being energy
This study examined the residues of the pesticide endosulfan in the milk of goats following ingestion of endosulfan through their diet. 12 goats were divided into 3 groups - a control group and two treatment groups that received either 15 mg or 30 mg of endosulfan per goat, daily, for 25 days. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for endosulfan residues. Residues gradually increased during treatment and peaked on the last day, then declined after treatment ended. The half-life of decline was approximately 8.67-8.88 days. There were no significant effects on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition or blood parameters in the treated goats.
11.evaluation of the nutritive value of mixture of fermented bovine blood and...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of including fermented bovine blood and rumen digesta (FBBRD) at levels of 0-20% in diets for broiler finishers. 300 broilers were fed one of five experimental diets and evaluated over 35 days. Birds fed diets with 5-20% FBBRD performed similarly or better than the control group in terms of feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and organ weights. Nutrient digestibility was generally higher for the control group. Including FBBRD up to 20% was found to reduce feed costs and the cost of meat production without negatively impacting broiler performance.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the digestibility of cacao waste fiber fractions fermented with indigenous microorganisms in sheep. Sixteen sheep aged 6-12 months were fed one of four ration treatments: A) 40% concentrate and 60% forage, B) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented leaves, C) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, and 30% fermented cacao rind, or D) 40% concentrate, 30% grass, 15% fermented leaves, and 15% fermented cacao rind. The study found that fermenting cacao waste improved fiber fraction digestibility and increased sheep weight gain compared to the control group fed only forage
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
The newsletter discusses climate change impacts and mitigation strategies related to livestock production. It provides summaries of several projects exploring options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from grassland systems through the use of legume-grass mixtures. Research shows mixtures can substantially reduce nitrous oxide emissions without loss of productivity. Studies are examining mixtures' resilience to drought. Models estimate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Africa and Latin America, finding variability between regions due to differences in systems. Analysis of climate impacts on European grasslands finds increased exposure to heat and drought in many areas, though some northern regions may see increased productivity. The article on Brazil discusses historical land use changes that degraded pastures there and the need for intensification.
Applications of in vitro gas production technique. Avijit Dey. 4th June.2014avijitcirb
The document discusses the in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) for evaluating ruminant feedstuffs. It notes that IVGPT allows for rapid and routine evaluation of large numbers of feed samples, as it is less labor intensive and expensive than in vivo or in situ methods. The document outlines the IVGPT method and explains that it measures gas production from microbial fermentation of feeds, which correlates with short chain fatty acid production and extent of digestion. It also describes how IVGPT can be used to determine nutrient degradability, predict metabolizable energy and short chain fatty acid levels, examine effects of antinutritional factors and additives, and study rumen microbial changes and kinetics of fermentation. The
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01. Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance with The Bureau of Indian Standards.
This study evaluated the life cycle assessment of organically grown cotton from cultivation to disposal. Key findings include that field emissions significantly contributed to environmental impact categories like eutrophication and acidification. Fertilizer production was also an important contributor to impacts. Compared to conventional cotton, organic cotton showed potential savings of 46% for global warming potential, 70% for acidification potential, 26% for eutrophication, 91% for blue water consumption, and 62% for non-renewable energy demand. These reductions were largely due to avoiding mineral fertilizers and pesticides in organic systems.
Akoto et al. - 2013 - Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize...Henry Andoh
The study measured pesticide residue levels in maize and cowpea samples from Ejura, Ghana. A total of 37 pesticides were investigated, including organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids. Results showed that some pesticide residues in maize exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Similarly, residues of some pesticides in cowpea also exceeded the ADI, suggesting potential for chronic toxicity to consumers of these foods.
Integrated nutrient management influence on crop yields in dryland agriculturearchana reddy
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in dryland agriculture systems. INM involves optimizing the use of nutrients from various sources, including inorganic fertilizers, crop residues, organic manures, and biofertilizers, to improve soil health and crop productivity. Tables from various studies show that INM approaches, such as combining reduced inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments, resulted in higher crop yields, nutrient uptake, rainfall use efficiency, and benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional practices.
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
The document describes integrating anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with advanced biofuel production. Sewage sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion under two conditions: 1) low pH control and 2) chemical inhibition of methanogens. Both treatments resulted in accumulation of acetic acid. Acetic acid from digestion was then used as a carbon source for a fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and engineered Escherichia coli to produce fatty acids. The engineered E. coli strain had higher fatty acid yield and produced both medium and long chain fatty acids, while the fungus mainly produced long chain fatty acids. The study demonstrated a potential process to combine anaerobic digestion with microbial cultivation to simultaneously treat sewage
Optimization of insecticidal potency of composites of aqueous, acetone, and e...IJEABJ
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of composites of extracts of Piper guineense seed on Callosobruchus maculatus using the mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM).Callosobruchus maculatus damages stored legumes and grains resulting in huge agronomic and economic losses. Synthetic chemical insecticides is currently in useto check the wastage despite their known toxicity to man and the environment. Efforts to find alternatives to chemical synthetic insecticides has spotted Piper guineenseas a promising alternative candidate but less work has been done on its preparation and formulation for optimum activity. Fresh Piper guineenseberry was harvested from Essien Udim Local Government Area, of Akwa Ibom State, it was dried in the sun to moisture content of about 14% and ground to pass through 100 mesh sieve. The ground seed was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry. Single blends of aqueous, ethanolic, acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed showed increasing insecticidal potency on the testinsect than binary blends.The model of dead insect was significant (R2=0.9931, Mean=68.69), bean damage was significant (R2=09786, Mean 63.46). Optimization analysis of experimental data revealed that 0.09, 0.437, 0.473 proportions of aqueous, ethanolic, and acetone extracts of Piper guineense seed respectively produced 95% and 31% dead insects and bean damage respectively at a desirability level of 76.80%.Result of the study shows that composites extracts of Piper guineense seeds could be a useful controller of stored maize.
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
The document discusses feeding and evaluating the nutrient content of cow feed. It outlines several key points:
1) Effective feeding is important to maintain cow fertility, production and profitability. Feeds must meet cow requirements for energy and nutrients.
2) Feed samples should be taken and tested to determine nutrient composition, including dry matter, protein, fiber and energy levels. Factors like weather and quality can impact nutrient content.
3) Various methods are used to analyze feeds chemically and determine digestibility, including proximate analysis, Van Soest method, and digestibility trials using nylon bags or artificial rumens. This helps evaluate the quality and energy value of different feeds.
At present our country is facing various problems, among that energy crisis has become more serious in next coming years. Both energy crisis and pollution problems could be controlled by adopting an alternative method of biogas production form waste products. Food waste is the best alternative for biogas production in a community level biogas plant. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to study the rate of biogas production in a lab scale biogas digester model for the efficient conversion of the food waste (starch –rich materials) generated from PRIST University Campus. The biogas production depends on the maximum biogas yield, the concentration of volatile solids of the input, the density of the effluent, the density of the biogas and the reaction rate constant, which are all substrate - or process - specific. The experiments were carried out for 40 days and the rate of gas production was measured by water displacement method. The pH value of the cow dung and food waste was initially measured and adjusted to nearer to neutral and gradually increased to acidic and again it got stabilised to the neutral pH which favoured the production of biogas. The percentage of total solids was 69.86, 93.56 and 25.67 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile solids was 52.5, 86.3 and 18.9 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile fatty acid was 285, 356 and 365 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. Observations on daily basis were made on the constituent of biogas, pH, volume and rate of biogas production. The rate of biogas production continuously increased as days progressed and there was maximum yield in biogas after 20 days. Thus continuous feeding helps in daily biogas production and can be used at a small as well as larger scale to manage the organic waste and energy production for various applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of inoculum to substrate ratio on biogas production from anaerobically digested goat paunch manure. Goat paunch manure was digested at different inoculum to substrate ratios of 1.45, 2.2, and 4.3 in biodigesters labeled R15, R10, and R5, respectively, under mesophilic conditions. Results showed that biogas production rate peaked earliest in R10 and latest in R15, but inoculum to substrate ratio did not significantly affect production rate. However, biogas production accumulation increased from 0.44273 to 1.00783 Nm3/kg VS with increasing inoculum to substrate ratio
STUDY ON BIO-METHANATION USING POULTRY DROPPING-Abdullah Nasir PulakAbdullah Pulak
This study examined biogas production from poultry droppings through anaerobic digestion with cow dung. Four laboratory reactors were tested with varying ratios of poultry droppings and cow dung. Reactor D2, with 75% poultry droppings and 25% cow dung, produced the highest volatile solid reduction (53%), specific gas yield (0.72 l/g), and methane content (73.2%). Poultry droppings alone were found to be unsuitable due to a low carbon-nitrogen ratio, but mixing with cow dung increased the ratio and improved biogas production. The study suggests anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings mixed with cow dung can effectively produce
Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock manure (cattle) in different feeding ...Open Access Research Paper
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) reported that the livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions with 18% of the total CO2 emissions, 3% higher than the transport sector with 15%. Thus, urgent action is needed to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gasses from livestock. The study used twenty-four (24) heads of cattle (eight natives, eight crossbreeds, and eight Brahman). These test animals were distributed in the four experimental treatments: treatment 1- commercial feeding practices, treatment 2- good agricultural practices, treatment 3- conventional feeding practices, and treatment 4- organic agricultural practices. The result shows that conventional feeding practice had the lowest greenhouse gas emission with an average emission of 1,996.37 L, while good agricultural practice is the highest (3,614, 59 L) and is a significant difference among treatment means (p = >0.05). With regards to the breeds of cattle, crossbreeds had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions (2,030.87 L) while Brahman was the highest (3,312.42 L) with no significant difference (p = >0.05). Moreover, gas chromatography analysis shows methane had the highest percent emission (52-72%), followed by carbon dioxide (16.33-18.33%) and other gasses (11-22%). The findings revealed that feeding practices affect the emission and composition of greenhouse gasses in cattle manure.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
The document summarizes research conducted on using composted crop residues and animal manure as organic fertilizer in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. Several efficacy trials showed that mixtures of composted rice hulls, straws, and animal manure increased yields of crops like eggplant, rice, bush sitao, tomato, corn, and others as much as or more than chemical fertilizers. Extension activities effectively introduced the technology to many farmers in the region. Adoption of composting was high, as evidenced by large participation in workshops and many individuals and organizations producing compost. The sustainable practice provides environmental and economic benefits to the community.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
This document summarizes an experimental study on generating biogas from kitchen waste and cow dung. The study found that (1) Kitchen waste produced 150.69% more biogas than cow dung alone, showing it is a more efficient substrate. (2) Biogas production initially increased for 3 days then decreased as acid concentration rose, lowering the pH. Adding water increased the pH and biogas production. (3) The pH decreased more rapidly for the kitchen waste setup, indicating it underwent hydrolysis and acidogenesis faster than the cow dung setup. In conclusion, the study found that kitchen waste is a better alternative substrate than cow dung alone for generating more biogas and producing a useful byproduct with better anaer
World reserves of petroleum are rapidly depleting, in recent years methane from biogas has emerged as important alternative resource for fuel and chemicals production and has generated a great deal of research interest in methane production. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Production of methane as second-generation biofuels from renewable lignocellulosic resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution and diminish atmospheric CO2 emissions. The use of wheat straw does not affect the food supply; thus, wheat straw was analyzed as a raw material for second-generation biofuels production. The aim of this paper is to present a thermodynamic analysis for methane production from lignin-based aromatics (vanillin) with the method of Gibbs free energy minimization using the Aspen Plus® simulator. The analysis was carried out using the interval 350-1500 K, feeding a H2O/Vanillin ratio (WVR) of 0.6 to 5.0, 1 atm. The results showed that the vanillin conversion was almost completed, except at the highest vanillin feed concentration, in which the conversion was of 65%. Methane yields from 2 to 4 mol CH4/mol vanillin were obtained at high and low vanillin feed concentrations, respectively, when operating at low temperature.
This document summarizes a study on modeling the anaerobic biodegradation of fruit, vegetable, and cooked oil waste. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the cumulative biogas production from digesting mixtures of these substrates. Four kinetic models (exponential, Cone, Fitzhugh, and Gompertz) were used to analyze degradation performance and estimate the rate constant (k). Statistical analysis found the models fit the observed data well. A dynamic model was also developed and provided a good interpretation of the experimental process. The results showed k values were similar for vegetable and fruit digestion but different for digestion with oil.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Co-digesting cow dung and food waste at different ratios improved biogas production over mono-digesting the substrates individually. The highest biogas yield of 25595.7 Nml was obtained at a cow dung to food waste ratio of 1:2. Mono-digesting cow dung and food waste individually produced lower biogas volumes of 12847.4 Nml and 110.2 Nml respectively. Co-digesting the substrates led to a 49.8% increase in total biogas production compared to mono-digestion, demonstrating that co-digestion is an effective way to improve biogas yields.
Comparative evaluation of qualitative and quantitative biogas production pote...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated biogas production from oil palm fronds alone and co-digested with cow dung. When oil palm fronds were digested alone, biogas production was slower with a total yield of 116L over 27 days. Co-digesting the fronds with cow dung at a 1:1 ratio optimized biogas production, yielding 187.4L over the same period. Key factors influencing higher production from co-digestion included improved nutrient balance and microbial activity from the cow dung. The study demonstrates that co-digesting available agricultural and animal wastes can provide an environmentally-friendly energy source.
Growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in the g...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
11.growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in th...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
11.[44 56]growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure applicatio...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. The results showed that applying poultry manure at 150 kg N/ha produced the tallest plants, though not significantly different from 300 kg N/ha. Both organic treatments led to taller plants than mineral fertilizer. Applying the combination of 150 kg poultry manure and 150 kg mineral fertilizer per hectare resulted in the highest tomato yield and number of tomatoes harvested, followed by 75 kg of each fertilizer per hectare. Increasing the mineral fertilizer rate above 150 kg N/ha actually decreased tomato yield. Overall
Application of carbon nitrogen supplementation from plant and animal sources ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the use of sawdust, yam peel, and a mixture of cow dung, goat dung, and poultry dung as amendments to biostimulate microorganisms and degrade diesel oil contamination in soil. Microcosm experiments were conducted with 10% diesel-contaminated soil amended individually and combined with the organic wastes. Biodegradation was monitored over 42 days and followed first-order kinetics. The combination of all amendments achieved the highest degradation rate (0.089 day-1) and shortest half-life (7.79 days), indicating these wastes effectively stimulated bioremediation while providing a low-cost solution.
Optimization of Experimental Biomethanation Applied to Poultry Droppings for ...IJEAB
The fight against climate change is first and foremost passed by the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). Mainly in the form of methane CH4, the GHGs emitted by the waste originate from the decomposition of organic matter which is more commonly known as Anaerobic Digestion (AD) or Biomethanation. Livestock manure is one of the major hazards to the environment and human health due to the nuisances and pollution generated. The present study consists of optimizing the methane fermentation applied to poultry droppings. This optimization focuses on the daily monitoring of experimental digesters, on the physico-chemical characterization of the inputs used and on the study of the effect of temperature and inoculum changes on the daily production of biogas and its composition (CH4, CO2 and H2S). The main results show, on the one hand, that the stability of the DA process after initial filling depends on experimental conditions, the general characteristics of the anaerobic digester, the initial biomass activity and the nature of the introduced inoculum. On the other hand, the production of biogas is better at a temperature of 35°C than at a temperature of 55°C and the addition of the inoculum has improved the production of biogas and the CH4 content, especially the use Of liquid poultry digestate.
Similar to Co digestion of cattle manure with organic kitchen (20)
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
2. 444 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
remain in the treated sludge (Alvarez and Liden, 2007).
Ethiopia has a large population of dairy and beef cattle,
generating large amounts of surplus manure that can be
used in biogas plants to produce renewable energy.
However, the high water content, together with the high
content in fibers, are the major reasons for the low
methane yields when cattle manure is anaerobically
digested, typically ranging between 10 and 20 m
3
CH4
per tone of manure treated (Angelidaki and Ellegaard,
2003).
Studies demonstrated that using co-substrates in
anaerobic digestion system improves the biogas yields
due to the positive synergisms established in the
digestion medium and the supply of missing nutrients by
the co-substrates (Wei, 2000). In a study carried out by
Adelekan and Bamgboye (2009) on the different mixing
ratios of livestock waste with cassava peels, the average
cumulative biogas yield was increased to 21.3, 19.5, 15.8
and 11.2 L/kg TS, respectively for 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1
mixing ratios when cassava peel was mixed with cattle
waste. In another report, co-digestion of cow dung with
pig manure increased biogas yield as compared to pure
samples of either pig or cow dung. Comparing to samples
of pure cow dung and pig manure, the maximum increase
of almost seven and three fold was respectively achieved
when mixed in proportions of 1:1 (Muyiiya and Kasisira,
2009). Co-digestion with other wastes, whether industrial
(glycerin), agricultural (fruit and vegetable wastes) or
domestic (municipal solid waste) is a suitable option for
improving biogas production (Amon et al., 2006; Macias-
Corral et al., 2008; El-Mashad and Zhang, 2010;
Marañón et al., 2012).
Food waste is a desirable material to co-digest with
dairy manure because of its high biodegradability (Zhang
et al., 2006, 2011; Li et al., 2010; Wan et al., 2011).
Study on the biogas production potential of unscreened
dairy manure and different mixtures of unscreened dairy
manure and food waste using batch digesters at 35°C
showed that the methane yield of unscreened manure
and two mixtures of unscreened manure and food waste
(68/32 and 52/48), after 30 days of digestion, was 241,
282 and 311 L/kg VS, respectively (El-Mashad and
Zhang, 2010).
In a study conducted by Zhu et al. (2011), they used
different food wastes, including expired creamer; expired
beer; slaughterhouse waste (SW); and fat, oil, and
grease (FOG), and these food substances were co-
digested with dairy manure to determine the methane
potential. According to the result, co-digestion
substantially increased the methane yields by 2.0 to 4.6
times over the control (dairy manure only).
This study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of
biogas production from the different wastes that are
generated from Haramaya University and the aims of the
present research work were to determine the optimal
conditions and mixing ratios for improved production of
biogas using co-digestion of cattle manure and solid
organic kitchen waste and also identify the key
parameters influencing the increase of biogas and
methane yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection and preparation
Fresh cattle manure (CM) from beef and dairy farm, fresh organic
kitchen waste (OKW) from staff lounge, and rumen fluid (RF) from
the slaughterhouse were collected from Haramaya University
compound. 2 kg of fresh cattle manure was collected from eight
randomly selected cattle from beef and dairy farms for five
consecutive days. In these sites there are special feeds and normal
grazing cattle. The special feeds are provided with special type of
feeding program that includes silage, concentrate, hay forage,
agricultural residues and different grass types, byproducts from
Harar Brewery and Hamaressa Food Complex, etc. On the other
hand normal grazers are not provided with special type of feeding
program rather they graze grasses in the field and get only fodder
and agricultural residues. Finally the CM from both types of cattle
(special and normal grazers) was sorted and dried separately on a
plastic tray using direct sunlight for two days. 3 kg of fresh organic
kitchen wastes were also collected from the staff lounge similarly for
five consecutive days. The OKW was sorted manually to prevent
the inclusion of unwanted and possibly contaminant materials (such
as detergents, sand, bones etc.) and then dried with direct sunlight
for two days.
Following the methods suggested by Wendland et al. (2006),
separately dried cattle manure from special feeds and normal
grazers were mixed by weighing equal amount from each source
and shredded using shredder (Fritsch- Adam Baumuler model 80a-
4S114 type) to an average particle size of 2 mm and kept in a
refrigerator at 4°C. The shredded small sized cattle manure and
organic kitchen waste were mixed separately with water in 1:5 (solid
waste: water) volume ratio, in order to maintain the total solid in the
digester between 8 to 15%, which is the desired value for wet
anaerobic digestion.
Inoculum preparation
Following the recommendation of Aurora (1983), due to the
presence of higher content of anaerobic bacteria in the rumen of
the ruminant animals and the abundance of rumen waste disposal
from the nearby slaughterhouse, rumen fluid was used as inoculum
for anaerobic co-digestion of cattle manure and organic kitchen
waste.
Experimental set-up and design
A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 5 × 4
replicated laboratory experiment and it was conducted in a series of
five plastic tanks with 2 L capacity which was used as a laboratory
scale anaerobic digesters at mesophilic temperature (30 ± 8°C).
The working volume of each digester was 1.6 L. In each digester,
rumen fluid was used as inoculum. The TS and VS/ TS of the
inoculum used were 1.03% (wet basis) and 63.9%, respectively.
Each digester was purged for 5 min (300 mL/min) with inert gas
(N2) to create an anaerobic environment. Food waste, cattle
manure and their mixtures were separately examined in mono and
co-digestion respectively. The characteristics of the different
experiments are shown in Table 1. In co-digestion, the amount of
organic kitchen waste as well as that of cattle manure in each
3. Aragaw et al. 445
Table 1. Properties of organic kitchen waste, cattle manure and rumen fluid (mean ±SD).
Parameter Organic kitchen waste Cattle manure Rumen fluid
pH 5.51±0.129 7.19±0.215 7.45±0.114
MC (%) 82.95±0.169 84.59±0.40 98.98±0.01
TS (Wt %) 17.05±0.169 15.42±0.40 1.03±0.01
VS (Wt %) 15.89±0.52 12.68±0.63 0.66±0.01
VS/TS ratio 93.18±2.54 82.23±2.04 63.9±0.45
Table 2. Properties of cattle manure and organic kitchen waste before digestion (mean value ± SD).
Parameter (before digestion)
Mixture pH MC (%) TS (%) VS (%) VS/TS (%)
A1 6.95±0.030 86.15±0.128 13.85±0.128 12.85±0.403 92.75±2.398
A2 7.45±0.071 87.46±0.314 12.54±0.314 10.27±0.503 81.9±1.403
A3 7.32±0.065 87.09±0.490 12.83±0.353 10.81±0.470 84.2±1.354
A4 7.19±0.051 86.83±0.358 13.17±0.358 11.34±0.445 86.03±1.159
A5 7.09±0.025 86.42±0.274 13.58±0.274 11.89±0.389 87.5±1.587
digester was varied when it was added. The FW/CM ratios (based
on VS) of digestion A3, A4, A5 were designed as 0.3, 1 and 3,
respectively, corresponding to the organic kitchen waste and cattle
manure amounts of 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 g-VS/L. In digestion A1,
organic kitchen waste was digested alone at the load of 100 g-
VS/L, whereas in digestion A2, cattle manure was digested alone at
the load of 100 g-VS/L as a control group. Thus, to determine the
performance of co-digestion, the co-digestion of A3, A4 and A5 was
compared with mono-digestion groups of A1 and A2. In addition, to
provide mixing of the digester contents, all digesters were shaken
manually for about 1 min once a day prior to measurement of
biogas volume.
Measurement of biogas yield
Biogas was collected by water displacement method. In order to
prevent the dissolution of biogas in the water, brine solution was
prepared. Following the method suggested by Elijah et al. (2009),
an acidified brine solution was prepared by adding NaCl to water
until a supersaturated solution was formed. Three to five drops of
sulphuric acid were added to acidify the brine solution. As biogas
production commenced in the fermentation chamber, it was
delivered to the second chamber which contained the acidified
brine solution. Since the biogas is insoluble in the solution, a
pressure build-up and provides the driving force for displacement of
the solution. Thus the displaced brine solution was measured to
represent the amount of biogas produced. The biogas volume was
calculated daily and was transformed into the volume at Standard
Temperature and Pressure (STP) condition.
Chemical analysis
The pH, TS and VS of organic kitchen waste and cattle manure
samples were measured according to the standard methods
(APHA, 1998). The pH values of each digester were monitored in
five days interval using digital pH meter (HANNA Model pH-211).
Following the method of Radtke et al. (1998) and Yu and Fang
(2002), the pH values of the contents of digesters were buffered
between 6.8 and 7.4 by the addition of hydrated calcium carbonate.
The VS content of the liquor was subsequently measured. The
values of VS destructions were calculated based on total mass
balances of VS in each digester before and after the digestion test
with subtracting the VS contents of the control digesters from that of
the testing digester.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pre-digestion characteristics of substrates
Table 2 summarizes the values obtained in the pre-
digestion characteristics of the five feed stocks. As it is
shown, there is a considerable amount of variation in the
composition of feed mixtures, which is due to the
variability in the composition of the samples of the
different substrates taken over the experimental period.
The content in volatile solids of cattle manure and organic
kitchen waste ranged between 9.8-10.8% and 12.4-
13.3%, respectively (average values of 10.3 and 12.9%,
respectively). On a dry matter (TS) basis, organic kitchen
waste contained higher VS than cattle manure. The
higher VS content of organic kitchen waste (13 g/kg),
compared with that of manure (10 g/kg), means relatively
higher energy content, which is desirable from an
economic standpoint with regards to biogas energy
production. The VS/TS ratios were 82 and 93% for cattle
manure and organic kitchen waste, respectively.
Before inoculation the mean pH values of CM and
OKW were 7.19 and 5.51, respectively; however, after
they are inoculated with rumen fluid, the inoculum mean
pH values of the two control groups (A1 and A2) were
4. 446 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
A (100% CM and 0% OKW)
B (75% CM and 25% OKW)
C (50% CM and 50% OKW)
D (25% CM and 75% OKW)
E (0% CM and 100% OKW)
Figure 1. Daily mean biogas yield of digester D in 45 days.
increased. This indicates that the rumen fluid used for
this study have had a good buffering capacity as it was
also reported earlier (Girma et al., 2004; Forster-Carneiro
et al., 2008; Montusiewicz et al., 2008; Uzodinma and
Ofoefule, 2008).
Biogas production rate
On average, biogas productions from digesters A2, A3,
A4, A5, and A1 were detected on the 7
th
, 6
th
, 5
th
, 6
th
, and
8
th
days respectively. The results showed that the co-
digestion of samples with the three mix ratios (A4, A5,
and A3) produced biogas earlier than the two pure
substrates (A1 and A2) that were used as control groups.
From the three mix groups, digester A4 produced biogas
much faster, followed by digester A5 and A3. This might
be due to the attribution of the positive synergetic effect
of the co-digestion of CM and OKW in providing more
balanced nutrients, increased buffering capacity, and
decreased effect of toxic compounds. Digestion of more
than one kind of substrate could establish positive
synergism in the digester (Mata-Alvarez et al., 2000; Li et
al., 2009; Jianzheng et al., 2011). The rapid initial biogas
production in digester A4 might be also due to shorter lag
phase growth, the availability of readily biodegradable
organic matter in the substrate, and the presence of high
content of the methanogens.
Biogas production
Biogas production was used mainly as an indication of
optimum production and the development of favorable
conditions for microbial activity during the digestion
process. The daily methane production from the control
and digesters are shown in Figure 1. The average daily
biogas yield observed from the five digesters (A1, A5, A4,
A3, and A2) were 176.77, 237.85, 284.76, 325.63, and
236.18 mL/g-VS, respectively. As compared to digesters
A1 and A2, digesters A5, A4, and A3 produced the 1
st
,
2
nd
, and 3
rd
highest volume of biogas on each day during
the 45 days of experiment, respectively (Figure 1). The
higher biogas production from these mixtures could be
due to the balanced (nutrient to microorganism)
composition, and stable pH which was attained from the
inoculation with rumen fluid and mixing ratios used. On
the other hand low average daily biogas production
observed from digesters A1 and A2 containing pure
100% OKW and 100% CM, attributed to the unbalanced
nutrient to microorganism ratio, and unstable pH value.
After the gas production was started and stabilized,
digesters A4, A5, and A1 produced the least amount of
daily biogas on the 5
th
, 6
th
, and 8
th
, days of the run,
respectively. The observed least gas yield from these
digesters might be due to the production of volatile fatty
acids by the microorganism which hinders the releasing
of the biogas. This is in agreement with the report of
Budiyono et al. (2010) who also observed low level of
5. Aragaw et al. 447
A (100% CM and 0% OKW)
B (75% CM and 25% OKW)
C (50% CM and 50% OKW)
D (25% CM and 75% OKW)
E (0% CM and 100% OKW)
Figure 2. Mean cumulative biogas yield of all samples within 45 days.
biogas production due to the lag phase of microbial
growth during these periods of the run.
The cumulative biogas productions of the five samples
in all experiments were averaged and the mean
cumulative biogas production and total gas production
were summarized in Figure 2. As compared to the single
anaerobic digestion of the two pure samples, the co-
digestion of the three mix ratios produced higher volume
of biogas. The total gas produced from the co-digestion
of the three mixed samples (A3, A4, and A5) was
indicated in Figure 2. From the co-digestion of A3, A4
and A5; 24.12, 37.91 and 47.13% more biogas was
produced respectively than the two pure samples used as
control. This might be due to mixing of cattle manure with
organic kitchen waste provided balanced nutrients,
buffering capacity, appropriate C/N ratio and sufficient
anaerobic microorganisms. Moreover, the cumulative
biogas yield of sample A5 is greater than sample A4
which is greater than sample A3. This might be attributed
to the increased content of organic kitchen waste from 25
to 50% and to 75% (Amirhossein et al., 2004; Jianzheng
et al., 2011). This result was in accordance with those
obtained with co-digestion of 75% brewery waste and
25% sewage sludge (Babel et al., 2009).
Biodegradation during anaerobic digestion
In order to determine which matter in what amount was
utilized from the initial feed during the 45 days of
retention time and to correlate with the rate and amount
of biogas produced, the digestate from each digester
were characterized (Table 2). It is important to maintain
the pH of an anaerobic digester between 6 and 8;
otherwise, methanogen growth would be seriously
inhibited (Gerardi, 2003). In this study, the initial pH of all
the digesters was in the range of 6.95 to 7.45 even with
the addition of acidic food wastes (like injera) indicating
the buffering capacity of the cattle manure. But finally the
pH showed a significant increase and it was in the range
of 7.66 to 8.47. This was predicted because the VFAs
produced by acidogens during the start up phase were
consumed by methanogens and transferred to the
methane. Generally, pH increase accompanies
increasing biogas production because methanogens
consume VFAs and generate alkalinity. In addition there
occurs a decrease in VS and VS/TS ratio and this might
be due to the biodegradation and conversion of VS into
biogas through the microbial acidogenesis and
methanogenesis. At the beginning of the digestion
process the average total solids (TS) and volatile solids
(VS) content of substrates in all digesters were high
(Table 3). But, at the end of the 45 days anaerobic
digestion period the contents of both TS and VS were
highly reduced and this is attributed to their consumption
by fermenting and methanogenic bacteria.
The efficiency of anaerobic co-digestion of cattle
manure and organic kitchen waste was evaluated in
terms of TS and VS reduction as the amount of dry
matter and organic compounds. Table 4 presents the
amount of TS, and VS biodegradation and conversion
into biogas per mg, TS and VS removed in the anaerobic
co-digestion processes of cattle manure with organic
kitchen waste at an ambient temperature of 30 ± 8°C.
6. 448 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
Table 3. Properties of cattle manure and organic kitchen waste after digestion (mean value ± SD).
Parameters (after digestion)
Mixture pH MC (%) TS (%) VS (%) VS/TS (%)
A1 7.66 ± 0.264 94.05 ± 1.067 5.95 ± 1.067 4.71± 0.721 79.16 ± 5.041
A2 8.47 ± 0.173 96.76 ± 0.462 3.24 ± 0.462 0.89 ± 0.307 27.47 ± 6.322
A3 8.27 ± 0.191 96.58 ± 0.486 3.42 ± 0.486 1.28 ± 0.369 37.43 ± 5.824
A4 8.04 ± 0.174 95.96 ± 0.539 4.05 ± 0.539 2.05 ± 0.394 50.62 ± 3.495
A5 7.86 ± 0.236 95.28 ± 0.788 4.72 ± 0.788 2.83 ± 0.568 59.96 ± 4.403
Table 4. Organic matter degradation and biogas yield from each digester.
Treatments
Organic matter composition and its removal Biogas yield
Total solids (mg/vol) Volatile solids (mg/vol)
Total
(ml)
ml/mg TS
removed
ml/mg VS
removed
InitialTS
(mg)
Removed
Initial
VS
(mg) Removed
Mg/Vol. %/Vol. Mg/Vol. %/Vol.
A1 22,160 12,640 57.04 20,560 13,024 63.35 10,628.3 0.84 0.82
A2 20,064 14,880 74.16 16,432 15,008 91.33 7,954.8 0.54 0.53
A3 20,528 15,056 73.34 17,296 15,248 88.16 10,703.3 0.71 0.70
A4 21,072 14,592 69.25 18,144 14,864 81.92 12,814.3 0.88 0.86
A5 21,728 14,176 65.24 19,024 14,496 76.20 14,653.5 1.03 1.01
Biodegradation of TS and VS was high in samples
containing high proportion of CM and decreases as the
proportion of OKW in the mix ratio increases. With gas
production rate of 1.03 ml/mg TS or 1.01 ml/mg VS
removed from the biodegradation of 14,176 mg (65.24%)
of the initial TS, or 14,496 mg (76.20%) of the initial VS,
digester A5 gave the 1st
highest cumulative biogas yield
of 14,653.50 ml/g-VS. The result showed that in digester
A4 and A5 there was a direct relationship between total
biogas yield and gas production rate per each milligram
of total solids and volatile solids removed. This might be
because, the digestion process in these two digesters
had more balanced acidogenesis and methanogenesis
and the VS removed were utilized for biogas produce
more efficiently than the other levels. Similar results were
reported by Joung et al. (2008) from the anaerobic co-
digestion of swine manure and food waste.
Digester A2 was observed with the highest percentage
of TS and VS removal; however, it produced the least
cumulative biogas yield of 7,954.75 ml/g-VS. This might
be because of the presence of only cattle manure that is
inoculated with rumen fluid. Since both cattle manure and
rumen fluid are partially digested in the guts of the
ruminants less biogas production from cattle manure
within short retention period can be attributed to its
relatively lower organic content than organic kitchen
waste. Generally, it was observed that the TS and VS
removal rates were affected by the different mixing ratios
of cattle manure with organic kitchen waste and the
hydraulic retention time. This suggests that high
concentration of anaerobic bacteria content in rumen fluid
and cattle manure works effectively to degrade organic
matter composed in organic kitchen waste. So the results
of this study imply that the biodegradability of organic
matter and cumulative biogas yield was improved by co-
digesting cattle manure with organic kitchen waste using
rumen fluid as inoculum.
Co-digestion performance and synergistic effect
The co-digestion of three mix ratios (75:25, 50:50 and
25:75) of rumen fluid inoculated CM with OKW was
performed and biogas productions from the biodegra-
dation of organic matter were compared with pure cattle
manure and organic kitchen waste as the controls. As the
result indicated, the co-digestions of the three mixes
showed improved biogas production rates and achieved
higher cumulative biogas production than the two pure
samples. This higher biogas production from digesters
A3, A4, and A5 with mixed substrates of rumen fluid
inoculated cattle manure and organic kitchen waste was
due to the increased carbon content of OKW and high
concentration of anaerobic bacteria content of cattle
7. Aragaw et al. 449
Table 5. Synergistic effect of co-digestion of cattle manure and organic kitchen waste.
Treatments
Percentage of
CM /OKW
Cumulative biogas yield
Cattle manure
(ml)
Co-digestion
(ml)
Organic kitchen waste
(ml)
Increase
(ml)
Increase
(%)
A1 0:100 0.00 10,628.25
A2 100:0 7,954.75 0.00
A3 75:25 5,966.06 10,703.25 2,657.06 2,080.13 24.12
A4 50:50 3977.38 12,814.25 5314.13 3522.74 37.91
A5 25:75 1988.69 14,653.5 7971.19 4693.62 47.13
manure and rumen fluid. In other words this might be due
to synergistic effect of CM to OKW (Table 5). The
synergistic effect is mainly attributed to more balanced
nutrients, increased buffering capacity, and decreased
effect of toxic compounds (Li et al., 2009; Danqi, 2010;
Jianzheng et al., 2011). More balanced nutrients in co-
digestion would support microbial growth for efficient
digestion, while increased buffering capacity would help
maintain the stability of the anaerobic digestion system.
As it is shown on Table 5, from the co-digestion of
cattle manure and organic kitchen waste with 75:25,
50:50, and 25:75 mix ratios 24.12, 37.91 and 47.13%
additional biogas production was obtained, respectively
when it is compared with that of the mono-digestions. It is
evident from this result that digestion of more than one
kind of substrate could establish positive synergism in the
digester and provides more balanced nutrients as well as
buffering capacity thus enhance the anaerobic digestion
process and bio-energy production.
Identification of mix ratio for highest biogas
production
As the proportion of OKW in the mix ratio increases from
0 to 25% to 50% and to 75% biogas yield was increased
by 24.12, 37.91 and 47.13%, respectively. Thus, digester
A5 with mix ratio of 25% CM and 75% OKW produced
the highest volume of biogas (Figure 2). This might be
due to the high organic content of OKW coupled with the
supply of suitable microorganisms and missing nutrients
by the rumen fluid and CM make the carbon to nitrogen
ratio within the desired range.
Conclusions
Organic kitchen wastes co-digested with cattle manure
improved the biogas potential compared to cattle manure
alone. The co-digestion of rumen fluid inoculated CM and
OKW with mix ratio of 50:50, gives biogas yield earlier
and highest average daily and cumulative biogas yield
were obtained from the co-digestion of rumen fluid
inoculated CM and OKW with 25:75 ratio. The 25:75,
50:50 and 75:25 mix ratios of CM and OKW gave from
24.12 to 47.13% additional biogas yield and cumulative
gas production was enhanced by 1.01-1.84 times. Thus,
as compared to the mono-digestions of pure CM and
pure OKW anaerobic co-digestion of rumen fluid
inoculated CM and OKW in 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 mix
ratios enhances both the rate and amount of biogas yield.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by the Ethiopian Ministry of
Education. The authors would like to thank Haramaya
University Staff Lounge and Animal Farming for their
cooperation during sample collection and preparation.
The authors also appreciate the support of the
Department of Biology Lab Technicians specifically Mr.
Samuel Tesfaye and Ms. Yodit.
REFERENCES
Adelekan F, Bamgboye A (2009). Comparison of biogas productivity of
cassava peels mixed in selected ratios with major livestock waste
types. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 4(7):571-577.
Alvarez R, Liden G (2007). Semi-continuous co-digestion of solid
slaughterhouse waste, manure, and fruit and vegetable waste.
Renew. Energy. 33:726-734.
Amirhossein M, Noor E, Sharom M (2004). Anaerobic Co-digestion of
Kitchen Waste and Sewage Sludge for producing Biogas. Second Int.
Conf. Environ. Manag. Bangladesh pp. 129-139.
Amon T, Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Bodiroza V, Pötsch E, Zollitsch W
(2006). Optimising methane yield from anaerobic digestion of
manure: effects of dairy systems and of glycerin supplementation. Int.
Congr. Ser. 1293:217-220.
Angelidaki I, Ellegaard L (2003). Codigestion of manure and organic
wastes in centralized biogas plants. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
109:95-105.
APHA, AWWA, WEF (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., Washington, DC.
Aurora SP (1983). Microbial Digestion in Ruminants. Indian J. Agr. Res.
2:85-94.
Babel S, Sae-Tang J, Pecharaply A (2009). Anaerobic co-digestion of
sewage and brewery sludge for biogas production and land
application. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 6(1):131-140.
Budiyono I, Widiasa S, Johari G, Sunarso T (2010). Increasing Biogas
Production Rate from Cattle Manure Using Rumen Fluid as
Inoculums. Int. J. Chem. Biol. Eng. 3:1.
Danqi Z (2010). Co-digestion of Different Wastes for Enhanced
Methane Production. Msc thesis, The Ohio State University, Ohio,
USA.
8. 450 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
El-Mashad H, Zhang R (2010). Biogas production from co-digestion of
dairy manure and food waste. Bioresource Technol. 101(11):4021-
4028.
Elijah T, Ibifuro A, Yahaya S (2009). The Study of Cow Dung as Co-
Substrate with Rice Husk in Biogas Production. Sci. Res. Essays.
4(9):861-866.
Forster-Carneiro T, Pérez M, Romero L (2008). Influence of total solid
and inoculum contents on performance of anaerobic reactors treating
food waste. Bioresource Technol. 99(15):6994-7002.
Gerardi MH (2003). The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digesters. Hoboken,
N.J. John Wiley and Sons.
Girma G, Edward J, Peter R (2004). In vitro gas production provides
effective method for assessing ruminant feeds. Calif. Agric. 58(1):54-
58.
Goldemberg J, Johansson TB (2004). World energy assessment
overview 2004 update. New York: UNDP. P. 88.
Jianzheng L, Ajay K, Junguo H, Qiaoying B, Sheng C, Peng W (2011).
Assessment of the effects of dry anaerobic co-digestion of cow dung
with waste water sludge on biogas yield and biodegradability. Int. J.
Phys. Sci. 6(15):3679-3688.
Joung D, Sung S, Ki-Cheol E, Shihwu S, SangWon P, Hyunook K
(2008). Predicting Methane Production Potential of Anaerobic Co-
digestion of Swine Manure and Food Waste. Environ. Eng. Res.
13(2):93-97.
Li R, Ge Y, Wang K, Li X, Pang Y (2010). Characteristics and anaerobic
digestion performances of kitchen wastes. Renew. Energ. Res.
28:76-80.
Li X, Li L, Zheng M, Fu G, Lar J (2009). Anaerobic co-digestion of cattle
manure with corn Stover pretreated by sodium hydroxide for efficient
biogas production. Energ. Fuel 23:4635-4639.
Macias-Corral M, Samani Z, Hanson A, Smith G, Funk P, Yu H,
Longworth J (2008). Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste and
agricultural waste and the effect of co-digestion with dairy cow
manure. Bioresour. Technol. 99(17):8288-8293.
Marañón E, Castrillón L, Quiroga G, Fernández-Nava Y, Gómez L,
García MM (2012). Co-digestion of cattle manure with food waste
and sludge to increase biogas production. Waste Manage. 32:1821-
1825.
Mata-Alvarez J, Mace S, Labres P (2000). Anaerobic digestion of
organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and
perspectives. Rev. Paper Bio-resource Technol. 74:3-16.
Montusiewicz A, Lebiocka M, Pawlowska M (2008). Characterization of
the biomethanization process in selected waste mixtures. Arch.
Environ. Prot. 34(3):49-61.
Muyiiya N, Kasisira L (2009). Assessment of the Effect of Mixing Pig
and Cow Dung on Biogas Yield. Agricultural Engineering
International: the CIGR E. J. Manuscript PM 1329, Vol. XI.
Radtke D, Wilde F, Davis J, Popowski T (1998). Alkalinity and Acid
Neutralizing Capacity. U.S. Geological Survey TWRI Book 94/98.
Rittmann BE (2008). Opportunities for Renewable Bioenergy Using
Microorganisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100:203-212.
Schamphelaire W, Verstraete G (2009). Biological Energy Conversion,
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 103(2):1.
Uzodinma E, Ofoefule A (2008). Effect of abattoir cow liquor waste on
biogas yield of some agro-industrial wastes. National Center for
Energy Research and Development. University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Nigeria.
Wan C, Zhou Q, Fu G, Li Y (2011). Semi-continuous anaerobic co-
digestion of thickened waste activated sludge and fat, oil and grease.
Waste Manage. 31:1752-1758.
Wei W (2000). Anaerobic Co-digestion of Biomass for Methane
Production: Recent Research Achievements.
Wendland C, Behrendt J, Elmitwalli T, Al Baz I, Akcin G, Otterpohl R
(2006). UASB reactor followed by constructed wetland and UV
radiation as an appropriate technology for municipal wastewater
treatment in Mediterranean countries.
Yu H, Fang H (2002). Acidogenesis of dairy wastewater at various pH
levels. Water Sci. Technol. 45:201-206.
Zhang L, Lee Y, Jahng D (2011). Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste
and piggery wastewater: focusing on the role of trace elements.
Biosource Technol. 102:5048-5059.
Zhang R, El-Mashad H, Hartman K, Wang F, Liu G, Choate C, Gamble
P (2006). Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic
digestion. Bioresource Technol. 98(4):929-935.
Zhu D, Wan C, Li Y (2011). Anaerobic Co-digestion of Food Wastes
and Dairy Manure for Enhanced Methane Production. Biol. Eng.
4(4):195-206.