IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
This document outlines a study to evaluate the anti-ischemic activity of indigenous medicinal plants using in-vivo and in-vitro models. The study will investigate the effects of extracts from Terminalia arjuna and Carthamus tinctorius on several animal models of ischemia, including isoproterenol-induced ischemia in rats and sympathetic hyperactivity-induced ischemia in rabbits. Cell culture models of ischemia in neonatal rat heart cells will also be used. The methodology describes preparation of plant extracts, fractionation, toxicity testing, and experimental procedures to assess anti-ischemic effects.
This is a 1998 presentation I created on Weed Resistance Management. This was presented at Mastori's Restaurant in Bordentown, NJ. I created this to help educate growers in the responsible use of the Round Up Ready technology that had just come out in Round Up Ready Soybeans
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Cyperusrotundus (Ethanolic extract an...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
This document outlines a study to evaluate the anti-ischemic activity of indigenous medicinal plants using in-vivo and in-vitro models. The study will investigate the effects of extracts from Terminalia arjuna and Carthamus tinctorius on several animal models of ischemia, including isoproterenol-induced ischemia in rats and sympathetic hyperactivity-induced ischemia in rabbits. Cell culture models of ischemia in neonatal rat heart cells will also be used. The methodology describes preparation of plant extracts, fractionation, toxicity testing, and experimental procedures to assess anti-ischemic effects.
This is a 1998 presentation I created on Weed Resistance Management. This was presented at Mastori's Restaurant in Bordentown, NJ. I created this to help educate growers in the responsible use of the Round Up Ready technology that had just come out in Round Up Ready Soybeans
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Cyperusrotundus (Ethanolic extract an...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Influence of Ethanolic Extractives of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus Alba (L) On 7...iosrjce
The study deals with investigation of thechemopreventive potential and antilipidperoxidative effects
of ethanolic leaf extract of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (TpEt) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-
induced buccal pouch carcinoma in Syrian hamster, Mesocricetusauratus (L). Oral squamous cell carcinoma
was developed in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters, by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin,
thrice a week, for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence, volume and burden were determined. Oral administration
ofTpEt at a dose of 300 mg/kg, body weight, to DMBA (on alternate days for 14 weeks)- painted animals
significantly prevented the incidence, volume and burden of the tumor. TpEt showed potent antilipidperoxidative
effect, as well as enhanced the antioxidant status in DMBA- painted animals. TpEt has potent chemopreventive
efficacy and significant antilipidperoxidative effect, in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. The active principle
of mulberry leaf may have the abilities of induction of apoptosis, which involve disruption of mitochondrial
membrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase. With it’s bioactive compounds,
mulberry, Morus alba (L) may open a new avenue in the cancer prevention and treatment.
The study analyzed 48 pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, and herbicides in 60 samples of 20 vegetables collected from Lucknow, India using the QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography. 23 pesticides were detected in the vegetable samples at levels ranging from 0.005-12.35 mg/kg. Some vegetables like radish, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, and okra contained pesticide residues above the Indian maximum residue limits for pesticides in foods. The study assessed the pesticide contamination of vegetables commonly consumed in Lucknow.
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
Expression of non-host plant protease inhibitors for developing transgenic pl...ICRISAT
This document summarizes research on expressing protease inhibitors (PIs) from non-host plants in transgenic plants to develop resistance to the crop pest Helicoverpa armigera. The researchers screened various plant species to identify potent PIs against H. armigera gut proteinases. Non-host plant PIs from Datura alba and Capsicum annum showed the highest inhibition of gut proteinases in vitro and in vivo. Larvae fed diets containing these non-host PIs exhibited stunted growth compared to those fed host plant diets. The study demonstrates the potential of using non-host plant PIs to genetically engineer resistance to H. armigera in crops.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The Effects of Different Levels Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek (Trigonella foen...Ali Olfati
This study examined the effects of different levels of fenugreek extract in drinking water on performance and immune response in laying hens. 240 laying hens were given 0, 5, 10, or 15 ml/L of fenugreek extract in their water for 6 weeks. Higher levels of fenugreek extract improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio. The 15 ml/L treatment significantly increased performance over other treatments. Fenugreek extract also enhanced immune response, with the highest antibody titer seen in hens given 15 ml/L. In conclusion, fenugreek extract supplementation of laying hen drinking water effectively improved both production performance and immune system functioning.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which showed the highest mortality rate of 90% at a concentration of 1250 μg/ml and an LC50 value of 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic activity of the extract was 32.87% compared to 81.19% for the positive control streptokinase. The extract
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
Comparative Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 and Combinatorial Screeni...CSCJournals
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzyme release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol. This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the Sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. PLA2 are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as in insects and snakes venom. Venoms constitute a rich source of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which show remarkable diversity in their structure and function. In this investigation, we have made an attempt in analyzing the identical active domain in different PLA2 protein structure isolated from different venoms by studying the conserved active pocket residues. The 21 crystal structures of different PLA2 enzymes isolated from venoms of different species were studied and collected from PDB database. Comparative studies to analyse the conserved active site in this protein was carried out by superimposition studies using TOPMATCH server. To validate the superimposition results sequence alignment studies was carried out using T-COFFEE by multiple sequence alignment analysis. This revealed that 9 PLA2 enzymes from different venoms viz., Daboia russellii, Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops Neuwied, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatusscutatus, Apis mellifera showed similarity in their active pocket residues, indicating a single drug can effectively occupy their pocket and inhibit the functions of these nine proteins. Hence, in-silico drug designing studies for antivenom drugs against PLA2 was carried out by combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds by docking with PLA2 molecule using Autodock 3.0 tool. In-silico drug designing studies revealed that among 18 antivenom compounds, Indole was most potent in its action in inhibiting the PLA2 function with inhibition constant of 0.04.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
This study examined the effects of including hempseed at different levels (5%, 10%, 20%) in the diets of Japanese quail on performance, carcass traits, and antioxidant activity in blood. Body weight was not significantly different between groups at 7 and 21 days, but was lower in the 20% hempseed group at 42 days. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among groups. Carcass, organ weights, and their percentages to carcass weight were significantly different between treatment groups. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA, NO) decreased in blood serum with hempseed supplementation, while antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) increased, indicating higher antioxidant activity
Discovery-of-pyrimidyl-5-hydroxamic-acids-as-new-potent-histone-deacetylase-i...Peter ten Holte
This document describes the discovery of new potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors containing a pyrimidyl-5-hydroxamic acid structure. A series of these compounds were prepared and tested for HDAC inhibitory activity and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. The most potent compound contained an amino-2-pyrimidinyl linker and a pyridinyl moiety, inhibiting HDAC activity with an IC50 below 100 nM and reducing cancer cell proliferation in the low micromolar range. Replacing structural elements like the pyrimidinyl ring or changing the heterocyclic ring size generally resulted in lower enzymatic or antiproliferative potency. These results identify amino-2-py
This document summarizes a study that tested 128 broiler chicken meat samples from 6 countries on 4 continents for residues of antibiotics and hormones using ELISA. The study found varying levels of tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, trenbolon, estradiol-17ß, and testosterone residues, with some averages and individual levels exceeding acceptable limits. While most residues were below limits, their presence still indicates a potential human health risk due to allergic reactions, development of antibiotic resistance, and endocrine disrupting effects of some hormones. The study demonstrates a need for monitoring antibiotic and hormone residues in meat to ensure food safety.
Ormeloxifene is an effective and safe treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A study of 60 women found that ormeloxifene significantly reduced menstrual blood loss and increased hemoglobin levels after both 3 and 6 months of treatment. It also significantly decreased endometrial thickness. The majority of women reported marked improvement in symptoms and found ormeloxifene acceptable with minimal side effects. Ormeloxifene is thus a good alternative for managing dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Pillows and chairs can be used for both relaxation and exercise or play. Pillows are commonly used for sleeping or leaning but can also be used for pillow fights with friends. Chairs can be sat on but also used for balancing exercises by dancing on them or testing their quality, and chairs and pillows arranged together can make a cute scene.
Design Test-bed for assessing load utilising using Multicast Forwarding Appro...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study that developed a test bed to evaluate load and battery lifetime in wireless mesh networks using a multicast forwarding approach. The test bed used the AODV routing protocol and implemented layer 3 acknowledgments and retransmissions. Results found that the network supported data delivery with acknowledgments even under full load. Battery lifetime across mesh nodes was measured between 19-100% and load was minimum compared to previous work, demonstrating the effectiveness of the multicast forwarding approach. Future work could enhance security and implement cross-layer support between network and MAC layers.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Influence of Ethanolic Extractives of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus Alba (L) On 7...iosrjce
The study deals with investigation of thechemopreventive potential and antilipidperoxidative effects
of ethanolic leaf extract of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (TpEt) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-
induced buccal pouch carcinoma in Syrian hamster, Mesocricetusauratus (L). Oral squamous cell carcinoma
was developed in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters, by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin,
thrice a week, for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence, volume and burden were determined. Oral administration
ofTpEt at a dose of 300 mg/kg, body weight, to DMBA (on alternate days for 14 weeks)- painted animals
significantly prevented the incidence, volume and burden of the tumor. TpEt showed potent antilipidperoxidative
effect, as well as enhanced the antioxidant status in DMBA- painted animals. TpEt has potent chemopreventive
efficacy and significant antilipidperoxidative effect, in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. The active principle
of mulberry leaf may have the abilities of induction of apoptosis, which involve disruption of mitochondrial
membrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase. With it’s bioactive compounds,
mulberry, Morus alba (L) may open a new avenue in the cancer prevention and treatment.
The study analyzed 48 pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, and herbicides in 60 samples of 20 vegetables collected from Lucknow, India using the QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography. 23 pesticides were detected in the vegetable samples at levels ranging from 0.005-12.35 mg/kg. Some vegetables like radish, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, and okra contained pesticide residues above the Indian maximum residue limits for pesticides in foods. The study assessed the pesticide contamination of vegetables commonly consumed in Lucknow.
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
Expression of non-host plant protease inhibitors for developing transgenic pl...ICRISAT
This document summarizes research on expressing protease inhibitors (PIs) from non-host plants in transgenic plants to develop resistance to the crop pest Helicoverpa armigera. The researchers screened various plant species to identify potent PIs against H. armigera gut proteinases. Non-host plant PIs from Datura alba and Capsicum annum showed the highest inhibition of gut proteinases in vitro and in vivo. Larvae fed diets containing these non-host PIs exhibited stunted growth compared to those fed host plant diets. The study demonstrates the potential of using non-host plant PIs to genetically engineer resistance to H. armigera in crops.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The Effects of Different Levels Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek (Trigonella foen...Ali Olfati
This study examined the effects of different levels of fenugreek extract in drinking water on performance and immune response in laying hens. 240 laying hens were given 0, 5, 10, or 15 ml/L of fenugreek extract in their water for 6 weeks. Higher levels of fenugreek extract improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio. The 15 ml/L treatment significantly increased performance over other treatments. Fenugreek extract also enhanced immune response, with the highest antibody titer seen in hens given 15 ml/L. In conclusion, fenugreek extract supplementation of laying hen drinking water effectively improved both production performance and immune system functioning.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which showed the highest mortality rate of 90% at a concentration of 1250 μg/ml and an LC50 value of 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic activity of the extract was 32.87% compared to 81.19% for the positive control streptokinase. The extract
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
Comparative Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 and Combinatorial Screeni...CSCJournals
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzyme release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol. This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the Sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. PLA2 are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as in insects and snakes venom. Venoms constitute a rich source of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which show remarkable diversity in their structure and function. In this investigation, we have made an attempt in analyzing the identical active domain in different PLA2 protein structure isolated from different venoms by studying the conserved active pocket residues. The 21 crystal structures of different PLA2 enzymes isolated from venoms of different species were studied and collected from PDB database. Comparative studies to analyse the conserved active site in this protein was carried out by superimposition studies using TOPMATCH server. To validate the superimposition results sequence alignment studies was carried out using T-COFFEE by multiple sequence alignment analysis. This revealed that 9 PLA2 enzymes from different venoms viz., Daboia russellii, Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops Neuwied, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatusscutatus, Apis mellifera showed similarity in their active pocket residues, indicating a single drug can effectively occupy their pocket and inhibit the functions of these nine proteins. Hence, in-silico drug designing studies for antivenom drugs against PLA2 was carried out by combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds by docking with PLA2 molecule using Autodock 3.0 tool. In-silico drug designing studies revealed that among 18 antivenom compounds, Indole was most potent in its action in inhibiting the PLA2 function with inhibition constant of 0.04.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
This study examined the effects of including hempseed at different levels (5%, 10%, 20%) in the diets of Japanese quail on performance, carcass traits, and antioxidant activity in blood. Body weight was not significantly different between groups at 7 and 21 days, but was lower in the 20% hempseed group at 42 days. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among groups. Carcass, organ weights, and their percentages to carcass weight were significantly different between treatment groups. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA, NO) decreased in blood serum with hempseed supplementation, while antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) increased, indicating higher antioxidant activity
Discovery-of-pyrimidyl-5-hydroxamic-acids-as-new-potent-histone-deacetylase-i...Peter ten Holte
This document describes the discovery of new potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors containing a pyrimidyl-5-hydroxamic acid structure. A series of these compounds were prepared and tested for HDAC inhibitory activity and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. The most potent compound contained an amino-2-pyrimidinyl linker and a pyridinyl moiety, inhibiting HDAC activity with an IC50 below 100 nM and reducing cancer cell proliferation in the low micromolar range. Replacing structural elements like the pyrimidinyl ring or changing the heterocyclic ring size generally resulted in lower enzymatic or antiproliferative potency. These results identify amino-2-py
This document summarizes a study that tested 128 broiler chicken meat samples from 6 countries on 4 continents for residues of antibiotics and hormones using ELISA. The study found varying levels of tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, trenbolon, estradiol-17ß, and testosterone residues, with some averages and individual levels exceeding acceptable limits. While most residues were below limits, their presence still indicates a potential human health risk due to allergic reactions, development of antibiotic resistance, and endocrine disrupting effects of some hormones. The study demonstrates a need for monitoring antibiotic and hormone residues in meat to ensure food safety.
Ormeloxifene is an effective and safe treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A study of 60 women found that ormeloxifene significantly reduced menstrual blood loss and increased hemoglobin levels after both 3 and 6 months of treatment. It also significantly decreased endometrial thickness. The majority of women reported marked improvement in symptoms and found ormeloxifene acceptable with minimal side effects. Ormeloxifene is thus a good alternative for managing dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Pillows and chairs can be used for both relaxation and exercise or play. Pillows are commonly used for sleeping or leaning but can also be used for pillow fights with friends. Chairs can be sat on but also used for balancing exercises by dancing on them or testing their quality, and chairs and pillows arranged together can make a cute scene.
Design Test-bed for assessing load utilising using Multicast Forwarding Appro...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study that developed a test bed to evaluate load and battery lifetime in wireless mesh networks using a multicast forwarding approach. The test bed used the AODV routing protocol and implemented layer 3 acknowledgments and retransmissions. Results found that the network supported data delivery with acknowledgments even under full load. Battery lifetime across mesh nodes was measured between 19-100% and load was minimum compared to previous work, demonstrating the effectiveness of the multicast forwarding approach. Future work could enhance security and implement cross-layer support between network and MAC layers.
DESIGN OF A MODE DECOUPLING FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL OF WIND-DRIVEN IG SYSTEMIOSR Journals
This document presents a mode decoupling control scheme for a STATCOM utilized for voltage control of a wind-driven induction generator (IG) system. The proposed controller aims to decouple the STATCOM active and reactive current modes through eigenstructure assignment. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed controller more effectively regulates the IG terminal voltage and stabilizes rotor speed under disturbances compared to traditional controllers that do not consider mode decoupling. A physical STATCOM-IG system was implemented in the laboratory to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
The document provides tips for bloggers, including researching a "Big Idea" thoroughly, creating a publishing schedule to maintain regular posts, starting with smaller projects and pieces before taking on larger ones, thinking creatively and adding surprises to content to drive sharing, and fueling smaller content from larger projects to gain overall popularity.
Este documento presenta el enfoque complejo de las competencias desde la perspectiva de varios expertos. Explica conceptos clave como competencia, los siete saberes y los principios del enfoque. Distingue entre un currículo fragmentado y uno complejo basado en competencias. Describe los componentes del diseño curricular por competencias como la gestión curricular, el eje pedagógico y el eje didáctico. Finalmente, contrasta el enfoque tradicional frente al enfoque complejo en cuanto a estructura, metas, didáctica y
The document provides an overview of SAP FICO interview questions and answers related to various topics like enterprise structure, general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and invoice verification. It was published by SAPTOPJOBS, a team of SAP consultants, to help candidates clear SAP FICO interviews with 100% success. The copyright information is also provided.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Secure Model for Cloud Computing Based Storage and RetrievalIOSR Journals
This document proposes a secure model for cloud computing storage and retrieval that separates these functions between two cloud providers. Specifically, it suggests that one provider handle storage only, while another handles only encryption and decryption. This separation prevents both functions and access to the raw data from being handled by a single administrator, improving security. The model is demonstrated using a customer relationship management (CRM) service example. It also discusses establishing service level agreements between the involved parties to formalize their roles and responsibilities.
Combining both Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Resources for Unit Commi...IOSR Journals
This document presents a study that combines plug-in electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), renewable energy resources like wind and solar, and existing power plants, to optimize unit commitment in smart grids. The goal is to minimize total costs and emissions. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize scheduling of generation units, V2G vehicles providing spinning reserves, and time-varying renewable sources over a 24-hour period to meet load demand at lowest cost while satisfying constraints. Simulation results validate that integrating V2G and renewable energy sources can effectively reduce costs and emissions for the smart grid.
The document discusses 5 blogs and what media techniques they use to convey information and engage consumers. It also asks which areas from the blogs would be employed in the respondent's own blog. The blogs discussed use techniques like images, videos, reviews and autobiographies to effectively engage consumers on topics like urban culture, movies, jazz music and beauty. The respondent indicates they would employ feedback links, slideshows, autobiographies and quotes in their own blog.
Reduce the False Positive and False Negative from Real Traffic with Intrusion...IOSR Journals
This document discusses reducing false positives and false negatives in intrusion detection for zigbee wireless networks. It proposes a new approach called service-oriented traffic classification (SOTC) that uses information about previously discovered network services to classify traffic flows. The key advantages of SOTC are robustness, accuracy, and low computational requirements compared to traditional port-based and payload-based classification methods. The document provides background on related work, describes how SOTC works, and discusses some implementation considerations to make it effective in practice.
This document provides information about transportation in Lübeck, Germany. It discusses how students travel to school, including data showing most use bicycles. It also addresses air and noise pollution levels in Lübeck. Specifically, it notes that particulate limits were exceeded on some days in 2011-2012. The document outlines plans to expand transportation infrastructure and makes comparisons between sustainable and unsustainable transportation modes in the region.
This trade skills gap infographic from Bosch Power Tools NA gives an excellent overview of the deficit in skilled workers that are available to US construction industry firms. The infographic explores the causes of the lack of skilled workers for the construction industry as well as which sectors are most at risk. The infographic also goes into detail on how Bosch and SkillsUSA have been working together to address this shortage and how the construction industry can begin to rebuild for the future.
Visit http://www.BoschTools.com for more.
Evaluation of Biocontrol agents against Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing Infl...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the causal agent of inflorescence blight disease in cashew. In dual culture tests, both T. viride and A. niger significantly inhibited the growth of L. theobromae compared to the control. A. niger exhibited the highest inhibition, reducing pathogen growth by 74.7% in one technique. In a second technique, T. viride showed the strongest antagonism, limiting pathogen growth by 90.5%. The study suggests that both tested biocontrol agents, particularly A. niger, have potential for managing inflorescence
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Blood glucose and lipid reducing activities of the oral administration of aqu...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effects of repeated oral administration of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on blood glucose and lipid levels in male Wistar rats over 56 days.
2. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose and serum lipid levels like total cholesterol and triglycerides in a dose-dependent manner. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol.
3. The extract maintained or slightly reduced body weight in the rats. It significantly reduced food intake, which may be due to effects on appetite or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
This document analyzes the chemical composition and antifungal activity of Nigella sativa L. oil seeds cultivated in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis found the main fatty acids to be linoleic acid (58.5%) and oleic acid (23.7%), while the main sterols were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Testing showed the seed oil had strong antifungal activity against Candida species, with minimum inhibitory concentrations lower than common antifungal drugs. The findings suggest Nigella seed oil could be a potential natural antifungal agent for foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study examined the safety of using extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf formulated in a simple ointment base for wound healing. Different groups of rats were treated with ointments containing varying doses of the leaf extract for 21 days. Blood biochemistry and histopathological examination of kidney and liver tissues were performed. The results showed no significant differences in biochemical parameters between treated and control groups. Histopathological examination also showed normal tissue features, except for mild changes in liver tissues of some treated groups. The study concluded that the leaf extract has no harmful effects when used topically for wound healing at the tested doses.
The document examines the safety of using extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf formulated in a simple ointment base for wound healing. Rats were treated with ointments containing different doses of the leaf extract and a control for 21 days. Blood tests and histological examination of liver and kidney tissues found no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, indicating the leaf extract had no harmful effects at these doses. Specifically, biochemical parameters and tissue structures remained normal, suggesting the extract is safe to use topically for wound healing within the tested dosages.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Efficacy Studies of Hepatoprotective Drug Isolated from Eclipta prostrata. L.IOSR Journals
In the commercial market, medicinal herbs are used as raw drugs, extracts or tinctures. Isolated
active constituents are used for applied research. Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective
drugs, Eclipta prostrata. L. with active principle Wedelolactone is the prime focus. In the present study to derive
hepatoprotective drug, the herb E. prostrata was grown in the Periyar Maniammai College Campus, Vallam
and 1kg of the plant leaves were collected and shade dried. Dried and powdered maetria l of E. prostrata was
extracted with 80% ethanol. The active principle was isolated and identified by chromatographic technique. The
protective effect of E. prostrata on Carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage was also studied with male
wistar albino rats (180-230g). The protective effect was also undergone for histological studies.
FUNGAL MICROORGANISMS FOR PERIPLASMIC AMIDOHYDROLASEpharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated a direct screening method for fungal microorganisms that produce the enzyme periplasmic amidohydrolase (L-asparaginase). Five fungal strains were grown in modified Czapex Dox medium containing the pH indicator phenol red at different concentrations. After overnight incubation, zones of pink color formation around the fungal colonies indicated L-asparaginase production due to increased pH. Strain F1 exhibited the largest zone of 1.62 cm in the 0.1% phenol red concentration, demonstrating it as the most potent producer of the enzyme. This simple and rapid screening method within 18 hours can help identify fungal strains for their ability
Pharmcological screening of antidepressant activity of plant Tricholepis glab...gynomark
ABSTRACT
Tricholepis glaberrima (Asteraceae), popularly known as “Brahmdandi” has been used for the treatment of variety
of disease. The main objective of this research work was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of Tricholepis
glaberrima in rats. The study was undertaken to evaluate the possible antidepressant effect of Tricholepis
glaberrima aerial parts using forced swimming test and tail suspension test models of depression. Imipramine has
been taken as a standard drug with a dose of 10mg/kg, Group-1(untreated), group-2 (standard) received
imipramine orally. Group 3, 4 and 5 received METG at the doses of 200, 400 and 600mg/kg respectively.
Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima produced significant antidepressant like effect at the
dose of 600mg/kg in both models of FST and TST which indicated reduction in immobility time. The efficacy of
METG at 600mg/kg found to be comparable to that of standard drug Imipramine at 10mg/kg. The results of
present study indicated that methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima possesses significant
antidepressant activity compared to that of standard drug imipramine.
KEYWORDS: Tricholepis glaberrima, Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test, Methanolic extract of
Tricholepis glaberrima, Imipramine.
The mood changes are part of our daily life, when
reactions to these situations become extreme that leads to
clinical condition called depression and it is associated
with lots of morbidity. Hence, it is very important to
address these problems and find effective remedies. Thus
the antidepressant study of tricholepis glaberrima was
done on different groups of white albino rats at the doses
of (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg) by using forced
swimming test (fst) and tail suspension test (tst). Results
showed that the administration of the methanolic extract
of tricholepis glaberrima (metg) produced a decreased
immobility time of rats and at the dose of 600mg/kg
produced significant antidepressant like effect in both
FST and TST models of depression and their efficacies
were found to be comparable to Imipramine (10mg/kg).
The results concluded that the shortening of immobility
time in the (FST) and (TST) mainly depends on the
enhancement of central 5HT and catecholamine
neurotransmitters, these effects are thought to be due to
the presence of chemical constituents like, alkaloids,
flavonoids and glycosides. Hence Tricholepis glaberrima
aerial parts extract possesses antidepressant effect in
animal models of depression. Further investigations in
this line is essential to establish its other therapeutic
benefits.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan, dextran, and histamine-induced paw edema models, as well as in a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. It also exhibited analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. Additionally, the extract reduced yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of parsley possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
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This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
LOOPS in orthodontics t loop bull loop vertical loop mushroom loop stop loop
J0555562
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008.Volume 5, Issue 5 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 55-62
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-
Induced Toxicity in Rats
Marwa M Abd Elkawy1*
,Ghada Z A Soliman2*
,
Emam Abd-El Mobd'ea Abd-El Rehim3**
1
(BSc Agri Biochemistry; 2
S Assist Prof Biochemistry; 3
: Professor of Biochemistry,
*:
National Nutrition Institute; **
: Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
Abstract: Introduction: Lambda-cyhalothrin is a type II pyrethroid insecticide and may cause liver damage.
Solanum nigrum may act as hepatoprotective agent; therefore we aimed to study the effect of solanum nigrum
(dried fruits or its ethanolic extract) against lambda cyhalothrin toxicity in rats.
Materials and Methods: Thirty three male Sprague Dawlay rats were divided into 6 groups (G1: normal; G2 &
3: normal treated with ethanolic extract of the dried fruits, and dried fruits respectively; G4: normal rats
intoxicated with Lambda cyhalothrin; G5 & 6: as G2 & 3 but intoxicated with lambda cyhalothrin. At the end of
the experiment (6 weeks), the rats were sacrificed and blood was taken for the determination of AST, ALT, Alk
Ph, LDH, Hb, Hct, MCH, MCHC and RBC count. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in serum and
brain.
Results and Discusion: A significant decrease in body weight, Hb and Hct level was observed in G4 (Lambda
cyhalothrin intoxicated rats). The intoxicated groups (G 5 & 6) treated with ethanolic extract or dried fruits of
Solanum nigrum showed an improvement of body weight, Hb and Hct where a significant increase compared to
G4 but still significantly lower than G1 was observed trying to return to normal or near normal level. A
significant increase in AST, ALT and Alk Ph level was observed in G4. Group 5 & 6 showed an improvement of
AST, ALT and Alk Ph level where a significant decrease compared to G4, but still significantly higher than G1,
was observed trying to return to normal or near normal.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that S. nigrum fruits or alcoholic extract was able to reverse the
pathological parameters and may be useful as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent.
Key Words: Solanum nigrum, hepatoprotective, rats, lambda cyhalothrin.
I. Introduction
Pesticides have been used in agriculture to enhance food production by eradicating unwanted insects
and controlling disease vectors. Among common used pesticides are the organophosphorus compounds (OP)
[1]. Organophosphate insecticides induced toxic effects causing damage to various membranous components of
the cell. Pyrethroids are widely used in field pest control and household use as well as veterinary medicine and
are among the most potent insecticides known [2]. The widespread use of these pesticides consequently leads to
the exposure of manufacturing workers, field applicators, the ecosystem, and finally the public to the possible
toxic effects of these pesticides. Lambda-cyhalothrin is a type II pyrethroid used predominantly on cattle and
sheep and to a lesser extent in pigs and goats for the control of a broad range of ectoparasites.
Lambda cyhalothrin belongs to the chemical family synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. The low toxicity
of pyrethroid insecticides to mammals and birds and limited soil persistence has encouraged their widespread
application in agriculture as potent agents against pests [3]. λ-cyhalothrin has been observed to exert significant
genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes cultured in vitro [4], a dose dependent chromosomal
aberrations in mice [5] and changes in rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes [6].
Solanum nigrum (family: Solanacae), commonly called Black nightshade or deadly nightshade, known
as Enab Eldib here in Egypt, grows as a weed, found in the dry parts of India and other parts of the world [7]. It
grows nearly everywhere in Africa and America. Solanum nigrum is a common herb that grows wildly and
abundantly in open fields [8].
S. nigrum has a medicinal usage and has been used as a traditional folk medicine for treating various
ailments such as pain, fever, inflammation, cough, asthma, wounds, ulcers [9], leprosy, skin diseases,
hemorrhoids, dropsy and liver disorders [10], anticancer [10], antioxidant [11], hepatoprotective agent [12],
neuroprotective [13], cytoprotective [14], antimicrobial [15], antinociceptive and antipyretic properties [16]. It
has been claimed that Solanum nigrum are an excellent remedy for liver disorders [10].
Alpha (α), beta (ß) and gamma (γ) carotenase, lutein, lycopene, crytoxanthine, vitamin C, glucose,
fructose solasodine, tomatidenol, tigogenin, solamargine and solasonine are the main constituents in aerial parts
of this plant. S. nigrum possesses various compounds that are responsible for diverse activities. The major active
2. Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats
www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
components are glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. It also contains polyphenolic compounds
such as gallic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid (PCA), caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin, and naringenin [17].
II. Materials And Methods
Plant Materials
S. nigrum, whole plant, was collected from the garden of faculty of agriculture, Cairo University in
Egypt and authenticated by the botanists in the faculty of agriculture, Cairo University.
Chemicals
Lambda Cyhalothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide (C23H19ClF3NO3). Its CAS chemical name is
(α-cyano-3-phenoxy -benzyl-3-(2-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate).
All other chemical were AR.
Ethanolic Extracts
The powdered plant tissue was collected, dried and grinded, and then it was soxhlet extracted
successfully with 70% ethanol followed by the complete removal of solvent and the final yield was 15% of the
original. Then it was lyophilised.
LD50: LD50 value of ethanol extract of the fruits of S. nigrums was found to be 2 g/kg BW [18], while LD50
value of lambda cyhalothrin was found to be 79 mg/kg BW [19, 20].
ANIMALS: Thirsty three male Sparage-Dawlay rats, weighing around 200 g, were maintained under standard
environmental conditions and fed a standard diet, water was supplied ad libitum. The diets were prepared
according to 21, 22. The rats were fed on the standard diet for 10 days before beginning of the experiment as
adaptation period.
DOSE: Rats were intoxicated orally with lambda-cyhalothrin and the dose was 1/20 of LD50 every 2
consecutive days intervals (modified from 23, 24]. Lambda cyhalothrin was dissolved in oil.
Experimental Protocol
Thirty Three (33) Rats Were Divided into 6 groups (5 or 6 rats/group). Group 1 (G 1: normal, -ve,
control): fed on standard diet; Group 2 (G 2) normal rats fed on control diet supplemented with ethanolic extract
of dried fruits (5% w/w); Group 3 (G3) normal rats fed on control diet supplemented with dried fruits (5% w/w),
Group 4 (G 4: intoxicated, +ve, control): fed on standard diet and intoxicated with lambda cyhalothrin; Group 5
(G 5) normal rats fed on control diet supplemented with ethanolic dried fruits (5% w/w) and intoxicated with
lambda cyhalothrin; Group 6 (G 6) normal rats fed on control diet supplemented with dried fruits (ethanolic
extracts of 5% w/w) and intoxicated with lambda cyhalothrin, The experiment lasted for 6 weeks (45 days).
At the end rats were fasted overnight, and blood was collected from the orbital plexus of anaesthetized rats for
serum or plasma analysis and haematological examination. The serum or plasma were separated and kept at -
20°C until further analysis. Liver was removed, washed with saline, and then weighed.
Biochemical Methods
Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities were
measured by the method of [25]. Serum alkaline phosphates (ALK PH) activity was estimated according to the
method of [26] and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) was estimated by the method of [27] (kits of Pointe
Scientific, Canton, USA). Relative liver weight (RLW) were calculated as follows: RLW=[( liver weight/ final
body weight, FBW)*100].
Tissue (Brain) Preparation
Brain was rinsed in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) to remove blood, and then homogenized in 5
mL buffer containing 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) and 2 mM EDTA, per gram tissue (brain).
Centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 15 min at 4°C and the supernatant was kept at -20 C for assay.
Haematological Methods
Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using the cyanomethaemoglobin method using Randox kits, Randox:
Laboratories, USA [28]. Hematocrite (Hct) was measured by centrifugation of blood collected into heparinized
microcapillary tubes no. 563 supplied by Bio Merieux [29]. Hematocrite was calculated using the equation: Hct
= length of red cell column (mm) / length of total column (mm). Red blood cells count (RBCs) was counted
manually [30]. Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was calculated using the equation: MCHC =
[(Hb*100) / Hct]. Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) was calculated using the equation: MCH = [ (Hb*10) / RBC].
Mean red cell volume (MCV) was calculated using the equation: MCV = [(Hct*10) / RBC] [30].
3. Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats
www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Histopathological Methods
Immediately following sacrifice of the rats, part of the livers were collected and fixed in 10% formalin,
embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5u m and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H& E).
Statistical Analysis
The statistical significance of the data was calculated using the Student's t-test. Data were expressed as
means ± SEM for control and experimental animals. The data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by post hock Duncan’s test using SPSS v 11 (statistical package for social sciences). The
results were considered statistically significant if the P< 0.05.
III. Results
Body Weight,
The body weight such as Initial, Final and Weight gain (IBW, FBW and BWG), liver weights and
relative liver weight (RLW) of control and experimental rats are shown in Table I. At the beginning rats’ weight
were matched (comparable) with no significant differences. The body weight was found to be significantly
reduced in lambda cyhalothrin treated rats (G 4) whereas lambda cyhalothrin intoxicated groups treated with
Solanum nigrum (fruits or ethanolic extract, G 5, 6) showed also significant body weight reduction but the
reduction is less than G 4, i.e. body weight begins to improve. Normal rats treated with ethanolic extract or dried
fruits (G 2 & 3) showed no significant change.
Intoxication of the rats with lambda cyhalothrin resulted in enlargement of liver with pale reddish
brown in colour. The group treated with dried fruits or ethanol extract of dried fruits of S. nigrum (G 2, 3),
showed liver size, which was similar to that found in the normal rats. However, a significant (P < 0.001)
restoration in liver weight was obtained in intoxicated groups treated with dried fruits or ethanol extract of dried
fruits of S. nigrum (Fig. 1) but still significantly higher than normal control (G 1). The liver and liver to body
weight ratio was found to be significantly increased in rats intoxicated with lambda cyhalothrin (G 4) or lambda
cyhalothrin intoxicated rats treated with S. nigrum fruits or alcoholic extract (G 5, 6). The increase in G 5, 6
was less than G 4 where liver to body weight ration begin to decrease trying to return to normal ratio as normal
control. Normal rats treated with S. nigrum fruits or alcoholic extract (G 2, 3) showed no significant change as
compared to control (Table I).
Haematological Changes
The values of Hb, Hct and MCHC; and RBC count were significantly decreased (P< 0.05 to 0.001)
after lambda cyhalothrin administration (G 4) and returned to normal following dried fruits of S. nigrum or
ethanol extract of dried fruits of S. nigrum administration (Groups 5 and 6). The decrease reach in RBC count
(15.75 %, P< 0.01), Hb content (16.47 %, p < 0.001) and Ht (33%, P< 0.001) in Lambda cyhalothrin treated
group compared to those of control group (G1). The Hct values did not change in Groups 1 to 3 (Table II).
Liver Function
The activities of hepatic marker enzymes in control and experimental groups were shown in Table III.
The results of biochemical parameters revealed the elevation of activities of hepatic enzymes marker levels in
lambda cyhalothrin treated group (G 4) indicating that lambda cyhalothrin induced damage to the liver (Table
III). A significant (p < 0.001) reduction was observed in AST, ALT and ALK Ph in the group treated with dried
fruits of S. nigrum or treated with ethanol extract of dried fruits of S. nigrum in comparison with G4 (rats
intoxicated with lambda cyhalothrin). The enzyme levels were almost restored to the normal levels found in
control. Also groups treated only with dried fruits of S. nigrum or treated with ethanol extract of dried fruits of
S. nigrum showed no significant change in AST, ALT and ALK Ph activity.
Ldh In Serum And Brain
In lambda cyhalothrin treated group (G 4), LDH activity in brain was significantly decreased by
37.45% (p < 0.01) compared to control group, with significant increase of its level in serum of G 4 (lambda
cyhalothrin treated group) by 34.7%. Administration of dried fruits of S. nigrum or ethanol extract of dried fruits
of S. nigrum ameliorated LDH activity in both serum and brain. No significant change was observed in normal
rats group (G 2& 3) treated with dried fruits of S. nigrum or ethanol extract of dried fruits of S. nigrum.
IV. Discussion
The present study showed that rats exposed to lambda cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid type II insecticide,
induced a marked decrease in food consumption and body weight of lambda cyhalothrin-treated rats (G 4)
which agree with (31, 32] whom they found similar results in animals exposed to different pyrethroid
compounds as Delta-methrin and fenvalerate and also agree with (33] using CCl4 as chemical induced liver
damage. The alteration of appetite due to lambda cyhalothrin exposure may account for the reduction of food
4. Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats
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intake seen in the lambda cyhalothrin rats. Our results, also, agree with [34, 31, 32] where they found a
significant decrease in final body weight but in their study the rats were intoxicated with ethanol and agree also
with (33] but their rats were intoxicated with CCl4. Also, our results agree with [35] whom reported that
lambda-cyhalothrin showed signs of toxicity as reduction in food intake, diarrohea, suppression in body weight
gain, ataxia, lethargy, sedation, haemotoxicity. Moreover, previous studies also showed a decrease in these
parameters in rabbits treated with cypermethrin [36].
Our results showed a significant increase in the ratio between the liver weight and final body weight in
lambda cyhalothrin intoxicated rats. This ratio begin to significantly decreased in treated groups (G 5 & 6) when
compared with G 4 but still significantly higher than normal control or their respective control (G 5 vs 2 and G 6
vs 3). This protective effect may be due to the presence of nutrients and polyphenols present in Solanum nigrum
fruits [37) which might have detoxified the liver and improved the body weight to near normal levels. Our
results agree with [9, 34] where they found significant body reduction and increased liver-body weight ratio but
in their experiment they fed rats with ethanol as chemical induced-hepatotoxicity when compared with the
controls. Our results disagree with [38] where they found a significant decrease in relative liver weight in
lambda cyhalothrin intoxicated rats.
Rats exposed to lambda cyhalothrin showed decreased haematological parameters (RBCs, Hct and Hb)
and developed anaemia in rats which is indicative of liver dysfunction. The histopathological images taken for
the test groups (Groups 5 and 6) demonstrated less damage than in lambda cyhalothrin treated group indicating
hepatoprotective effects of the dried Solanum nigrium fruits or its alcoholic extract. Our results are in agreement
with previous reports which demonstrated that pyrethroid insecticide exposure altered hematological parameters
in rats [39], in dogs [40], in the freshwater fish [41] and in rats [42] using CCl4 as chemical inducing liver
damage. The significant reduction in RBCs and Hb might be due probably to the inhibition of erythropoiesis and
hemosynthesis, and to an increase in the rate of erythrocyte destruction in hemopoietic organs. On the other
hand, haemoglobin in erythrocytes, is a major source of radical production when it interacts with redox drugs or
xenobiotics [43] giving rise to superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and in certain cases peroxy radicals
leading to membrane lipid peroxidation and hemolysis [44].
The efficacy of any hepatoprotective drug is essentially dependent on its ability in reducing the harmful
effects or maintaining the normal hepatic physiology that has been disturbed by a hepatotoxin. Generally,
hepatic cells take part in a variety of metabolic actions and restrain a host of enzymes. Previous studies have
demonstrated that pesticides, due to their hydrophobic nature, were largely accumulated in the biological
membrane especially in the phospholipid bilayers [45] and in lipid-rich internal tissues including body fat, skin,
liver, kidney, ovaries and elements of the central and peripheral nervous system [46]. Liver was the major site of
pyrethroid metabolism which accumulated a great concentration of its metabolites [47]. Their toxic effects
occurred probably through generation of reactive oxygen species causing damage to various membranous
components of the cell. Rats treated with cyhalothrin (G 4) developed significant hepatic damage as evidenced
by substantial increases in the serum activities of ALT, AST and ALK Ph that are indicators of cellular leakage
and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in liver [48, 49]. During liver injury, transport function of the
hepatocytes is disturbed which leads to leakage of plasma membrane, thereby causing an increased enzyme
level in serum [50]. In our study, we observed a significant increase in the activities of liver marker enzymes
such as AST, ALT, and ALK PH, on lambda cyhalothrin intoxicated rats, which indicates increased
permeability, damage and/or necrosis of hepatocytes [51]. In the present study, administration of dried S. nigrum
fruits or its ethanolic extract decreased the lambda cyhalothrin induced elevated enzyme levels in group 5 & 6 to
near normal. This suggests the maintenance or stabilization of structural integrity of hepatocytic cell membrane
or regeneration of damaged liver cells by the extract [33, 52]. Our results agree with [18,53] where they found a
significant increase in AST, ALT and ALK PH levels in rats but their rats were intoxicated with ethanol or CCl4.
The histopathological changes revealed less damage in the treated G 5 and 6 compared to the lambda
cyhalothrin intoxicated rats [G 4). This therefore indicates some protective effect of the S. nigrum fruits or
alcoholic extract extract.
The increase of LDH activity, marker of hemolysis [54] levels in erythrocytes suggested that anemia
signs, observed in our study, are related to intravascular hemolysis. Similar results have been found in rat
erythrocytes exposed to cypermethrin for 2 months [55].
Lactate deshydrogenase (LDH), a tetrameric enzyme, was recognized as a potential marker for
assessing the toxicity of drugs and xenobiotics. The significant decline of LDH activity in brain of rats
intoxicated with lambda cyhalothrin (G 4) compared to normal control group suggested the decrease in the
glycolytic process due to the lower metabolic rate as a result of LTC intoxication. Several reports revealed a
decreased LDH activity in tissues under various pesticide toxicity conditions [56]. Co-administration of dried S.
nigrum fruits or its ethanolic extract to LTC-treated group improved LDH activity in brain and this may be due
to enhancement of glycolysis.
5. Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats
www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
V. Conclusion:
Our results demonstrate that S. nigrum fruits or alcoholic extract was able to reverse the pathological
parameters and serum levels of ALT, AST and ALK PH of liver damage. This protecting ability of S. nigrum
fruits or alcoholic extract may be due to, at least partially, to the high content of polyphenols, alkaloids and
saponins in SNE. Therefore, dietary S. nigrum fruits or alcoholic extract may be useful as a hepatoprotective
agent against lambda cyhalothrin induced liver damage in vivo.
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Table (1): Effect of Solanum nigrum on initial body weight (IBW), final body weight (FBW) and body weight gain
(BWG) of rats exposed to lambda cyhalothrin.
Groups
No. of
rats
in
groups
IBW
(g)
FBW
(g)
BWG
(g)
Diet
(g/rat/ week)
Liver
Weight
(gm)
Relative
liver weight
(RLW)
1 6 204.174.39 274.83±6.15 70.67±3.87 95.472.23 4.871.25 1.750.50
2 5 204.80±6.02 264.20±3.60 59.40±4.34 94.121.82 4.871.00 1.940.39
3 6 204.17±7.50 266.00±6.91 61.83±1.78 99.771.90 4.750.55 1.700.19
4 5 198.20±6.01 137.60±3.13a,b,c -60.60±1.72
a,b,c
71.643.04
a,b,c
5.450.28
a,b,c
3.990.29
a,b,c
5 5 201.80±4.99 179.60±4.80a,b,c,d -22.20±0.89
a,b,c,d
85.241.75
a,b,c,d
5.120.37
a,b,c
2.830.13
a,b,c,d
6 6 200.00±8.20 178.83±5.93a,b,c -21.17±2.77
a,b,c,d
87.970.63
a,b,c,d
5.080.09
a,b,c
2.860.12
a,b,c,d
G1: Control, G2: normal + S. nigrum Extract, G3: Normal + S. nigrum Fruit, G4: Control+ Lambda cyhalothrin, G5:
normal+ S. nigrum Extract +Lambda cyhalothrin, G6: Normal+ S. nigrum Fruit+ Lambda cyhalothrin; a: G1, b: G2, c:
G3 , d: G4, e: G5; Significance of P < 0.01.
Table (II): Effect of Solanum nigrum on Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrite, RBCs and haematological indices of rats
exposed to lambda cyhalothrin.
Group
s
No. of
rats in
groups
Hb
(gm/100 ml)
Hct
(gm/100 ml)
RBC*10^6 MCHC MCV MCH
7. Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats
www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
1 6 14.210.35 43.621.04 6.160.22 32.570.02 71.293.26 23.221.07
2 5 14.000.37 43.001.11 6.000.28 32.560.02 72.494.55 23.601.49
3 6 14.050.36 43.141.07 6.130.19 32.560.02 70.622.45 22.990.81
4 5
11.870.31a,b
,c
36.610.93 a,b,c
5.190.08
a,b,c 32.420.02 70.631.88 22.900.62
5 5 13.230.34d
40.701.01 5.460.12a,c
32.510.02 74.682.50 24.280.83
6 6 13.460.25d
40.800.88
5.350.12a,b
,c 32.510.02 76.452.68 24.860.88
G1: Control, G2: normal + S. nigrum Extract, G3: Normal + S. nigrum Fruit, G4: Control+ Lambda cyhalothrin,
G5: normal+ S. nigrum Extract +Lambda cyhalothrin, G6: Normal+ S. nigrum Fruit+ Lambda cyhalothrin; a: G1,
b: G2, c: G3 , d: G4, e: G5; Significance of P < 0.01.
Table (III): Effect of Solanum nigrum on Alk. Phosphatase, AST and ALT of rats exposed to Lambda
cyhalothrin.
Groups
No. of
rats in
groups
Alkaline
Phosphatase
( U/L )
GOT (AST)
( U/L)
GPT (ALT)
( U/L)
LDH
Serum (U/ml) Brian (U/gm)
1 6 102.51 9.40 37.68 3.87 47.29 1.84 173.373.98 30.38±0.63
2 5 107.28 2.13 45.10 1.97 44.79 2.36 169.804.20 27.86±0.84
3 6 102.40 3.31 46.05 4.97 44.02 1.76 169.214.20 28.39±0.84
4 5
149.92 8.82
a,b,c
96.85 3.45
a,b,c
144.49 8.65
a,b,c
232.443.34 a,b,c
19.00±0.76 a,b,c
5 5 121.53 7.71d 78.60
1.02a,b,c,d
88.19 3.30
a,b,c,d
162.814.06
a,b,c,d
23.40±1.13
a,b,c,d
6 6 121.439.39 d 70.882.10
a,b,c,d 88.082.27 a,b,c,d 161.353.31
a,b,c,d
23.03±0.72
a,b,c,d
G1: Control, G2: normal + S. nigrum Extract, G3: Normal + S. nigrum Fruit, G4: Control+ Lambda cyhalothrin,
G5: normal+ S. nigrum Extract +Lambda cyhalothrin, G6: Normal+ S. nigrum Fruit+ Lambda cyhalothrin; a: G1,
b: G2, c: G3, d: G4, e: G5; Significance of P < 0.01.
Figure 1a-f: Histopathological changes of rats exposed to lambda cyhalothrin
Fig 1a: Liver of rat from group
1 9normal control) showing the
normal histological structure of
hepatic lobule (H & E X 400).
Fig 1b: Liver of rat from group 2
showing the normal histological
structure of hepatic lobule (H & E
X 400).
Fig 1c: Liver of rat from group 3
showing the normal histological
structure of hepatic lobule (H & E
X 400).
8. Effect of Solanum nigrum Linn against Lambda Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats
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Fig 1d: Liver of rat from group
4 showing portal infiltration
with leucocytes (+++) (H & E X
400).
Fig 1e: Liver of rat from group 5
showing kupffer cells activation (+)
(H & E X 400).
Fig 1f: Liver of rat from group 6
showing kupffer cells activation (+)
(H & E X 400).
G1: Control, G2: normal + S. nigrum Extract, G3: Normal + S. nigrum Fruit, G4: Control+ Lambda cyhalothrin, G5: normal+ S.
nigrum Extract +Lambda cyhalothrin, G6: Normal+ S. nigrum Fruit+ Lambda cyhalothrin;