Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Growing West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cas...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with 40 growing West African Dwarf bucks aged 5–7 months with
an initial average weight of 5.25 kg ± 0.35 to determine their hematological and serum biochemical
parameters. The goats were randomly allocated to five treatments namely: T1 (100% urea-treated cassava
peel), T2 (60% untreated cassava peel + 40% cassava foliage), T3 (60% untreated cassava peel + 40%
poultry manure), T4 (60% untreated cassava peel + 20% cassava foliage + 20% treated cassava peel), and
T5 (60% untreated cassava peel + 20% cassava foliage + 20% poultry manure) in a complete randomized
design. Each treatment was split into eight replicates. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were
collected from four goats per treatment to evaluate the following hematological indices: packed cell volume
(PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean
corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC). Serum parameters determined were
total protein (g/dL), albumin (g/dL), globulin (g/dL), creatinine (mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (iu/L),
alanine transaminase (ALT) (iu/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (iu/L), and urea (iu/L). PCV, RBC
and WBC showed significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatment groups while other haematological
parameters examined showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Serum biochemical parameters indicated
that total protein ranged from 4.10 to 5.18 g/dL, albumin: 1.90–2.55 g/dL, creatinine: 0.08–1.28 mg/dL,
ALP: 53.18–96.95 iu/L, ALT: 138.75–176.50 iu/L, globulin: 2.20–3.03 iu/L, AST: 16.18–17.58 iu/L, and
urea: 17.60–23.75 iu/L. All the values obtained for hematological and serum biochemical parameters were
within the normal ranges for growing goats. This indicates that feeding of cassava peel with supplemental
nitrogen sources had no deleterious effect on the body physiology and health of the animals.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Growing West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cas...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with 40 growing West African Dwarf bucks aged 5–7 months with
an initial average weight of 5.25 kg ± 0.35 to determine their hematological and serum biochemical
parameters. The goats were randomly allocated to five treatments namely: T1 (100% urea-treated cassava
peel), T2 (60% untreated cassava peel + 40% cassava foliage), T3 (60% untreated cassava peel + 40%
poultry manure), T4 (60% untreated cassava peel + 20% cassava foliage + 20% treated cassava peel), and
T5 (60% untreated cassava peel + 20% cassava foliage + 20% poultry manure) in a complete randomized
design. Each treatment was split into eight replicates. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were
collected from four goats per treatment to evaluate the following hematological indices: packed cell volume
(PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean
corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC). Serum parameters determined were
total protein (g/dL), albumin (g/dL), globulin (g/dL), creatinine (mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (iu/L),
alanine transaminase (ALT) (iu/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (iu/L), and urea (iu/L). PCV, RBC
and WBC showed significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatment groups while other haematological
parameters examined showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Serum biochemical parameters indicated
that total protein ranged from 4.10 to 5.18 g/dL, albumin: 1.90–2.55 g/dL, creatinine: 0.08–1.28 mg/dL,
ALP: 53.18–96.95 iu/L, ALT: 138.75–176.50 iu/L, globulin: 2.20–3.03 iu/L, AST: 16.18–17.58 iu/L, and
urea: 17.60–23.75 iu/L. All the values obtained for hematological and serum biochemical parameters were
within the normal ranges for growing goats. This indicates that feeding of cassava peel with supplemental
nitrogen sources had no deleterious effect on the body physiology and health of the animals.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
Potential Availability Waste of Food Cropas Feed in Majene West Sulawesi, Ind...AI Publications
Animal husbandry development is an integral part of agricultural sector development. Paradigm farm livestock development is the realization of a healthy, productive and creative through a tough farm based on local resources. It is also included animal feed raw material resources. The source of agricultural-based local feed ingredients and agro-industries in Indonesia is very abundant as along as the vast agricultural land and high food crop production in Indonesia. This research was conducted in Majene, West Sulawesi. This study focused on several agricultural commodities, namely rice, corn, peanuts, green beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. This study aims were: 1). Calculate the food crop waste production; 2). Calculate the feed production concentration Index of food crop waste (FPCIFCW); 3) Calculate the carrying capacity (CCFCW) of food crop waste; 4) Calculate the feed carrying capacity index of food crop waste (FCCIFCW) in Majene. This research is a survey research. The research material was food crop waste. Determination of the study location of food crops (rice straw, corn straw, peanut straw, green bean straw, sweet potato straw and cassava leaves) was carried out in a purposive sampling. The selected districts were Ulumanda and Malunda. The result showed that the all districts were very potential in availability of food crop waste. Majene Regency has abundant production of agricultural waste. It was spread evenly, can meet livestock needs, and continuously. The production of food crops waste were159 383.6 tons dry matter, 89 313.7 tons crude protein and 53 859.9 tons total digestible nutrient.
Effect of Paddy Straw Based Integrated Nutrient Management Practices for Sust...iosrjce
The field experiments on Integrated Nutrient Management in rice were carried out ( Kharif
2010,2011 and 2012 and summer 2011 and 2012) in red loamy soil at Agricultural and Horticultural Research
Station, Kathalagere, Channagiri taluk, Davanagere district of Karnataka, India to develop suitable integrated
nutrient management practices for rice using organic and inorganic sources of nutrients through integration of
paddy straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @5 kg ha-1 +
Pleurotus sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1
.The organic sources of nutrients used in the present study were FYM (Farm
yard manure), paddy straw and Gliricidia sipium. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that
the supply of recommended dose of NPK with FYM or paddy straw treated with cow dung slurry @ 5% + T.
harizianum @5 kg ha-1 + P. sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1
or Gliricidia yielded significantly positive response in
increasing yield attributes like grain and straw yield in rice. The pooled experimental data of five season
experimentation confirmed the results for sustainability of rice productivity
Production and characterization of fermented rice flour containing gamma-amin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fermented foods provides therapeutical attributes beyond their basic nutritional value and are known to reduce disease risk. Broken rice was fermented using Enterococcus faecium NCIM 5593 and its fermentation characteristics was studied. Attempts were made to formulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) containing fermented rice flour (GFRF) by lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation enhanced the level of GABA and antioxidant phenolics. GFRF exhibited potential antioxidant capacity evaluated against DPPH (77.89±1.85 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry matter) and ABTS (163.21±2.81 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry matter) radicals. Fermentation significantly increased the levels of proteins and reduced carbohydrate content. Microstructure of GFRF was also influenced, where its starch granules where released from its enclosed structure after fermentation. In addition, fermentation enhanced the whiteness of the flour. This investigation shows evidence that fermentation modified the functionality of GFRF and can be used as a functional food ingredient. Further studies are directed towards studying the effect of GFRF extract to ameliorate neurotoxin induced oxidative dysfunctions and neurotoxicity in mice model.
physiochemical characterization of the brewers’ spent grain from a breweryIJEAB
Brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated in the production process of breweries formed by the solid part obtained from the wort filtration before boiling. It is mainly comprised of pulp and husk residues of the malt, but it also contains grains of the adjuncts, such as rice, maize and wheat. Quantitatively, brewers' spent grain is the main byproduct of the brewing process and currently it is used as animal feed. The objective of this study was to determine the physiochemical composition of the brewers' spent grain and its potential use in human food. To this end, brewers' spent grain samples were collected from a craft beer brewery located in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, determining such parameters as moisture, ash, total proteins, lipids, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy. The results revealed that the moisture and ash levels were 78.23 ± 1.45 and 3.76± 1.23g.100g-1, respectively. The figures for carbohydrates, total proteins, total fats and crude fibers were 1.89±1.21; 4.89 ± 0.29; 2.67 ± 0.68 and 4.19 ± 0.56, represented in g.100g-1 respectively. The energy values obtained were 109.23± 4.23 kcal.100g-1. As such, the conclusion can be drawn that brewers' spent grain can be used in both animal and human food.
Optimization and Modeling of Energy Bars Based Formulations by Simplex Lattic...AI Publications
Simplex lattice mixture design was utilized to optimize high caloric and acceptable energy bars. Fourteen formulations of injera were produced from flour blends of high quality cassava flour (0–100%), toasted bambara groundnut (0–100%) and roasted cashew kernel(0–100%).The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying the proportions of the independent variables on these dependent variables (proteins, fats, carbohydrate) and general acceptability qualities of the energy bars. Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates were indicators of the calorie values of these energy bars. Mixture response surface methodology was used to model the proteins, fats, carbohydrates and general acceptability with single, binary and ternary combinations of high quality cassava flour, toasted bambara groundnut and roasted cashew kernel flours. The effect of variation in levels of cassava, bambara groundnut and cashew kernel flours on the fats, proteins, carbohydrates and general acceptability of the formulated energy bars were adequately predicted with regression equation. The statistical adequacy of the generated polynomial equation of the responses was checked using the following indices: F-value at p0.05, coefficient of determination R2, Adj. R2, lack of fit, and coefficient of variation (CV). Optimization suggested energy bars containing 61.40 % high quality cassava flour, 0.00 % bambara groundnut flour and 38.6 % cashew kernel flour as the best proportion of these components with a desirability of 0.775. Numerical optimization indicated that better sensory and high calorific qualities are directly related with the proportion of cassava flour, bambara groundnut flour and cashew kernel flour respectively. The optimum blends as validated showed a close relationship between the predicted and experimental values.
A survey on the nutritional value of soybean and rapeseed meals and wheat and corn for monogastric feeds has been conducted by Adisseo. Results show great variations in the nutrient value depending on year of harvest, cultivar, geographical origin, and processing conditions. The survey included analysis of the digestible amino acid and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values using Adisseo’s NIR predictive equations which have been calculated in reference to in vivo digestibility tests.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This experiment assessed substitution level of soybean meal by mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer’s diet. Unsatiating demand for animal protein, the need to prudently utilize feeding resources and minimize footprints in food chain/business, use of local raw-material is imperative. 180 ISA Brown2000 hens, assigned to 9 treatments (2 replications, 10 hens each) were fed experimental diets for 4 periods (49-52wks) and were evaluated for their performance. Their diet contained 2 grades of MBPC (70% CP and 75% CP). T1 was control diet. T2-T5 contained MBPC (70% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. T6-T9 contained MBPC (75% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. The results revealed that egg production (%) and egg mass were not significantly different in 1st three periods but it was in the 4th period (P<0.05). T1 had the highest egg production (%) but not significantly different in overall periods. Progressively decreasing egg production and FCR was observed through the periods without a significant difference. Egg weight was significantly different in 4th period. Economic benefit returns (EBR) was not significantly different among treatments. It is concluded that MBPC (70% & 75% CP) can substitute 25% SBM in layer’s diet without adverse effect on performance and EBR.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessm...ijtsrd
Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major cost in animal production. Consequently, a research was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on nutrients composition, and in vitro gas assessment of Cajanus cajan as a fodder crop. Cajanus cajan foliage was harvested from the pasture unit of the University farm after cut back was done and samples were collected every 28 days of every month from July to March of the following year and each month serve as a treatment and T1 July…March T9. The samples were oven dried to determine chemical composition, minerals, secondary metabolites and in vitro gas evaluation using standard techniques. The results of chemical composition showed that crude protein CP and crude fibre varied from 17.12 to 19.44 and 21.57 to 24.83 respectfully. Similarly, all the minerals composition calcium Ca , phosphorus P , magnesium Mg , potassium K , sodium Na , manganese Mn , copper Cu zinc Zn , iron Fe and secondary metabolites phenols, phytates, oxalates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and lectins were significantly P 0.05 different across the treatments. All other parameters such as dry matter DM , ash, ether extract EE , nitrogen free extract NFE , non fibre carbohydrates NFC and carbohydrates CHO were varied significantly P 0.05 except the organic matter OM that was similar across the treatments. Fibre fractions Neutral Detergent Fibre NDF , Acid Detergent Fibre ADF , Acid Detergent Lignin ADL , Hemicellulose and Cellulose showed significant P 0.05 differences except ADL that was similar throughout the season. In vitro fermentation study revealed that methane CH4 , total gas volume TGV , dry matter degradability DMD , organic matter digestibility OMD , metabolisable energy ME , short chain fatty acids SCFA , and fermentation efficiency FE ranged between 3.00 and 7.50ml, 7.00 and 14.00ml, 44.37 and 56.79 , 37.56 and 43.48 , 4.25 and 5.12MJ KgDM, 0.11 and 0.28µmol, 4.00 and 6.78 respectively. Significant differences P 0.05 occurred among the months regarding the in vitro gas parameters. evaluated. The CP levels, CF and ADF indicated that Cajanus cajan would be digestible. In vitro fermentation results showed that CH4 ranged value was very low, an indication of low loss of energy feed if fed to ruminants. Dry matter degradability DMD and organic matter digestibility OMD of Cajanus cajan as affected by season change were relative low owing to relative high level of ADF, NDF and some secondary metabolites. However seasonal variation had significant P 0.05 effects on the chemical composition except for Ash, OM and ADL composition that were similar across the seasons. Similarly, the results of in vitro gas assessment showed that seasonal change had significant influence on the parameters measured. Amuda, A. J. | Okunlola, D. O "Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessment of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus C
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
Potential Availability Waste of Food Cropas Feed in Majene West Sulawesi, Ind...AI Publications
Animal husbandry development is an integral part of agricultural sector development. Paradigm farm livestock development is the realization of a healthy, productive and creative through a tough farm based on local resources. It is also included animal feed raw material resources. The source of agricultural-based local feed ingredients and agro-industries in Indonesia is very abundant as along as the vast agricultural land and high food crop production in Indonesia. This research was conducted in Majene, West Sulawesi. This study focused on several agricultural commodities, namely rice, corn, peanuts, green beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. This study aims were: 1). Calculate the food crop waste production; 2). Calculate the feed production concentration Index of food crop waste (FPCIFCW); 3) Calculate the carrying capacity (CCFCW) of food crop waste; 4) Calculate the feed carrying capacity index of food crop waste (FCCIFCW) in Majene. This research is a survey research. The research material was food crop waste. Determination of the study location of food crops (rice straw, corn straw, peanut straw, green bean straw, sweet potato straw and cassava leaves) was carried out in a purposive sampling. The selected districts were Ulumanda and Malunda. The result showed that the all districts were very potential in availability of food crop waste. Majene Regency has abundant production of agricultural waste. It was spread evenly, can meet livestock needs, and continuously. The production of food crops waste were159 383.6 tons dry matter, 89 313.7 tons crude protein and 53 859.9 tons total digestible nutrient.
Effect of Paddy Straw Based Integrated Nutrient Management Practices for Sust...iosrjce
The field experiments on Integrated Nutrient Management in rice were carried out ( Kharif
2010,2011 and 2012 and summer 2011 and 2012) in red loamy soil at Agricultural and Horticultural Research
Station, Kathalagere, Channagiri taluk, Davanagere district of Karnataka, India to develop suitable integrated
nutrient management practices for rice using organic and inorganic sources of nutrients through integration of
paddy straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @5 kg ha-1 +
Pleurotus sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1
.The organic sources of nutrients used in the present study were FYM (Farm
yard manure), paddy straw and Gliricidia sipium. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that
the supply of recommended dose of NPK with FYM or paddy straw treated with cow dung slurry @ 5% + T.
harizianum @5 kg ha-1 + P. sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1
or Gliricidia yielded significantly positive response in
increasing yield attributes like grain and straw yield in rice. The pooled experimental data of five season
experimentation confirmed the results for sustainability of rice productivity
Production and characterization of fermented rice flour containing gamma-amin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fermented foods provides therapeutical attributes beyond their basic nutritional value and are known to reduce disease risk. Broken rice was fermented using Enterococcus faecium NCIM 5593 and its fermentation characteristics was studied. Attempts were made to formulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) containing fermented rice flour (GFRF) by lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation enhanced the level of GABA and antioxidant phenolics. GFRF exhibited potential antioxidant capacity evaluated against DPPH (77.89±1.85 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry matter) and ABTS (163.21±2.81 mg vitamin C equivalent/g dry matter) radicals. Fermentation significantly increased the levels of proteins and reduced carbohydrate content. Microstructure of GFRF was also influenced, where its starch granules where released from its enclosed structure after fermentation. In addition, fermentation enhanced the whiteness of the flour. This investigation shows evidence that fermentation modified the functionality of GFRF and can be used as a functional food ingredient. Further studies are directed towards studying the effect of GFRF extract to ameliorate neurotoxin induced oxidative dysfunctions and neurotoxicity in mice model.
physiochemical characterization of the brewers’ spent grain from a breweryIJEAB
Brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated in the production process of breweries formed by the solid part obtained from the wort filtration before boiling. It is mainly comprised of pulp and husk residues of the malt, but it also contains grains of the adjuncts, such as rice, maize and wheat. Quantitatively, brewers' spent grain is the main byproduct of the brewing process and currently it is used as animal feed. The objective of this study was to determine the physiochemical composition of the brewers' spent grain and its potential use in human food. To this end, brewers' spent grain samples were collected from a craft beer brewery located in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, determining such parameters as moisture, ash, total proteins, lipids, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy. The results revealed that the moisture and ash levels were 78.23 ± 1.45 and 3.76± 1.23g.100g-1, respectively. The figures for carbohydrates, total proteins, total fats and crude fibers were 1.89±1.21; 4.89 ± 0.29; 2.67 ± 0.68 and 4.19 ± 0.56, represented in g.100g-1 respectively. The energy values obtained were 109.23± 4.23 kcal.100g-1. As such, the conclusion can be drawn that brewers' spent grain can be used in both animal and human food.
Optimization and Modeling of Energy Bars Based Formulations by Simplex Lattic...AI Publications
Simplex lattice mixture design was utilized to optimize high caloric and acceptable energy bars. Fourteen formulations of injera were produced from flour blends of high quality cassava flour (0–100%), toasted bambara groundnut (0–100%) and roasted cashew kernel(0–100%).The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying the proportions of the independent variables on these dependent variables (proteins, fats, carbohydrate) and general acceptability qualities of the energy bars. Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates were indicators of the calorie values of these energy bars. Mixture response surface methodology was used to model the proteins, fats, carbohydrates and general acceptability with single, binary and ternary combinations of high quality cassava flour, toasted bambara groundnut and roasted cashew kernel flours. The effect of variation in levels of cassava, bambara groundnut and cashew kernel flours on the fats, proteins, carbohydrates and general acceptability of the formulated energy bars were adequately predicted with regression equation. The statistical adequacy of the generated polynomial equation of the responses was checked using the following indices: F-value at p0.05, coefficient of determination R2, Adj. R2, lack of fit, and coefficient of variation (CV). Optimization suggested energy bars containing 61.40 % high quality cassava flour, 0.00 % bambara groundnut flour and 38.6 % cashew kernel flour as the best proportion of these components with a desirability of 0.775. Numerical optimization indicated that better sensory and high calorific qualities are directly related with the proportion of cassava flour, bambara groundnut flour and cashew kernel flour respectively. The optimum blends as validated showed a close relationship between the predicted and experimental values.
A survey on the nutritional value of soybean and rapeseed meals and wheat and corn for monogastric feeds has been conducted by Adisseo. Results show great variations in the nutrient value depending on year of harvest, cultivar, geographical origin, and processing conditions. The survey included analysis of the digestible amino acid and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values using Adisseo’s NIR predictive equations which have been calculated in reference to in vivo digestibility tests.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This experiment assessed substitution level of soybean meal by mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer’s diet. Unsatiating demand for animal protein, the need to prudently utilize feeding resources and minimize footprints in food chain/business, use of local raw-material is imperative. 180 ISA Brown2000 hens, assigned to 9 treatments (2 replications, 10 hens each) were fed experimental diets for 4 periods (49-52wks) and were evaluated for their performance. Their diet contained 2 grades of MBPC (70% CP and 75% CP). T1 was control diet. T2-T5 contained MBPC (70% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. T6-T9 contained MBPC (75% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. The results revealed that egg production (%) and egg mass were not significantly different in 1st three periods but it was in the 4th period (P<0.05). T1 had the highest egg production (%) but not significantly different in overall periods. Progressively decreasing egg production and FCR was observed through the periods without a significant difference. Egg weight was significantly different in 4th period. Economic benefit returns (EBR) was not significantly different among treatments. It is concluded that MBPC (70% & 75% CP) can substitute 25% SBM in layer’s diet without adverse effect on performance and EBR.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessm...ijtsrd
Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major cost in animal production. Consequently, a research was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on nutrients composition, and in vitro gas assessment of Cajanus cajan as a fodder crop. Cajanus cajan foliage was harvested from the pasture unit of the University farm after cut back was done and samples were collected every 28 days of every month from July to March of the following year and each month serve as a treatment and T1 July…March T9. The samples were oven dried to determine chemical composition, minerals, secondary metabolites and in vitro gas evaluation using standard techniques. The results of chemical composition showed that crude protein CP and crude fibre varied from 17.12 to 19.44 and 21.57 to 24.83 respectfully. Similarly, all the minerals composition calcium Ca , phosphorus P , magnesium Mg , potassium K , sodium Na , manganese Mn , copper Cu zinc Zn , iron Fe and secondary metabolites phenols, phytates, oxalates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and lectins were significantly P 0.05 different across the treatments. All other parameters such as dry matter DM , ash, ether extract EE , nitrogen free extract NFE , non fibre carbohydrates NFC and carbohydrates CHO were varied significantly P 0.05 except the organic matter OM that was similar across the treatments. Fibre fractions Neutral Detergent Fibre NDF , Acid Detergent Fibre ADF , Acid Detergent Lignin ADL , Hemicellulose and Cellulose showed significant P 0.05 differences except ADL that was similar throughout the season. In vitro fermentation study revealed that methane CH4 , total gas volume TGV , dry matter degradability DMD , organic matter digestibility OMD , metabolisable energy ME , short chain fatty acids SCFA , and fermentation efficiency FE ranged between 3.00 and 7.50ml, 7.00 and 14.00ml, 44.37 and 56.79 , 37.56 and 43.48 , 4.25 and 5.12MJ KgDM, 0.11 and 0.28µmol, 4.00 and 6.78 respectively. Significant differences P 0.05 occurred among the months regarding the in vitro gas parameters. evaluated. The CP levels, CF and ADF indicated that Cajanus cajan would be digestible. In vitro fermentation results showed that CH4 ranged value was very low, an indication of low loss of energy feed if fed to ruminants. Dry matter degradability DMD and organic matter digestibility OMD of Cajanus cajan as affected by season change were relative low owing to relative high level of ADF, NDF and some secondary metabolites. However seasonal variation had significant P 0.05 effects on the chemical composition except for Ash, OM and ADL composition that were similar across the seasons. Similarly, the results of in vitro gas assessment showed that seasonal change had significant influence on the parameters measured. Amuda, A. J. | Okunlola, D. O "Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessment of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus C
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Properties of Wholegrain Millet Sourdough...Premier Publishers
This study enumerates the bacterial and fungal isolates responsible for the fermentation of millet sourdoughs, evaluates the antimicrobial safety of the sourdough starters and the quality of bread produced thereafter. The individual flours were spontaneously fermented in the ratio 1:1 (w/v) for 48 h. At the end of the fermentation, the microbial consortium of the sourdough meals obtained were determined and also screened for antagonistic activity against selected pathogens. All the sourdough starters revealed strong clearance zones against the selected food borne pathogens with values ranging from 5.00 to 16.1 mm. The proximate compositions of the breads were improved by the sourdough fermentation process compared with the raw flour. The moisture content of flour determined ranged from 7.48 to 11.20% while the protein, fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate were 9.53 to 12.4%; 2.13 to 2.78%; 0.82 to 2.87%; 2.10 to 4.67% and 71.83 to 76.33% respectively. The carbohydrate content of the breads reduced with fermentation and ranged from 63.10% to 73.33% while the protein, ash, crude fibre and fat content increased and ranged from 11.57 to 15.31%; 2.39 to 3.08%; 1.76 to 3.62% and 7.15 to 12.32% respectively. The highest value for calcium 48.86 mg/100 g was exhibited by pearl millet bread. Sensory evaluation showed significant difference (P < 0.05) in the appearance, taste, colour, aroma and texture of the bread samples. The findings have suggested that indigenous wholegrain cereals could be employed for bread production, which has the potential to improve the nutritional profile and safety of cereal fermented foods which forms the bulk of the diet of rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa.
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe ...IJEAB
In Nigeria, the major feed resource for ruminant production is the natural grazeland. However, most forage found on such lands cannot absolutely support ruminant production. Therefore, there is need to ascertain the nutritive values of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University before setting up a ruminant farm. Wet season forages: grasses, legumes, forbes and tresses were sampled and analysed for proximate composition and in-vitro gas production using standard techniques. It was found that crude protein ranged between 12.2 and 27.3% in Terminalia catappa and Leucaena leucocephala respectively. The ash content varied from 6.0-22.0% in Andropogon gayanus and Asclepias syriaca respectively. Crude fibre of the forages was between 12.5 and 28.0% in L. leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens respectively. Gas production was measured for 24hrs at 3hr intervals. At mid-fermentation, gas production ranged between 4.0 and 13.3ml/200mgDM (T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively). While at termination, it was from 9.0 - 22.67ml/200mgDM in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among tested forages. Organic matter digestibility was from 37.7-58.54% in Tridax procumbens and A. syriaca respectively. Short chain fatty acid ranged from 0.27 - 0.6µmol in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. The methane gas ranged from 3.33-5.67mmol in Terminalia catappa and Calopogonium mucunoides respectively. In conclusion, most of the forages were found to be adequate for ruminant production in crude protein component. They were all noted to be very low in methane gas production which connotes energy loss in ruminant production. A good mixture of examined forages therefore, might serve as adequate feed resources for ruminant production in the area.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
Quality protein maize (QPM) combining the enhanced levels of
lysine and tryptophan with high grain yield and desirable agronomic traits could
reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in West and Central Africa. Twenty-two
varieties of QPM and two local checks were evaluated for agronomic
characteristics and nutritional qualities in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria
for two years (2009 and 2010). Though crude protein levels are good indicators of
quality, amino acid composition analyses, especially lysine and tryptophan that
would provide a final proof are in progress. The genotypes comprised five open
pollinated varieties (OPVs), nine inbred lines, eight hybrids and two local varieties.
Differences among the varieties were significant (P<0.01)><0.05) for days to tasselling. Most of the QPM inbred lines (CML
437, CML 490 CML 178) and hybrids (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-
OB and TZPB-OB) have superior performance for grain yield, other yield
attributes and nutritional qualities compared with the OPVs and local checks.
These inbreds could be potential sources of favorable alleles useful for future
maize breeding, while the hybrids could be evaluated in different environments of
Nigeria for comparative advantages in different environments and quality of the
grains to be released to farmers.
Studies on Protein Composition of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millspaugh] ...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the protein composition of pigeon pea Cajnus cajan (L)
millspaugh treated with sodium azide and gamma radiation. This was performed by exposing the seeds of
landraces pigeon pea to gamma rays at Centre for Radiotherapy and Oncology Department, ABUTH, Shika,
Zaria at doses of 0(control), 50, 100, 150 and 200Gy. These seeds were further treated with sodium azide
(NaN3) concentrations at 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04% SA. The analysis of protein content was the
determination of the amount of reduced Nitrogen present in food substance, i.e., its –NH2 and =NH2. The
proximate analyses were carried out as recommended by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(AOAC, 1990) using the kjeldahl method. The highest crude protein (CP) percentage value was obtained from
150Gy + 0.03%SA (25.1 %), followed by that due to 100Gy + 0.01%SA (24.7 %), 100Gy + 0.04%SA (24.4 %),
100Gy + 0.03%SA (23.7 %) and 150Gy + 0.00%SA (23.6 %). It is, therefore, concluded that the two mutagens
significantly affected the pigeon pea plant composition.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
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All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Twenty two genotypes of quality protein maize (QPM) and two local checks were assessed for their lysine and tryptophan levels, as well as grain yield characteristics at the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority station, Oke-Oyi, Ilorin, Nigeria for three years (2009-2011). The results showed that the QPM genotypes and the standard checks varied from one another, with respect to crude protein, zein dry matter, zein crude, lysine and tryptophan. The best QPM hybrids for grain yield (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-OB and TZPB-OB had percentage lysine and tryptophan advantage of 34% compared with the local checks. These hybrids also out-yielded other genotypes with yield advantage of 10, 24 and 26% over the best inbred, open pollinated variety and the standard check respectively. However, grain yield showed positive association with all the characteristics except crude protein content. Kernel number per cob had maximum correlation with grain yield followed by kernel rows per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. The direct effect for crude protein was positive but the correlation was negative. Conclusively, the QPM hybrids that combined high yield with the essential amino acids could be tested in different savanna agro-ecologies to identify those that could be released to farmers, while the superior inbreds could be introgressed for further breeding programs.
Similar to Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant Feed-Grade Sugarcane Peels (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
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It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant Feed-Grade Sugarcane Peels
Saleh and Kaankuka 029
improve protein intake. Saleh and Maigandi (2014)
reported the availability of sugarcane peels in Kano State
but, have not yet been put to better use such as for feeding
livestock. NSDC, (2003) reported that Nigeria is one of the
most important producers of sugarcane with a land
potential of over 500,000 hectares of suitable cane field
capable of producing over 5.0 million metric tons of
sugarcane. If processed, it will yield about 3.0 million
metric tons of sugar.
There is little information on utilization of sugarcane peels
by ruminants in Nigeria, but Kano has an abundant
sugarcane peels which are largely unutilized except for the
small quantity being scavenged by donkeys, cattle, sheep
and goats; the remaining large quantity are either burnt or
dumped as refuse and this cause environmental havoc by
blocking water ways (Saleh, 2015). Sugarcane peels can
provide cheap feedstuff resource with appreciable amount
of nutrients dry matter 87.6%, crude protein 6.5%, crude
fiber 12.7%, ether extract 2.8%, ash 12.8% and NFE
77.1% that can support modest performance in ruminants
Ayoade et al. (2007). Ochepo, Ochepo, and Ayoade,
(2012) observed in their studies with West African Dwarf
(WAD) goats that up to 40% inclusion level of sugarcane
peels in a complete diet had no adverse effect on
performance. Saleh, (2010) recommended that
sugarcane peels meal could be incorporated into the diet
of growing Yankasa sheep up to 45% level. There is
availability of sugarcane peels in different locations in the
country but their chemical compositions were not known,
therefore, this study was to determine the effect of location
on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as ruminant
feeds ingredient found in Kano State, Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
There are three sugarcane peels samples that are found
in Kano State viz; sample of sugarcane peels obtained
from Kano (KN) State; Kaduna (KD), and mixed sample
(KN and KD) which were all obtained from the noble cane
(S. officinarum). Known weights of the peels were sun
dried on a concrete slab for3 – 4 days and thereafter the
dry matter(DM) of the samples was determined in the
laboratory. The dried sugarcane peels were milled to
produce sugarcane peels meal.
The dried samples were then analyzed for crude protein
(CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and ash
according to AOAC, (2006). Energy was determined using
Bomb Calorimeter (Cal2k Isothermal), neutral detergent
fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) was
determined according to procedures described by Van
Soest and Robertson (1991) .The effects of chemical and
energy compositions of sugarcane peel meal value were
reported as indicated in table (1). All proximate values
were reported in percentages (AOCS, 2000).
The pH values of the three prepared samples of sugarcane
peels were determined in the laboratory using a pH meter.
Also, tannin, oxalate, and hydrogen cyanide contents were
analyzedaccording to standard procedures (AOAC, 2006),
while saponin and phytate were done according to the
procedure of El-Olemy, Al-Muhtad and Afifi (1994). Three
treatment samples using three replicate per each samples
were used. The data generated were subjected to analysis
of variance (ANOVA) according to (SAS, 2000). Where
differences in means manifest, the Fisher’s least
significance difference test (FLSD) was used to separate
them at (P< 0.05) level of probability.
RESULTS
The effect of location on chemical and energy composition
of sugarcane peels meal is presented in table (1). The
chemical composition of, ether extract and nitrogen free
extract were significant (P<0.05), also, dry matter of the
sugarcane peels was highly significant (P<0.01) by the
location. Meanwhile, energy was significantly affected (P<
0.05) by the location of the sugarcane peels. Crude
protein, crude fiber and ash were not significantly affected
(P>0.05) by the sugarcane location. Values for dry matter
ranged from 96.06 – 96. 82%; ether extract ranged from
1.26 – 1.61%; nitrogen free extract from 53.04 – 55.82%.
Also, crude protein ranged from 6.02 – 8.20%; crude fiber
ranged from 29.99 – 30.22%; ash ranged from 6.95 – 6.
97% and energy ranged from 3891. 34 – 4037.5 kcal/kg.
The effect of location on cellulose, hemicellulose, NDF,
ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal is presented also
in table (2). All the parameters were significant (P<0.05).
The values for cellulose ranged from 34.05 – 37.00%;
hemicelluloses ranged from 14.05 - 15.56%; neutral
detergent fibre ranged from 46.92 - 49.54%; acid detergent
fibre ranged from 61.02 - 65.28% and acid detergent lignin
ranged from 11.37 – 13.61%.
The anti-Nutritional factors or phytonutrients (quantitative
and qualitative) in sugarcane peels meal as affected by the
location is presented in table (2). The phytonutrients of all
the components were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by
the location. Values of tannin ranged from 0.10 - 0.11%;
phytate ranged from 2.44 - 2.57%; Oxalate 4.11 - 4.18%;
saponin 3.87 - 5.87% and hydrogen cyanide 0.29 -- 0.33%.
DISCUSSION
The effect of proximate compositions of sugarcane peels
meal value were reported in percentage as indicated in
table( 1).The dry matter is higher than the values reported
by Alu, Kaankuka, Bello and Salau (2013) for SCM. Crude
protein contents recorded are within the values reported
by (Ochepo et al., 2012). The crude fiber observed in the
study is higher than the 12% reported by Ayoade et al.
(2007) for SCM. The ether extract contents recorded are
lower than 2.8% reported by Ayoade et al. (2007) .
3. Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant Feed-Grade Sugarcane Peels
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 030
Table 1: Effect of location on chemical, pH and energy composition of sugarcane peels meal
Locations of Sugarcane Peels
Parameters Kano (KN) Kaduna (KD) KN + KD LSD*
Dry Matter (DM%) 96.71ab 96.82a 96.06b 0.754
Crude protein (CP%) 8.2 6.06 6.02 2.53
Crude Fiber (CF%) 30.19 29.99 30.22 0.356
ether extract (EE%) 1.61a 1.18b 1.26b 0.303
nitrogen free extract (NFE%) 53.04b 55.82a 55.55a 2.11
Cellulose% 34.64b 34.05c 37.00a 0.123
Hemicellulose% 15.31b 14.05c 15.56a 0.123
Neutral detergent fiber% 49.54a 46..92c 48.38b 0.099
Acid detergent fiber% 65.28a 61.02c 63.95b 0.049
Acid detergent lignin% 13.61a 12.82b 11.37c 0.278
pH 6.67a 6.42b 6.38c 0.0184
Energy (Kcal/g) 3891.34c 4037.53a 3964.43b 14.12
a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05)
*LSD = Least Significant Difference.
Table 2: Anti nutritional factors or phytonutrients of sugarcane peels meal as affected by location
*LSD = Least Significant Difference.
Table 1 also shows the values for hemicelluloses which
were very close to the values of 12.22 - 14.61% obtained
by Adesoji, (2012) for SCM. The acid detergent fiber
values were lower than the 78.75- 84.04% obtained by
Adesoji (2012) but, within the values (24.95 – 54.37%)
reported by Dos Anjos, Silva and Campana (2008). for
matured sugarcane. The values of NDF reported in the
study are within the values of 61.9% reported by Neckle
(1988) for sugarcane tops. Feed products obtained from
sugarcane are high in fiber and/or energy and, therefore,
are primarily used in ruminant feeding, especially cattle, to
meet nutritive requirements. Feed rations containing
sugarcane or its by-products are usually combined with
other feed products (OECD, 2011).
The pH values in Table1 shows the mixed sugarcane peels
appear to be less alkali compared to the KN and KD
sugarcane peels. Energy content values (3891. 34 –
4037.53kcal/kg) were higher than 1945 kcal/kg reported by
(OECD, 2011) but, within the range of 3344 – 4311 kcal/kg
reported by Alu et al. (2013) for SCM. Location, method
of processing, storage and other factors might have
resulted in observed differences in chemical compositions
since all the authors cited worked on SCM.
Tannin values in this research are very low as indicated
in table (2) and also Waghorn, Avendale and Woodfield
(1990). suggested that the concentration of condensed
tannins above 4 per cent should be considered toxic for
ruminants. The range of phytate in this study is minimal
and will not result to negative performance in ruminants.
Ruminants can readily use phytate because of the
activities of the rumen micro-organisms, while non-
ruminants cannot. The Oxalate values in this study are
safe for ruminants (Abu-Zanat, et al. 2003). Ruminants can
break down saponins in the rumen, while monogastrics
cannot. The saponins are water soluble and feeds
treatments removes saponins (Ranjhan, 2001). In non-
Parameters(%) Locations of Sugarcane Peels
Kano (KN) Kaduna
(KD)
KN + KD LSD*
Tannin 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.06
Phytate 2.57 2.44 2.51 1.09
Oxalate 4.18 4.11 4.11 1.15
Saponin 4.03 5.87 3.87 1.40
Hydrogen Cyanide 0.33 0.29 0.30 0.08
4. Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant Feed-Grade Sugarcane Peels
Saleh and Kaankuka 031
ruminants (chicks and pigs), retardation of growth rate,
due primarily to reduction in feed intake, is probably the
major concern. Such effects have also been noted
(saponin 0.71%) when saponin was incorporated in a chick
diet. Furthermore, because saponins may also undergo
bacterial degradation in the rumen, they may not retard the
growth of ruminants (Soetan and Oyewole, 2009) .The
values of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) reported in this study
are low. An earlier study observed that extensive
processing such as sun drying and milling of sugarcane
will naturally, reduce levels of any(HCN) by animals
consuming sugarcane and its by-products Knight and
Walter (2001).
CONCLUSION
Effect of location on proximate revealed that all the
sugarcane peels from different locations contained
substantial amount of crude protein (6.02% – 8.20%),
crude fibre (29.99% – 30.22%) and other nutrients that will
be used as ruminant feeds. However, energy values
(3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) and moderate anti-nutritional
Factors/phytonutrients (quantitative and qualitative)
compositions of sugarcane peels from different locations
qualified it to be used as ruminant feeds.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings from this study, sugarcane peels
meal contained substantial amounts of energy and
moderate amounts of proteins for ruminants’ feedings.
However, the peels meal can be safe for ruminants’
feedings since it contained small amounts of anti-
nutritional factors/phytonutrients compositions.
However, further studies should be carried out in order to
evaluate performance, digestibility and economic
incorporation of sugarcane peels to various categories of
ruminants. Also the result of this experiment could be used
to improve sugarcane production and job creation in
Nigeria.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge Federal College of Education
(Technical) Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria for providing some
facilities support for this research.
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