Mulltiple Alleles
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This document summarizes multiple alleles and provides examples. It discusses: 1) The human ABO blood group system which has 3 alleles (IA, IB, I0) determining 4 blood groups. 2) Inheritance of coat color in rabbits which is controlled by 4 alleles of the C gene determining 5 coat patterns. 3) Inheritance of the Rh factor in human blood which has 2 types - Rh positive and Rh negative.
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Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
1.5 origin of the cells
The document discusses the origin of the first cells. It begins by explaining that cells can only arise from the division of pre-existing cells, and that the first cells must have originated from non-living material on Earth. It then describes several key steps in the emergence of early life, including the synthesis of organic molecules, their assembly into polymers, the formation of membranes, and the development of molecules that could self-replicate like RNA. The document also discusses evidence supporting these events, such as the Miller-Urey experiment. Finally, it explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells, where mitochondria and chloroplasts arose through the engulfment and retention of ancient bacteria.
Multiple Alleles
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
Multiple Alleles
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and blood typing that are polyallelic. Specifically, it describes the ABO blood group system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. This polyallelic nature allows for multiple genotypes and phenotypes and is important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self.
Meiosis and its different stages
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells in organisms undergo two cell divisions to produce four haploid gametes. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, then separate so each daughter cell has one of each type of chromosome. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells each containing one set of chromosomes. This allows for genetic variation between gametes and offspring through independent assortment of chromosomes and new combinations from crossing over during meiosis I.
Lethal allele
This document discusses lethal alleles, which are alleles that cause death in an organism. It defines lethal alleles and provides a brief history of their discovery through early studies of coat color inheritance in mice. The document outlines four types of lethal alleles: early onset alleles that cause death early in life, late onset alleles that cause death late in life, conditional alleles that only cause death under certain environmental conditions, and semi-lethal alleles that only kill some individuals, not all. It provides the example of the Y gene in mice, which causes a yellow coat color but is lethal when present in the homozygous dominant state (YY), though not in the heterozygous or recessive states.
IB Biology 3.2 chromosomes
Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence that is shared by members of a species. In prokaryotes, DNA exists as a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Homologous chromosomes in diploid cells contain the same genes but can have different alleles. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in most species. Karyotyping allows visualization of chromosomes and can be used for analysis.
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Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
1.5 origin of the cells
The document discusses the origin of the first cells. It begins by explaining that cells can only arise from the division of pre-existing cells, and that the first cells must have originated from non-living material on Earth. It then describes several key steps in the emergence of early life, including the synthesis of organic molecules, their assembly into polymers, the formation of membranes, and the development of molecules that could self-replicate like RNA. The document also discusses evidence supporting these events, such as the Miller-Urey experiment. Finally, it explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells, where mitochondria and chloroplasts arose through the engulfment and retention of ancient bacteria.
Multiple Alleles
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
Multiple Alleles
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and blood typing that are polyallelic. Specifically, it describes the ABO blood group system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. This polyallelic nature allows for multiple genotypes and phenotypes and is important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self.
Meiosis and its different stages
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells in organisms undergo two cell divisions to produce four haploid gametes. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, then separate so each daughter cell has one of each type of chromosome. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells each containing one set of chromosomes. This allows for genetic variation between gametes and offspring through independent assortment of chromosomes and new combinations from crossing over during meiosis I.
Lethal allele
This document discusses lethal alleles, which are alleles that cause death in an organism. It defines lethal alleles and provides a brief history of their discovery through early studies of coat color inheritance in mice. The document outlines four types of lethal alleles: early onset alleles that cause death early in life, late onset alleles that cause death late in life, conditional alleles that only cause death under certain environmental conditions, and semi-lethal alleles that only kill some individuals, not all. It provides the example of the Y gene in mice, which causes a yellow coat color but is lethal when present in the homozygous dominant state (YY), though not in the heterozygous or recessive states.
IB Biology 3.2 chromosomes
Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence that is shared by members of a species. In prokaryotes, DNA exists as a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Homologous chromosomes in diploid cells contain the same genes but can have different alleles. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in most species. Karyotyping allows visualization of chromosomes and can be used for analysis.
IB Biology 3.3 meiosis
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes for sexual reproduction. It involves two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosome pairs separate, reducing the number by half. Crossing over and random assortment during meiosis increases genetic variation. Fusion of male and female gametes through fertilization combines the genetic material of the two parents, maximizing genetic diversity in offspring. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. Methods to obtain fetal cells for analysis include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.
Sex determination sex linkage and multiple allels
1. The document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination, including chromosomal and environmental mechanisms. It covers examples like XX/XY system in humans and Drosophila.
2. Sex linkage and inheritance of sex-linked traits are described. Examples given include color blindness and hemophilia in humans.
3. The concepts of multiple alleles, pseudoalleles, and isoalleles are introduced. Examples of multiple alleles systems include ABO blood groups in humans and fur color in rabbits.
IB Biology 3.2 Slides: Chromosomes
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes may also contain extra circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histone proteins and contain different genes, existing as homologous chromosome pairs in diploid cells and single copies in haploid cells like eggs and sperm. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species and can be used to determine sex or diagnose conditions like Down syndrome.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Incomplete, codominance, multiple alleles
1. Incomplete dominance and codominance are genetic concepts where the phenotype of the offspring is not fully dominated by one allele. An example is pink flowers from white and red parent flowers.
2. Codominance is when the offspring shows traits of both parents, like a checkered chicken from a black and white parent.
3. Multiple alleles exist when more than two alleles control a trait, such as blood types A, B, AB, and O in humans which are determined by proteins on red blood cells.
Multiple allele
This document discusses multiple alleles and blood types. It defines genes and alleles, noting that most genes have two alleles but some have three or more, called polyallelic genes. The ABO blood type system is controlled by a triallelic gene that generates six possible genotypes based on three alleles that determine the A, B, and O antigens. Blood transfusions require matching blood types to avoid agglutination, as the immune system recognizes foreign blood types.
Pedigree charts
A pedigree is a chart that depicts a family's genetic history over multiple generations. It is used by scientists and genetic counselors to analyze patterns of inheritance for genetic traits or disorders. A pedigree shows relationships between family members and can indicate whether a disorder is autosomal or sex-linked based on who is affected. It can also reveal if a trait is dominant or recessive based on whether the disorder appears in every generation or can skip generations.
Polygenic inheritance
When one phenotypic expression is controlled by more than one gene, is known as polygenic inheritance.
It is also called Quantitative inheritance.
The quantity of inheritance depends on dominant alleles.
Dominant alleles have a cumulative effect each expressing part of the trait.
Gene involved in quantitative inheritance is known as polygenes.
Polygenic inheritance doesn’t follow the Mendelian ratio.
Eg; the skin color of humans, the height of humans, and wheat kernel color.
GENETIC TERMINOLOGY AND MENDELIAN GENETICS
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Gene interactions
It's about for some interactions occurs between two genes and within a gene and how these interactions changed the phenotypic ratios of Mendelian phenotypic ratios.
Linkage and Recombination.ppt
Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together due to their physical linkage on the chromosome. However, linkage can be broken during meiosis via recombination between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossover. Recombination results in new combinations of parental alleles and limits the types of gametes produced under conditions of complete linkage. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila provided evidence of this by demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance ratios when genes were linked versus unlinked.
Linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by outlining Mendel's laws of inheritance and then describes how Bateson and Punnett discovered linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape in peas through deviations from expected Mendelian ratios. Morgan later showed with Drosophila experiments that linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome. The document then explains that crossing over during meiosis results in new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, allowing genes to be reshuffled between generations. Linkage maps can be constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between gene pairs, with less recombination indicating closer proximity on the chromosome.
Cell division- meiosis
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells such as eggs and sperm are produced, resulting in 4 haploid cells with half the normal number of chromosomes. This ensures that when an egg and sperm fuse during fertilization, the offspring has the correct diploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis involves two divisions and stages including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I, followed by a second round of division.
Chromosomal nomenclature
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus that carry genetic information in the form of genes. They were first discovered in 1875 by Strasburger during cell division and were named chromosomes by Waldeyer in 1888. Chromosomes are visible under a microscope during metaphase when stained with suitable dyes. They occur in a definite number and shape in the cells of eukaryotic organisms and can be autosomes or sex chromosomes.
Explanation of X-Linked inheritance
This document contains a series of slides explaining X-linked inheritance patterns. It begins with slides showing the human chromosomes and sex chromosomes. It then describes X-linked recessive inheritance when the mother is a carrier or the father has the condition. Next, it covers X-linked dominant inheritance when the mother has the condition. For X-linked dominant, affected sons may not survive and fewer sons than expected may be seen in families. The document aims to teach genetics through these inheritance pattern examples.
Multiple Allele
Multiple Alleles is a type of non-mendelian inheritance pattern. there are three or more alternative forms of a allele. here you can learn about the Multiple alleles with elaboration.
Exp. 4 karyotyping
This document describes the process of karyotyping and identifying human chromosomes through G-banding. Key points include:
- Karyotyping involves preparing, staining, and observing human chromosomes to diagnose genetic disorders and identify chromosomal abnormalities.
- Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. G-banding allows identification of chromosomes based on size, banding pattern, and centromere position.
- The karyotyping process involves culturing cells, arresting cell division, staining chromosomes, and analyzing spreads under a microscope to identify numerical or structural abnormalities. G-banding produces dark and light bands that make each chromosome pair unique.
- Common chrom
Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles refers to inheritance patterns involving more than two alleles that determine a trait. The ABO blood group gene has three alleles that produce four blood types - A, B, AB, and O. Type O has no antigens and is the universal donor type. Type AB has both A and B antigens and is the universal recipient type. An individual's blood type is determined by the alleles they inherit from each parent.
Chromosomes
CHROMOSOMES - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Genetics 1 Mendel Notes
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s to study inheritance patterns in offspring. He found that traits are determined by discrete factors (now known as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring. Mendel discovered that for each trait, there are two alleles - one dominant and one recessive. In the F1 generation, the dominant allele is expressed. In the F2 generation, the recessive allele reappears in approximately 25% of offspring due to independent assortment of alleles. Mendel's laws of inheritance formed the foundation of classical genetics.
Genetics
This document summarizes genetics concepts including multiple alleles, coat color in rabbits, blood types, and Rh factor. It discusses that multiple alleles occur when more than two alleles are present in a gene. It describes the four alleles that determine coat color in rabbits. It then explains the ABO blood group system, which has four phenotypes based on A, B, and O antigens on red blood cells. Finally, it discusses the Rh blood group system and the genetics behind Rh factor, which is important for blood transfusions and can cause erythroblastosis fetalis if mother and fetus have incompatible Rh factors.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
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IB Biology 3.3 meiosis
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes for sexual reproduction. It involves two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosome pairs separate, reducing the number by half. Crossing over and random assortment during meiosis increases genetic variation. Fusion of male and female gametes through fertilization combines the genetic material of the two parents, maximizing genetic diversity in offspring. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. Methods to obtain fetal cells for analysis include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.
Sex determination sex linkage and multiple allels
1. The document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination, including chromosomal and environmental mechanisms. It covers examples like XX/XY system in humans and Drosophila.
2. Sex linkage and inheritance of sex-linked traits are described. Examples given include color blindness and hemophilia in humans.
3. The concepts of multiple alleles, pseudoalleles, and isoalleles are introduced. Examples of multiple alleles systems include ABO blood groups in humans and fur color in rabbits.
IB Biology 3.2 Slides: Chromosomes
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotes may also contain extra circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histone proteins and contain different genes, existing as homologous chromosome pairs in diploid cells and single copies in haploid cells like eggs and sperm. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species and can be used to determine sex or diagnose conditions like Down syndrome.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Incomplete, codominance, multiple alleles
1. Incomplete dominance and codominance are genetic concepts where the phenotype of the offspring is not fully dominated by one allele. An example is pink flowers from white and red parent flowers.
2. Codominance is when the offspring shows traits of both parents, like a checkered chicken from a black and white parent.
3. Multiple alleles exist when more than two alleles control a trait, such as blood types A, B, AB, and O in humans which are determined by proteins on red blood cells.
Multiple allele
This document discusses multiple alleles and blood types. It defines genes and alleles, noting that most genes have two alleles but some have three or more, called polyallelic genes. The ABO blood type system is controlled by a triallelic gene that generates six possible genotypes based on three alleles that determine the A, B, and O antigens. Blood transfusions require matching blood types to avoid agglutination, as the immune system recognizes foreign blood types.
Pedigree charts
A pedigree is a chart that depicts a family's genetic history over multiple generations. It is used by scientists and genetic counselors to analyze patterns of inheritance for genetic traits or disorders. A pedigree shows relationships between family members and can indicate whether a disorder is autosomal or sex-linked based on who is affected. It can also reveal if a trait is dominant or recessive based on whether the disorder appears in every generation or can skip generations.
Polygenic inheritance
When one phenotypic expression is controlled by more than one gene, is known as polygenic inheritance.
It is also called Quantitative inheritance.
The quantity of inheritance depends on dominant alleles.
Dominant alleles have a cumulative effect each expressing part of the trait.
Gene involved in quantitative inheritance is known as polygenes.
Polygenic inheritance doesn’t follow the Mendelian ratio.
Eg; the skin color of humans, the height of humans, and wheat kernel color.
GENETIC TERMINOLOGY AND MENDELIAN GENETICS
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Gene interactions
It's about for some interactions occurs between two genes and within a gene and how these interactions changed the phenotypic ratios of Mendelian phenotypic ratios.
Linkage and Recombination.ppt
Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together due to their physical linkage on the chromosome. However, linkage can be broken during meiosis via recombination between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossover. Recombination results in new combinations of parental alleles and limits the types of gametes produced under conditions of complete linkage. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila provided evidence of this by demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance ratios when genes were linked versus unlinked.
Linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by outlining Mendel's laws of inheritance and then describes how Bateson and Punnett discovered linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape in peas through deviations from expected Mendelian ratios. Morgan later showed with Drosophila experiments that linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome. The document then explains that crossing over during meiosis results in new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, allowing genes to be reshuffled between generations. Linkage maps can be constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between gene pairs, with less recombination indicating closer proximity on the chromosome.
Cell division- meiosis
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells such as eggs and sperm are produced, resulting in 4 haploid cells with half the normal number of chromosomes. This ensures that when an egg and sperm fuse during fertilization, the offspring has the correct diploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis involves two divisions and stages including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I, followed by a second round of division.
Chromosomal nomenclature
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus that carry genetic information in the form of genes. They were first discovered in 1875 by Strasburger during cell division and were named chromosomes by Waldeyer in 1888. Chromosomes are visible under a microscope during metaphase when stained with suitable dyes. They occur in a definite number and shape in the cells of eukaryotic organisms and can be autosomes or sex chromosomes.
Explanation of X-Linked inheritance
This document contains a series of slides explaining X-linked inheritance patterns. It begins with slides showing the human chromosomes and sex chromosomes. It then describes X-linked recessive inheritance when the mother is a carrier or the father has the condition. Next, it covers X-linked dominant inheritance when the mother has the condition. For X-linked dominant, affected sons may not survive and fewer sons than expected may be seen in families. The document aims to teach genetics through these inheritance pattern examples.
Multiple Allele
Multiple Alleles is a type of non-mendelian inheritance pattern. there are three or more alternative forms of a allele. here you can learn about the Multiple alleles with elaboration.
Exp. 4 karyotyping
This document describes the process of karyotyping and identifying human chromosomes through G-banding. Key points include:
- Karyotyping involves preparing, staining, and observing human chromosomes to diagnose genetic disorders and identify chromosomal abnormalities.
- Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. G-banding allows identification of chromosomes based on size, banding pattern, and centromere position.
- The karyotyping process involves culturing cells, arresting cell division, staining chromosomes, and analyzing spreads under a microscope to identify numerical or structural abnormalities. G-banding produces dark and light bands that make each chromosome pair unique.
- Common chrom
Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles refers to inheritance patterns involving more than two alleles that determine a trait. The ABO blood group gene has three alleles that produce four blood types - A, B, AB, and O. Type O has no antigens and is the universal donor type. Type AB has both A and B antigens and is the universal recipient type. An individual's blood type is determined by the alleles they inherit from each parent.
Chromosomes
CHROMOSOMES - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Genetics 1 Mendel Notes
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s to study inheritance patterns in offspring. He found that traits are determined by discrete factors (now known as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring. Mendel discovered that for each trait, there are two alleles - one dominant and one recessive. In the F1 generation, the dominant allele is expressed. In the F2 generation, the recessive allele reappears in approximately 25% of offspring due to independent assortment of alleles. Mendel's laws of inheritance formed the foundation of classical genetics.
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Genetics
This document summarizes genetics concepts including multiple alleles, coat color in rabbits, blood types, and Rh factor. It discusses that multiple alleles occur when more than two alleles are present in a gene. It describes the four alleles that determine coat color in rabbits. It then explains the ABO blood group system, which has four phenotypes based on A, B, and O antigens on red blood cells. Finally, it discusses the Rh blood group system and the genetics behind Rh factor, which is important for blood transfusions and can cause erythroblastosis fetalis if mother and fetus have incompatible Rh factors.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
Multiple alleles.pdf
This document discusses multiple alleles, which are two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes. It provides examples of traits determined by multiple alleles, including coat color in rabbits (with alleles for agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino), human blood groups (A, B, AB, and O alleles), eye color in fruit flies (with alleles producing shades from red to white), and feather patterns in ducks. The relationship between genotypes and resulting phenotypes is explained for each example. The document also briefly discusses self-sterility in plants as another example of multiple alleles.
blood grouping.pptx
The document discusses blood grouping methodology and focuses on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It provides details on:
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- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO system in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work. Inheritance of blood groups follows genetic patterns.
- Common techniques for blood grouping include slide tests, tube tests, microplates, and gel cards. Proper sample collection and testing procedures must be followed.
- Understanding blood groups is essential for safe blood transfusions and preventing issues like hemolytic
Multiple alleles - ABO blood group, Rh Factor, Erythroblastosis foetalis, Pro...
Although individual humans (and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple alleles may exist at the population level.
“Three or more kinds of gene which occupy the same locus are referred to as multiple alleles.”
MULTIPLE ALLOTS ( ALLELES ) AND BLOOD GROUPS OM VERMA 2023.pdf
This document discusses alleles, multiple alleles, and blood grouping. It explains that alleles are pairs of genes that control the same trait and occupy the same locus on a chromosome. Multiple alleles refer to three or more alleles for a particular gene. The ABO blood group system in humans is provided as an example of multiple alleles, with the alleles being IA, IB, and i. Phenotypes and genotypes are shown for the different blood groups. Examples of blood group inheritance from parents to children are also presented.
Multiple allelism
This document discusses multiple allelism, which refers to more than two alternative allelic forms of a gene occupying the same locus. It provides examples of multiple allelism in eye color in Drosophila, with 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and in human blood groups with the A, B, and O alleles. The characteristics of multiple alleles are described, including that only two alleles are present per individual. Multiple allelism in inheritance of blood groups and determining blood group combinations in offspring are also covered.
Blood Typing
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
Blood Typing PPT.ppt
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups (A, B, AB and O) in 1901. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping of red blood cells. This occurs due to the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. Landsteiner's discovery made blood transfusions safer by allowing blood typing. There are over 20 blood group systems but ABO and Rh (Rhesus) are most important. ABO blood groups are determined by inheritance of A, B or O alleles while Rh status depends on presence/absence of the D antigen. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood is crucial to avoid dangerous immune reactions.
Blood typing ppt
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping if they have incompatible blood types due to antigens and antibodies. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB and O based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies in plasma. The Rh system further divides blood into Rh+ and Rh- based on the presence of the Rh antigen. Understanding blood groups is crucial to ensure compatibility during transfusions.
ABO_Rh_groups (1).ppt
The document discusses ABO and Rh blood group systems. It provides details on the antigens and antibodies involved, including their reciprocal relationship. It explains how the ABO blood groups are inherited based on codominance and gives examples of inheritance patterns. The synthesis of ABO antigens is described, showing how genes code for enzymes that add specific sugars to produce the A, B, or H antigens. Practical aspects of blood grouping techniques like the tube method and microplate method are also covered.
multiple allelism
Multiple allelism refers to the presence of more than two alternative alleles at a single gene locus. The document discusses examples of multiple allelism including eye color in Drosophila, which has 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and human blood groups which are determined by multiple alleles acting co-dominantly. The ABO blood group system involves the A, B, and O alleles which code for different antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma. The Rh blood group system additionally involves the R and r alleles which code for the Rh factor antigen present in most humans. Knowledge of blood groups is important for safe blood transfusions and in paternity testing.
Blood groups & blood donations
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) in 1901. This discovery allowed safer blood transfusions by preventing fatal reactions between incompatible blood groups. The presence or absence of antigens (proteins) and antibodies on red blood cells and in plasma determines a person's blood group. The ABO and Rh blood group systems are most important for transfusions. A person can only receive blood from a donor with compatible or identical blood groups to prevent dangerous clumping of red blood cells.
abobloodgroupsystem-170121130000.pptx
The ABO blood group system is one of the most important blood group systems for transfusions. It is determined by the ABO gene which has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - that encode for the A, B, and O antigens, respectively. The ABO blood types are determined by which alleles are present: IAIA or IAi produce type A blood, IBIB or IBi produce type B, IAIB produces AB, and ii produces O. The Rh system, specifically the D antigen, is the second most important blood group and sensitization to the D antigen in Rh-negative pregnant women can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if not prevented.
1.blood group
types of blood group bettre Rh factor cross match Rh incompatibility mis matc hazaeds nlood transfusion
ABO_Rh_groups.ppt
1) The document discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems, which are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies found in plasma.
2) The ABO system includes A, B, and H antigens that are synthesized based on inherited genes. The presence or absence of A and B antigens determines the four blood groups - A, B, AB, and O.
3) The Rh system involves the RhD antigen. Most individuals are RhD-positive unless they inherit two copies of the RhD-negative gene.
Genetic terms in blood banking
This document discusses the genetics and inheritance of blood groups, focusing on the ABO system. It explains that the ABO system is determined by three genes - A, B, and O - located on chromosome 9. These genes encode glycosyltransferase enzymes that add specific sugars to a basic oligosaccharide chain on red blood cells, producing the A, B, and H antigens. The presence or absence of these antigens determines the individual's blood group type. Proper understanding of blood group genetics is important for blood transfusions to avoid immune reactions between incompatible blood types.
Blood group inheritance
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Abo blood group system
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MULTIPLE ALLELES SMG
Multiple Alleles - Introduction- Examples: 1. ABO blood group system in man 2. Self sterility in Nicotiana
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Mulltiple Alleles
- 1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga Department of Biotechnology Seminar Topic : Multiple alleles Guide: Submitted By: Dr.C.K.Ramesh Veerendra M Associate professor, I MSc, I Semester Dept of Biotechnology Sahyadri Science college Sahyadri Science college Shivamogga Shivamogga
- 2. CONTENTS Introduction Multiple allelism Inheritance of human abo blood group Genotypes of human abo blood group Applications of human abo blood group Inheritance of rh factor Inheritance of coat colour in rabbits Conclusion References
- 3. INTRODUCTION • A Gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity that controls a particular trait of an organism. • An allele is a alternative form of a same gene located on same locus on the homologous chromosomes. • Alleles were first defined by Gregor Mendel in the Law of Seggregation. • During his study on genetics, Mendel also assumed only two alleles of one trait • Three or more alternative forms of the same gene are known as Multiple alleles. Their inheritence pattern is called Multiple allelism.
- 4. MULTIPLE ALLELES Alleles control the same characters and occupy the same locus. Multiple alleles originate due to mutation. All the alleles of the gene together constitute multiple allelic series. In multiple allelic series, wild type allele is dominant over the other allele. There is no crossing over. Crossed alleles no attevation.
- 5. EXAMPLES OF MULTIPLE ALLELES Human ABO Blood group Coat colour in Rabbits Coat colour in mice Self incomaptibility alleles in plants. LOZENGE eye colour in Drosophila
- 6. INHERITANCE OF HUMAN ABO BLOOD GROUP Human ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. In ABO system human blood is grouped under 4 blood groups, A , B , AB and O. The grouping is made on the basis of antigen (Antigen-A and Antigen-B) and antibody ( Anti-A and Anti-B). Blood Group Antigen on RBC Antibodies in serum A A Anti-B B B Anti-A AB A and B NIL O NIL Anti-A and Anti-B
- 7. GENOTYPES OF HUMAN ABO BLOOD GROUP In 1925 Bernstein, discovered that the ABO blood group system is detemined by a multiple allelic series of the gene I. The gene I has three alleles, IA , IB and I0 . The allele IA and IB are co-dominant. The alleles IA and IB are dominant over I0 Alleles Genotype Phenotype IA , IB and I0 (IA = IB )> IO IAIA A IB IB AB IAI0 A IB IB B IB I0 B I0I0 O
- 9. When the blood groups of the parents are known, the blood groups of the children can be predicted as follows: Blood group of the parents Blood group of the children A X A A, O A X B A, B, AB, O A X AB A, B , AB A X O A, O B X B B, O B X AB A, B, AB B X O B, O AB X AB A, B, AB AB X O A, B O X O O
- 10. Applications of ABO Blood group Blood transfusion. Disputed parentage. Identification of culprits. In medicological cases. In knowing susceptibility to disease Group O- duodenal cancer Group A- Carcinoma of stomach, pancreas & salivary glands.
- 11. INHERITANCE OF Rh FACTOR • In 1940, Land Steiner and Weiner discovered a blood group antigen ( Rh-factor ) in human blood. • Rh factor is named after the original antigen present in the blood of Rhesus monkey ( Macaca rhesus ). • Rh factor : 2 types 1. Rh-positive – possess Rh-antigen on surface of RBCs 2. Rh-negative –lack Rh-antigen on surface of RBCs
- 12. INHERITANCE OF COAT COLOUR IN RABBITS Coat colour of rabbit is under the control of a multiple allelic series . In rabbits there are five coat patterns: Agouti Chinchilla Light grey Himalayan Albino These coat patterns are controlled by the Gene “C” which has four allele which form a multiple allelic series.
- 14. Contd… Four allels produce ten genotypes which determine five coat patterns Alleles Genotypes Coat pattern C, cch , ch and c C C Agouti C cch Agouti C ch Agouti C c Agouti cch cch Chinchilla cch ch Light grey cch c Light grey ch ch Himalayan ch c Himalayan c c Albino
- 15. INHERITANCE OF COAT PATTERN IN RABBITS Mating types Coat pattern in F1 Coat pattern in F2 Agouti X Chinchilla Agouti 3 Agouti : 1 Chinchilla Agouti X Himalayan Agouti 3 Agouti : 1 Himalayan Agouti X Albino Agouti 3 Agouti : 1 Albino Chinchilla X Himalayan Light grey 1 Chinchilla: 2 light grey: 1 Himalayan Chinchilla X Albino Light grey 1 Chinchilla : 2 light grey : 1 Albino Himalayan X Albino Himalayan 3 Himalayan : 1 Albino
- 17. REFERENCES Fundamentals of Genetics by Dr.R.P Meyyan. Saras publications Raymond, Michel. "GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism." J. Hered. 86 (1995): 248-249. Excoffier, Laurent, Guillaume Laval, and Stefan Schneider. "Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis." Evolutionary bioinformatics 1