Multiple alleles
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This document discusses multiple alleles and uses the ABO blood group system as an example. It explains that there are three alleles - IA, IB, and IO - that determine blood type. People can have the phenotypes A, B, AB, or O depending on which combination of these alleles they inherit. The alleles for A and B are codominant, so people with the genotype IAIB have the AB blood type.
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Multiple allele - Genetics
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
Lethal allele
This document discusses lethal alleles, which are alleles that cause death in an organism. It defines lethal alleles and provides a brief history of their discovery through early studies of coat color inheritance in mice. The document outlines four types of lethal alleles: early onset alleles that cause death early in life, late onset alleles that cause death late in life, conditional alleles that only cause death under certain environmental conditions, and semi-lethal alleles that only kill some individuals, not all. It provides the example of the Y gene in mice, which causes a yellow coat color but is lethal when present in the homozygous dominant state (YY), though not in the heterozygous or recessive states.
Incomplete and co dominance
This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
Multiple allele
This document discusses multiple alleles and blood types. It defines genes and alleles, noting that most genes have two alleles but some have three or more, called polyallelic genes. The ABO blood type system is controlled by a triallelic gene that generates six possible genotypes based on three alleles that determine the A, B, and O antigens. Blood transfusions require matching blood types to avoid agglutination, as the immune system recognizes foreign blood types.
Multiple Alleles
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and immune system functions that are polyallelic. A specific example discussed is the ABO blood type system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. The genotypes and phenotypes of the different blood types are presented, and compatibility for blood transfusions based on antigen-antibody reactions is explained.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
Polygenic inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple genes cumulatively control a phenotypic trait, rather than a single gene following Mendelian ratios. It provides skin color in humans as an example of polygenic inheritance controlled by multiple genes. The document outlines the ratios expected from two or three controlling genes, and shows how skin color ranges from light to dark depending on the number of dominant alleles present, with the most dominant alleles resulting in darker skin.
Multiple Alleles
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and blood typing that are polyallelic. Specifically, it describes the ABO blood group system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. This polyallelic nature allows for multiple genotypes and phenotypes and is important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self.
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Multiple allele - Genetics
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
Lethal allele
This document discusses lethal alleles, which are alleles that cause death in an organism. It defines lethal alleles and provides a brief history of their discovery through early studies of coat color inheritance in mice. The document outlines four types of lethal alleles: early onset alleles that cause death early in life, late onset alleles that cause death late in life, conditional alleles that only cause death under certain environmental conditions, and semi-lethal alleles that only kill some individuals, not all. It provides the example of the Y gene in mice, which causes a yellow coat color but is lethal when present in the homozygous dominant state (YY), though not in the heterozygous or recessive states.
Incomplete and co dominance
This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
Multiple allele
This document discusses multiple alleles and blood types. It defines genes and alleles, noting that most genes have two alleles but some have three or more, called polyallelic genes. The ABO blood type system is controlled by a triallelic gene that generates six possible genotypes based on three alleles that determine the A, B, and O antigens. Blood transfusions require matching blood types to avoid agglutination, as the immune system recognizes foreign blood types.
Multiple Alleles
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and immune system functions that are polyallelic. A specific example discussed is the ABO blood type system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. The genotypes and phenotypes of the different blood types are presented, and compatibility for blood transfusions based on antigen-antibody reactions is explained.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
Polygenic inheritance
This document discusses polygenic inheritance, which is when multiple genes cumulatively control a phenotypic trait, rather than a single gene following Mendelian ratios. It provides skin color in humans as an example of polygenic inheritance controlled by multiple genes. The document outlines the ratios expected from two or three controlling genes, and shows how skin color ranges from light to dark depending on the number of dominant alleles present, with the most dominant alleles resulting in darker skin.
Multiple Alleles
The document discusses genes that have multiple alleles (polyallelic). It provides examples of genes involved in tissue typing and blood typing that are polyallelic. Specifically, it describes the ABO blood group system, which is controlled by a triallelic gene that determines the A, B, and O blood antigens. This polyallelic nature allows for multiple genotypes and phenotypes and is important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self.
Linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by outlining Mendel's laws of inheritance and then describes how Bateson and Punnett discovered linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape in peas through deviations from expected Mendelian ratios. Morgan later showed with Drosophila experiments that linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome. The document then explains that crossing over during meiosis results in new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, allowing genes to be reshuffled between generations. Linkage maps can be constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between gene pairs, with less recombination indicating closer proximity on the chromosome.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
2014 sex-linkage
Sex linkage refers to the phenotypic expression of an allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of an individual. Sex determination is the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Examples of sex determination mechanisms include genotypic sex determination, where sex is governed by genotype, and genic sex determination, which does not involve sex chromosomes.
Lethal alleles
Lethal alleles are genes that cause death or reduced viability. Some cause death early in development while others act later. Mutation of essential genes creates lethal alleles. They can be dominant or recessive. Recessive lethals only kill in the homozygous state, while dominant lethals kill in both homo- and heterozygotes. Lethal alleles were first discovered by Cuénot in mice and provided insight into Mendelian inheritance. Different types include recessive, dominant, conditional, sex-linked, and synthetic lethals. Inbreeding increases homozygosity while outbreeding increases heterozygosity and hybrid vigor. Both provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
This document discusses sex-linked inheritance in genetics. It begins by defining key terms like autosomes, sex chromosomes, and sex-linked traits. It then provides examples of sex-linked traits in humans (color blindness), birds (plumage patterns), and Drosophila (white eye mutation). The rest of the document delves deeper into the mechanisms of different types of sex-linked inheritance patterns like X-linked recessive traits, sex-linked dominance, and criss-cross inheritance. It also discusses sex-influenced and sex-limited traits. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of sex-linked genetics and inheritance patterns.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
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This PPT consists of 15 slides only explaining Pleiotropy. This is a phenomenon when one gene controls more than one trait , the traits may be related .Generally one gene's product acts for many reactions and so can affect more than one trait. Examples can be seen in pea Coloured flower and pigmentation in leaf axil, frizzle trait in chicken, fur colour and deafness in cats,Human pleiotropic traits are PKU,Sickle cell Anaemia. HOsyndrome , p53 gene etc
Linkage and Recombination.ppt
Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together due to their physical linkage on the chromosome. However, linkage can be broken during meiosis via recombination between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossover. Recombination results in new combinations of parental alleles and limits the types of gametes produced under conditions of complete linkage. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila provided evidence of this by demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance ratios when genes were linked versus unlinked.
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
10.3 polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, as opposed to single-gene inheritance. It can result in continuous variation, where a wide range of phenotypes exist between extremes. Human skin color and wheat seed color are examples of polygenic traits that show continuous variation, with skin color determined by 3-4 genes influencing melanin production and seed color by 3 genes determining red pigment levels.
Penetrance and expressivity
This document presents information about penetrance and expressivity for Sir Faisal Iqbal. It defines penetrance as the percentage of individuals that show expression of a mutant genotype. Expressivity reflects the range of expression of the mutant genotype. An example is given of the eyeless gene in flies, which can result in normal eyes to complete absence of eyes. Penetrance and expressivity are used to study the degree of expression of a trait quantitatively. Phenotypic mutations can occur due to reasons other than genotype, such as genetic background and environmental factors.
Population Genetics
This document provides an overview of population genetics concepts including allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg law, and the role of natural selection through mutation and genetic drift. It discusses key topics such as allele and gene frequency calculations, random mating populations, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and how natural selection and other evolutionary forces can cause changes in allele frequencies over generations through processes like migration, mutation, genetic drift, and differential reproduction of genotypes.
Gene pool
The gene pool refers to the total collection of genes and genetic variants within an interbreeding population. It can change over time through mechanisms like mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift in response to environmental pressures. Larger, more diverse gene pools may help populations better adapt to changing conditions, while smaller pools with less variation could hinder adaptation. Genetic variation within a population is measured by the number and frequencies of different gene alleles present.
Population genetics
Population genetics considers the distribution and change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Genetic change occurs through mutations, gene flow between populations due to migration, genetic drift when small populations become isolated, and natural selection which influences which genotypes leave more offspring. Tracking allele frequencies in populations can provide information about evolution and disease risk.
Pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases in human families. It allows inferences about genotypes and predictions about phenotypes in offspring. A pedigree is presented showing a family with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive trait. Based on the pedigree, it can be determined that individuals II-3 and III-4 must have the genotype "aa" and their parents must have each contributed an "a" allele. The other individuals could be either genotype AA or Aa.
Epistasis and its different types
Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of other genes. There are different types of epistatic interactions: dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of alleles at another gene locus; recessive epistasis occurs when a recessive allele of one gene hides the effects of alleles at another locus; and duplicate recessive genes, or complementary genes, produce the same phenotype only when both genes have homozygous recessive alleles. Epistasis can modify expected Mendelian ratios from crosses.
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It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
Polygenic inheritance
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
Expressivity
expressivity definition, penetrance vs expressivity,, quantified example, qualitative expressivity, types of expressivity, waardenburg syndrome.
Alleles
The document discusses rabbit coat color inheritance which is determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus. It provides examples of 4 alleles (C, cch, ch, c) that determine the rabbit's coat color. It then gives an example cross between a full brown rabbit (Cc h) and a chinchilla patterned rabbit (cch c) and asks what phenotypes would result.
4.1 chromosomes, genes, alleles & mutations
Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. A gene is a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that occupy the same locus. A genome is the complete set of genetic material of an organism. Gene mutations, such as base substitutions, can occur which may lead to genetic disorders like sickle-cell anemia caused by a mutation replacing glutamic acid with valine.
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Linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by outlining Mendel's laws of inheritance and then describes how Bateson and Punnett discovered linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape in peas through deviations from expected Mendelian ratios. Morgan later showed with Drosophila experiments that linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome. The document then explains that crossing over during meiosis results in new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, allowing genes to be reshuffled between generations. Linkage maps can be constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between gene pairs, with less recombination indicating closer proximity on the chromosome.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
2014 sex-linkage
Sex linkage refers to the phenotypic expression of an allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of an individual. Sex determination is the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Examples of sex determination mechanisms include genotypic sex determination, where sex is governed by genotype, and genic sex determination, which does not involve sex chromosomes.
Lethal alleles
Lethal alleles are genes that cause death or reduced viability. Some cause death early in development while others act later. Mutation of essential genes creates lethal alleles. They can be dominant or recessive. Recessive lethals only kill in the homozygous state, while dominant lethals kill in both homo- and heterozygotes. Lethal alleles were first discovered by Cuénot in mice and provided insight into Mendelian inheritance. Different types include recessive, dominant, conditional, sex-linked, and synthetic lethals. Inbreeding increases homozygosity while outbreeding increases heterozygosity and hybrid vigor. Both provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
This document discusses sex-linked inheritance in genetics. It begins by defining key terms like autosomes, sex chromosomes, and sex-linked traits. It then provides examples of sex-linked traits in humans (color blindness), birds (plumage patterns), and Drosophila (white eye mutation). The rest of the document delves deeper into the mechanisms of different types of sex-linked inheritance patterns like X-linked recessive traits, sex-linked dominance, and criss-cross inheritance. It also discusses sex-influenced and sex-limited traits. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of sex-linked genetics and inheritance patterns.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
MULTIPLE ALLELES SMG
Multiple Alleles - Introduction- Examples: 1. ABO blood group system in man 2. Self sterility in Nicotiana
Pleiotropy
This PPT consists of 15 slides only explaining Pleiotropy. This is a phenomenon when one gene controls more than one trait , the traits may be related .Generally one gene's product acts for many reactions and so can affect more than one trait. Examples can be seen in pea Coloured flower and pigmentation in leaf axil, frizzle trait in chicken, fur colour and deafness in cats,Human pleiotropic traits are PKU,Sickle cell Anaemia. HOsyndrome , p53 gene etc
Linkage and Recombination.ppt
Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together due to their physical linkage on the chromosome. However, linkage can be broken during meiosis via recombination between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossover. Recombination results in new combinations of parental alleles and limits the types of gametes produced under conditions of complete linkage. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila provided evidence of this by demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance ratios when genes were linked versus unlinked.
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
10.3 polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, as opposed to single-gene inheritance. It can result in continuous variation, where a wide range of phenotypes exist between extremes. Human skin color and wheat seed color are examples of polygenic traits that show continuous variation, with skin color determined by 3-4 genes influencing melanin production and seed color by 3 genes determining red pigment levels.
Penetrance and expressivity
This document presents information about penetrance and expressivity for Sir Faisal Iqbal. It defines penetrance as the percentage of individuals that show expression of a mutant genotype. Expressivity reflects the range of expression of the mutant genotype. An example is given of the eyeless gene in flies, which can result in normal eyes to complete absence of eyes. Penetrance and expressivity are used to study the degree of expression of a trait quantitatively. Phenotypic mutations can occur due to reasons other than genotype, such as genetic background and environmental factors.
Population Genetics
This document provides an overview of population genetics concepts including allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg law, and the role of natural selection through mutation and genetic drift. It discusses key topics such as allele and gene frequency calculations, random mating populations, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and how natural selection and other evolutionary forces can cause changes in allele frequencies over generations through processes like migration, mutation, genetic drift, and differential reproduction of genotypes.
Gene pool
The gene pool refers to the total collection of genes and genetic variants within an interbreeding population. It can change over time through mechanisms like mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift in response to environmental pressures. Larger, more diverse gene pools may help populations better adapt to changing conditions, while smaller pools with less variation could hinder adaptation. Genetic variation within a population is measured by the number and frequencies of different gene alleles present.
Population genetics
Population genetics considers the distribution and change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Genetic change occurs through mutations, gene flow between populations due to migration, genetic drift when small populations become isolated, and natural selection which influences which genotypes leave more offspring. Tracking allele frequencies in populations can provide information about evolution and disease risk.
Pedigree analysis
Pedigree analysis is an important tool for studying inherited diseases in human families. It allows inferences about genotypes and predictions about phenotypes in offspring. A pedigree is presented showing a family with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive trait. Based on the pedigree, it can be determined that individuals II-3 and III-4 must have the genotype "aa" and their parents must have each contributed an "a" allele. The other individuals could be either genotype AA or Aa.
Epistasis and its different types
Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of other genes. There are different types of epistatic interactions: dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of alleles at another gene locus; recessive epistasis occurs when a recessive allele of one gene hides the effects of alleles at another locus; and duplicate recessive genes, or complementary genes, produce the same phenotype only when both genes have homozygous recessive alleles. Epistasis can modify expected Mendelian ratios from crosses.
Hardy weinberg law
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
Polygenic inheritance
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
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expressivity definition, penetrance vs expressivity,, quantified example, qualitative expressivity, types of expressivity, waardenburg syndrome.
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sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
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4.1 chromosomes, genes, alleles & mutations
Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. A gene is a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that occupy the same locus. A genome is the complete set of genetic material of an organism. Gene mutations, such as base substitutions, can occur which may lead to genetic disorders like sickle-cell anemia caused by a mutation replacing glutamic acid with valine.
Mendelian genetics
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Mendel's experiments were not widely recognized until after his death but his discoveries formed the basis of classical genetics and heredity.
Genetic disorders
Gregor Mendel's work in the 1860s laid the foundation for understanding inheritance of traits. Later, Francis Crick, James Watson, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of DNA. This led to understanding how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring. Many genetic disorders result from mutations in DNA, including Down syndrome from an extra chromosome 21, Klinefelter syndrome from an extra X chromosome, and Turner syndrome from a missing X chromosome. Other genetic disorders discussed include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), and ALS. Both dominant and recessive inheritance patterns were
genetics ppt 01
This document discusses various topics in human genetics including:
1. It defines human genetics as the scientific study of human variation and heredity, and medical genetics as the study of the hereditary nature of human disease.
2. Genetic diseases can be caused by inherited mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or mutations in somatic cells (cancer). Inherited diseases can be due to nuclear or mitochondrial genetic mutations.
3. Examples of inherited genetic disorders and their inheritance patterns are discussed, including autosomal dominant disorders like achondroplasia and autosomal recessive disorders like thalassemia.
Introduction to Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics. It discusses how genetics is the study of heredity and variation. Key figures who contributed to genetics are mentioned, including Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, and scientists who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material like Oswald Avery. The main branches and scopes of genetics are also outlined, such as cytogenetics, molecular genetics, genomics, and proteomics. Different methods for genetic study are described, including pedigree analysis, karyotyping, planned experimental breeding, and twin studies. The document concludes with discussing applications of genetics in fields like medicine, agriculture, and genetic counseling.
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Similar to Multiple alleles
Genetics of human blood groups
There are four main blood types in the ABO blood group system defined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B. A person's blood type is determined by combinations of three alleles - IA produces the A antigen, IB produces the B antigen, and i produces no antigen. Both IA and IB are codominant, so someone with the genotype IAIB will have both the A and B antigens and have blood type AB.
Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles refers to inheritance patterns involving more than two alleles that determine a trait. The ABO blood group gene has three alleles that produce four blood types - A, B, AB, and O. Type O has no antigens and is the universal donor type. Type AB has both A and B antigens and is the universal recipient type. An individual's blood type is determined by the alleles they inherit from each parent.
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
1
BIOL 102: Lab 9
Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
• explain the biology of blood typing systems ABO and Rh
• explain the genetics of blood types
• determine the blood types of several patients
Introduction:
Before Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO human blood groups in 1901, it was thought that all blood was the
same. This misunderstanding led to fatal blood transfusions. Later, in 1940, Landsteiner was part of a team
who discovered another blood group, the Rh blood group system. There are many blood group systems known
today, but the ABO and the Rh blood groups are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. The
designation Rh is derived from the Rhesus monkey in which the existence of the Rh blood group was
discovered.
Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different
common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that
can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body – on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs
also known as erythrocytes).
ABO System:
The antigens on RBCs are agglutinating antigens or agglutinogens. They have been designated as A and B.
Antibodies against antigens A and B begin to build up in the blood plasma shortly after birth. A person
normally produces antibodies (agglutinins) against those antigens that are not present on his/her erythrocytes
but does not produce antibodies against those antigens that are present on his/her erythrocytes.
• A person who is blood type A will have A antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have
antibodies against B antigens (anti-B antibodies). See picture below.
• A person with blood type B will have B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have antibodies
against antigen A (anti-A antibodies).
• A person with blood type O will have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
• A person with blood type AB will have both A and B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
The individual’s blood type is based on the antigens (not the antibodies) he/she has. The four blood groups
are known as types A, B, AB, and O. Blood type O, characterized by an absence of A and B agglutinogens, is
the most common in the United States (45% of the population). Type A is the next in frequency, found in 39%
of the population. The incidences of types B and AB are 12% and 4%, respectively.
2
Table 1: The ABO System
Blood
Type
Antigens on
RBCs
Antibodies
in the Blood
Can GIVE Blood
to Groups:
Can RECEIVE
Blood from Groups:
A A Anti-B A, AB O, A
B B Anti-A B, AB O, B
AB A and B
Neither anti-A
nor anti-B
AB O, A, B, AB
O
Neither A nor
B
Both anti-A.
Blood group inheritance
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Multiple Alleles Lesson 4
The document discusses multiple alleles and uses blood type as an example. It notes that there are three main alleles (Ia, Ib, Io) that determine blood type. The possible genotypes are Ia Ia, Ia Ib, Ia Io, Ib Ib, Ib Io, and Io Io. The possible phenotypes are A, B, AB, and O.
The term MULTIPLE ALLELE refers to a series of atleast three allelic.pdf
The term MULTIPLE ALLELE refers to a series of atleast three allelic or alternative form of a
gene with only two that are able to exist in a diploid individual. The multiple alleles are
responsible for the differences in the phenotypic expression of a given trait.
Its like having two alleles.
There are three allele which control the ABO blood group. Odf there are more than two alleles,
then its called as multiple allele.
The allele IA corresponds to blood group A (genotype IAIA) and the allele IB corresponds to
blood group B (genotype IBIB) , both of these are dominant and therefore, if both are present
together, i.e. IAIB then they together form blood group AB ( genotype IAIB). Both affect the
phenotype since they are both codominant. Co-dominant alleles are pairs of alleles that both
affect the phenotype when present together in a heterozygote. The allele i is recessive to both IA
and IB , so if you have the genotype IAi you will have blood group A and if you have genotype
IB i you will have blood group B. However, if you have the genotype ii , then you will be
homozygous for i and will be of blood group O.
Solution
The term MULTIPLE ALLELE refers to a series of atleast three allelic or alternative form of a
gene with only two that are able to exist in a diploid individual. The multiple alleles are
responsible for the differences in the phenotypic expression of a given trait.
Its like having two alleles.
There are three allele which control the ABO blood group. Odf there are more than two alleles,
then its called as multiple allele.
The allele IA corresponds to blood group A (genotype IAIA) and the allele IB corresponds to
blood group B (genotype IBIB) , both of these are dominant and therefore, if both are present
together, i.e. IAIB then they together form blood group AB ( genotype IAIB). Both affect the
phenotype since they are both codominant. Co-dominant alleles are pairs of alleles that both
affect the phenotype when present together in a heterozygote. The allele i is recessive to both IA
and IB , so if you have the genotype IAi you will have blood group A and if you have genotype
IB i you will have blood group B. However, if you have the genotype ii , then you will be
homozygous for i and will be of blood group O..
A woman with type O blood gave birth to a baby, also with type O bloo.pdf
A woman with type O blood gave birth to a baby, also with type O blood. The woman states a
man with type AB blood was the father of the baby. The antigen determining gene for blood type
has three alleles I^A, I^B, i. a. How many phenotypes are possible? b. How many genes play a
factor in this phenotype? c. How is this example different from a typical Mendelian cross? What
extension is displayed? d. Is there any merit to her statement? Why?
Solution
The mother has O blood group, thus i, i would be the genotype of the mother as blood type O is
recessive. There are three genes that play a role in this cross.
A parent of blood type AB has the codominant IA and IB alleles.
When the parents would mate , there would be IA , IB crossing with i. As a result , out of the
four offsprings , two will contain IAi and two would contain IBi genotype, I.e. Half of the
children would have type A and half would have type B blood group.
For a woman with O blood group, the father should also have O blood group. Thus there is no
merit to her statement..
Blood Typing and Genetics (3).pptx
The document discusses blood typing and genetics. It explains that the ABO blood type is determined by alleles inherited from each parent. The A and B alleles are dominant, while O is recessive. A person's genotype refers to their specific allele combination, while their phenotype is their observable blood type. Careful blood type matching between donors and recipients is important to avoid immune reactions from mismatched antigens on red blood cells.
Multiple allele
The document discusses the multiple allele system of ABO blood types. It notes that there are three main alleles (IA, IB, i) that determine the A, B, and O blood antigens. People can be homozygous or heterozygous for these alleles, resulting in blood types of A (IAIA or IAi), B (IBIB or IBi), AB (IAIB), or O (ii). The frequencies of these blood types in some populations are also provided.
Non-Mendelian_Genetics.pptx
1. The document discusses several concepts in genetics including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. It provides examples of each concept using organisms like flowers, cows, and humans.
2. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance and codominance are explained. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygote.
3. Human blood types are provided as an example of codominance and multiple alleles. The different blood type alleles and their interactions are summarized.
Blood Types
The document discusses blood types and inheritance patterns. It notes that the ABO blood group has 3 alleles - A, B, and O. People have 2 alleles that determine their blood type. Type A has the A allele, Type B the B allele, Type AB both A and B alleles, and Type O has 2 O alleles. The document provides examples of determining blood types of children from parental blood types using Punnett squares. It also includes a blood type compatibility chart for transfusions.
Multiple alleles
1. The document discusses multiple alleles and uses examples like coat color in cats (C+, Cch, Ch, c) and blood types (A, B, AB, O) to illustrate the concept.
2. It explains the genetics of multiple alleles, including how multiple forms of a gene can reside at one locus on a chromosome and how they interact in terms of dominance.
3. The document provides examples of multiple allele inheritance patterns seen in blood types and self-incompatibility.
Extension of mendelian inheritance
This document discusses multiple alleles and uses blood type as an example. It explains that while Mendel's work showed genes were controlled by two alleles, later research found some traits were controlled by more than two alleles. The ABO blood type system has three alleles - IA causes A antigen, IB causes B antigen, and i causes neither. People with genotypes IAIA or IAi have type A blood, IBIB or IBi have type B, and IAIB have type AB while ii have type O. The document provides an example using a couple with blood type AB to demonstrate possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children.
Multiple allele
1) The ABO blood group system has multiple alleles that determine the blood type.
2) The alleles IA and IB determine the A and B antigens, while i determines the O type.
3) Crossing different ABO genotypes can determine the offspring's probable blood type.
Mendelian inheritance. Some traits of plants and animals depend on i.pdf
Mendelian inheritance. Some traits of plants and animals depend on inheritance of a single gene.
This is called Mendelian inheritance, after Gregor
Mendel (1822{1884). Each of us has an ABO blood type, which describes
whether two characteristics called A and B are present. Every human being
has two blood type alleles (gene forms), one inherited from our mother and
one from our father. Each of these alleles can be A, B, or O. Which two
we inherit determines our blood type. Here is a table that shows what our
blood type is for each combination of two alleles:
Alleles Inherited Blood Type
A and A A
A and B AB
A and O A
B and B B
AB and O B
O and O O
We inherit one of each parent\'s two alleles with probability 0.5. We inherit
independently from our mother and father.
(a) Allie has alleles A and O. Jack has alleles B and O. If Jack and Allie
have 3 children, what is the probability that exactly one of their children
has blood type O?
(b) If Allie and Jack have 5 children, what is the probability that exactly
one child has blood type O?
Solution
1/4.
Moodle multiple alleles_codom
The ABO blood group system involves multiple alleles (IA, IB, i) that determine blood type and codominance. There are 3 alleles that produce A, B, or no antigens, resulting in 6 genotypes and 4 blood types. The IA and IB alleles are codominant because those with the IAIB genotype have both A and B antigens. Incorrect blood transfusions can cause clotting due to antibody reactions between donor and recipient red blood cells.
Multiple alleles
This document discusses genes that have multiple alleles. It provides the example of the ABO blood type gene, which is tri-allelic and controls the antigens on red blood cells. The three alleles - IA, IB, and i - produce the A, B, and O blood types respectively. The ABO blood type gene results in six possible genotypes that determine the four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Compatibility for blood transfusions depends on the donor and recipient's blood types to avoid agglutination of foreign red blood cells.
Multiple alleles กลุ่ม
1. The document discusses multiple alleles and blood types in the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It addresses the genotypes and phenotypes associated with different combinations of alleles for the A, B, and Rh antigens.
2. The ABO system involves the alleles IA, IB, and i which determine the A, B, AB, and O blood types. The Rh system involves the alleles Rh+ and Rh- which determine if the Rhesus factor is present or absent.
3. Inheritance patterns and expected ratios of offspring genotypes and phenotypes are presented for crosses involving parents with different blood type combinations. The focus is on explaining human blood group inheritance and variation.
Codominance : Human Blood
Codominance is the situation when the effect of both genes are observed. This presentation describes how codominant traits work to determine human blood types and flower coloring .
incompleteandcodominance.ppt
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele of a gene is fully dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. For example, a cross between red and white flowers produces pink flowers.
2. Codominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the heterozygote. The phenotype shows a combination of both traits. For example, in humans, a person with one allele for A blood and one for B blood has type AB blood and their red blood cells have both A and B antigens.
3. Human blood types (A, B, AB, O) demonstrate both codominance and multiple alleles at a single gene locus.
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Multiple alleles
- 1. + MULTIPLE ALLELE PRESENTED BY: MARIE ELAINE S SEBASTIAN
- 2. + MULTIPLE ALLELE Anallele which consists of three (3) or more alleles of the same gene However, individuals within the population are only able to hold two of them It can only be studied in populations
- 3. + The ABO Blood Group A simple case of multiple alleles in which there are 3 alternative alleles of one gene
- 4. + ABO Blood Group Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in early 1900s An excellent example of multiple allele inheritance is human blood type. Blood type exists as four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, & O. There are 3 alleles (A, B and O) for the gene that determines blood type. One combination of alleles in the ABO system exhibits a codominant mode of inheritance which is blood type AB
- 5. + The ABO System Genotype Antigen Phenotype IA IA A IA IO A A IB IB B IB IO B B IA IB A and B AB IO IO Neither O LEGEND Allele Codes IA Type A IO Type O IB Type B
- 6. + What's the deal with "AB" blood? Type AB is an example of codominance. The IA allele & the IB allele are "equal".
- 7. + Blood type is controlled by 3 alleles: A, B, O. A & B are codominant, O is recessive. a) What are the two genotypes possible for a IA IA and IA IO person who as A blood? ______________ b) What genotype does a person with AB blood IA IB have? _______________ c ) What genotype does a person with O blood IO IO have? _____________ d) What are the two genotypes possible for a person who as B blood? ______________ IB IB and IB IO
Editor's Notes
- Bombay phenotypeMain article: Hh antigen systemIndividuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express antigen H on their red blood cells. As H antigen serves as precursor for producing A and B antigens, the absence of H antigen means the individuals do not have A or B antigens as well (similar to O blood group). However, unlike O group, the H antigen is absent, hence the individuals produce isoantibodies to antigen H as well as to both A and B antigens. In case they receive blood from O blood group, the anti-H antibodies will bind to H antigen on RBC of donor blood and destroy the RBCs by complement-mediated lysis. Therefore Bombay phenotype can receive blood only from other hh donors (although they can donate as though they were type O).