The document discusses basic principles of fire protection including: 1) General information about fires such as the conditions needed for a fire to start and phases of fire development. 2) Types of firefighting equipment like fire extinguishers and blankets used to extinguish fires. 3) Safety signs and markings that indicate evacuation routes and locations of firefighting equipment in buildings.

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRE PROTECTION

4. A fire is an uncontrolled process of burning in the place not intended for it which may cause health hazard and life threat and considerable material losses. DEFINITION General information about fires

6. PHASES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT IN A CLOSED ROOM General information about fires PRELIMINARY PHASE DEVELOPED PHASE EXTINGUISHING PHASE FLARING UP

7. General information about fires PHASES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT IN A CLOSED ROOM

8. GROUPS OF FIRES Fires OF FATS AND KITCHEN OILS Fires OF SOLIDS Fires OF GASES Division of flammable materials into fire groups: General information about fires Fires OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Fires OF METALS

9. METHODS OPF EXTINGUISHING FIRES Cooling Cutting off oxygen supply Isolating flammable material Anticatalytic activity General information about fires

10. Firefighting equipment Firefighting equipment is designe d to extinguish fire in the preliminary phase of its development (nipping the fire in the bud). Firefighting equipment includes:

13. Type ‘X’ extinguishers – the propulsion factor is a gas (nitrogen) kept under constant pressure. A manometer fixed to the valve provides information about the efficiency of this extinguisher is Type ‘Z’ extinguishers – the propulsive cartridge (usually CO 2 ) is located in a separate container. Firefighting equipment DIVISION OF EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT

14. RULES OF OPERATION O F TYPE ‘X’ EXTINGUISHERS Firefighting equipment

15. RULES OF OPERATION OF TYPE ‘Z’ EXTINGUISHERS Firefighting equipment

16. DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS ABC Dry powder extinguisher GP-6x-ABC Can be used to put out fires of alive devices with voltage up to 1 kV Firefighting equipment

17. Dry powder extinguisher GP-1z-BC (car extinguisher) Designed to extinguish fires from groups B and C Firefighting equipment DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS

18. GS-5X Carbon-dioxide extinguisher Designed to extinguish fires from groups B and C Can be used to put out fires of alive devices with voltage up to 1 kV CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS Firefighting equipment

19. EXTINGUISHERS’ MARKING How to activate Type of the extinguisher How to activate (groups of fires) Indicator of inspections of the extinguisher Firefighting equipment

20. FIRE BLANKET Fire blanket – a firefighting equipment used to extinguish a fire in the bud by cutting off the air flow from the material in flames. Made of fibreglass, has the area of about 2-3m 2 Firefighting equipment

21. Using the blanket means tightly covering the object on fire e.g. a frying pan, a barrel with burning liquid. When using the blanket, it should be born in mind to cover embers of the fire from your side in order to avoid burning yourself, and hands should be hidden behind the blanket. Firefighting equipment FIRE BLANKET Covering and wrapping persons on fire in fire blankets – if it is necessary to extinguish the fire, the victim on fire should be rolled.

22. ‘ Buildings should be equipped with portable or mobile extinguishers which meet the requirements of Polish Norms and which are designed to extinguish such fires as may break out in a particular building.’ EQUIPPING WITH FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Firefighting equipment

24. Mark the location of the equipment in accordance with PN. In multi-storey buildings, the equipment should be located in the same places on each story, if con s tructional conditions permit. The equipment should be located in places not at risk of mechanical damage or operation of heat sources (ovens, furnaces or heaters). Firefighting equipment RULES FOR PLACING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

27. 6. Do not use lifts. 7. Move as close to the floor as possible (protection against smoke and hot air). 8. Conduct the rescue action according to fire-protection instructions. 5. Immediately leave place of threat by using staircases as well as the marked evacualtion and fire routes. Rules of conduct during a fire RULES OF CONDUCT DURING A FIRE.

28. direction of the evacuation route – It is a sign showing the direction towards exit; ! short arrows are used along with other signs, a long arrow can be used individually; evacuation door - the sign used above the wing doors which constitute evacuation exits (the door opened to the left or right respectively) EVACUATION SIGNS Safety marking

29. Safety marking EVACUATION SIGNS No Set of signs Meaning of signs Use 1 Way to the exit - left and straight forward To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route turns left and then runs straight on 2 Way to the exit - right and straight forward To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route turns right and then runs straight on 3 Way to the exit - left and down To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route turns left and then runs down 4 Way to the exit -right and down To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route turns right and then runs down

30. Safety marking EVACUATION SIGNS No Set of signs Meaning of signs Use 5 Way to the exit - right and up To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route turns right and then runs up 6 Way to the exit - left and up To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route turns left and then runs up 7 Way to the exit - down To mark the evacuation door behind which the evacuation route runs down

31. the direction of the evacuation route’s exit – (the width of the evacuation route – 1.4 m) the sign shows the direction of the evacuation route to the e x it; ! it may lead to the left or right; used when: - the sign EVACUATION EXIT or EVACUATION DOOR is not noticeable - there are more than one sign easily noticeable EVACUATION EXIT the direction of the evacuation route’s exit up or down the stairs – the sign shows the direction of the evacuation route up or down the stairs, to the left or to the right; Safety marking EVACUATION SIGNS

33. Push to open - the sign placed on the door in order to show the direction of opening; Pull to open - the sign is placed on the door to show the direction of opening; EVACUATION SIGNS Safety marking

35. key to the evacuation exit – used to mark the place next to the lockable evacuation door where the key is kept; the sign should be supplemented with the information regarding the specific location of the key Evacuation ladder – used to mark places where the evacuation ladders can be found escape masks container – used to mark containers with the escape masks protecting the respiratory system against smoke or toxic substances, Safety marking EVACUATION SIGNS

36. Evacuation assembly area – used to mark the area where people should gather during evacuation Rescue sleeve – used to mark the entrance to the rescue sleeve First medical aid Safety marking EVACUATION SIGNS

37. SYMBOLS OF THE FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES direction towards the location of firefighting equipment or a warning device - the symbol to be used only with other signs in order to show the direction towards the place where fire-fighting equipment or a warning device is located, fire extinguisher, firefighting equipment set – the sign used in order to avoid listing individual symbols marking fire-fighting equipment, Safety marking

38. internal fire hydrant – the symbol is placed on the fire hydrant cabinet, emergency phone – the sign pointing at the location o fan available phone intended for fire emergency, fire route – to mark external driveways for the firefighting service Safety marking SYMBOLS OF THE FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES

39. fire escape ladder – used to mark the ladder permanent l y fixed to the building and designed for the rescue a n d fire-extinguishing activities of the firefighting service; external fire hydrant – used to mark the place of the external water, foam, underground or ground fire hydrant; characteristics of a hydrant should be placed on an additional sign, Fire door – to mark the door placed in safety separation walls Safety marking SYMBOLS OF THE FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES

40. Fire safety power switch – used to mark inside buildings the switch shutting off power supply to all circuits, except for the circuits which power installations whose operation is necessary in case of a fire, main tap of the gas installation – t o mark the location of the gas installation’s main tap. Safety marking SYMBOLS OF THE FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES