For ninth grade, this is the first chapter and purpose to introduce them biological terms and about the Islamic beliefs about life; and also to know about the Muslim scientists

2. What is biology?

3. Biology is the branch of science which deals with
the study of living organisms.

4. The term biology is
derived from two Greek
words;
“Bios” means life
“logos” means knowledge
Thus biology is science of
life.

5. It is an organized study of living things and of theories that men have
devised to describe and explain the world of life

6. What is the significance of biology?

7. Biology helps us to understand our
lives and the world we live in, it
has made enormous impact on
human welfare

8. An ever increasing human population require more and more food. Food production
can be increased by careful study of plants and soil and improved techniques in animal

9. Biology has enabled man to realize the importance of
balanced diet.

10. Biological studies have also helped to control pest

11. It is through advancement in biology that man has able to
control diseases with the consequence that mortality rate has
decreased and individuals live longer and lead healthy life

12. In the field of health the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines is
note worthy. These remedies have been revolutionary in
controlling epidemic diseases

13. Although biology is a distinct branch of science, its method is
similar to that of its other branches.
Biological Methods

14. Identification of problem
It is scientific guess on the basis of observation. it needs experimental verification

15. Experimentation
The proposed hypothesis is examined by experiments designed
especially for this purpose

16. If hypothesis is verified by experiments it given a status of theory

17. Like other subjects of science, Biology also has got definite way of investigation for the
exploration and discovery of new facts. The scientific way of study and exploration of
facts in biology is called Biological Method.

18. The first logical statement
given by scientist about work
under study is the
hypothesis. It is fairly
reliable and simplified
version of facts
Hypothesis

19. Hypothesis is then tested experimentally, results are recorded and certain
additions or deductions are made accordingly

20. After performing a number of experiments, the results are summarized and
If majority of results and observations are in favour, a “theory” is established

21. If a theory is tested and always found correct, it is accepted world over as
a rule or Law

22. Islamic View about the Origin of Life
The Holy Quran throws adequate light o the origin of life. The most
important in the teaching of Quran is that Allah is ultimate creator of
everything.

23. ِ‫ض‬ ‫أ‬‫ر‬َ ‫أ‬‫اْل‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ت‬‫ا‬ َ‫او‬َ‫م‬َّ‫س‬‫ال‬ ُ‫ع‬‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ب‬ُۖ‫ك‬َ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬‫م‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ٌ‫د‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ ُ‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ي‬ ٰ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬ ِ‫اح‬َ‫ص‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬‫ن‬ۖ‫ء‬‫أ‬‫ي‬َ‫ش‬ َّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ َ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ َ‫و‬ُۖ‫ه‬ َ‫و‬َ‫و‬
ِِّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ٌ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ء‬‫أ‬‫ي‬َ‫ش‬﴿١٠١﴾
“He is the creator of the heavens and the earth” (sura Ana’m 6, Ayah 101)

24. ‫أ‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُّ‫ب‬ َ‫ر‬ ُ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫الل‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َٰ‫ذ‬َۖ‫ُو‬‫ه‬ َّ‫َل‬ِ‫إ‬ َ‫ه‬َٰ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ َ‫َل‬َۖ‫ش‬ ِِّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ ُ‫ق‬ِ‫ل‬‫َا‬‫خ‬ُ‫ه‬‫ُو‬‫د‬ُ‫ب‬‫أ‬‫ع‬‫ا‬َ‫ف‬ ‫ء‬‫أ‬‫ي‬َۖ‫و‬ ‫ء‬‫أ‬‫َي‬‫ش‬ ِِّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫ُو‬‫ه‬ َ‫و‬ٌ‫ل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ك‬
“That is Allah your lord. There is no god but Him. Therefore, serve Him He is the
Guardian of all things.” (Sura Ana’m 6,Ayah 102)

25. “We did create man from essence of clay.” (Surah Al-Marium 23,Ayah 12)

26. Main Branches
of
Biology

27. Botany
The branch of biology which deals with the study of plants

28. Zoology
The branch of biology which deals with the study of animals

29. Some of the important branches of biology common
to botany and zoology

30. Morphology
It deals with the study of external structures of
animals and plants

31. Histology
It deals with the study of tissues of plants and animals under
microscope

32. Cytology
It is the study of the cell and its organ

33. Physiology
It is the study of working of various systems of living organisms

34. Ecology
It is the study of relationship of living organisms with their
environment

35. Taxonomy
The branch which deals with classification and naming of living
organisms

36. Genetics
It deals with the study of inheritance of character from one
generation to another

37. Microbiology
It deals with the study of microscopic organisms
such as virus, bacteria and protozoans

38. Biotechnology
It deals with the application of biological processes for the benefit of mankind

39. Quranic Teaching about animals and plant life

40. ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ق‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ن‬‫َا‬‫ك‬ َ‫ض‬ْ‫ر‬َ ْ‫اْل‬َ‫و‬ ِ‫ت‬‫ا‬َ‫او‬َ‫م‬َّ‫س‬‫ال‬ َّ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ر‬َ‫ف‬َ‫ك‬ َ‫ين‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ي‬ ْ‫م‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬َ‫أ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ٍۖ‫ي‬َ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ء‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ش‬ َّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ ِ‫اء‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬ َ‫و‬ْۖ‫ؤ‬ُ‫ي‬ َ‫َل‬َ‫ف‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ون‬ُ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
“We made from every living thing. Will they not then believe?
Surah Anbiyah 21, Ayah 30

41. ‫اء‬َ‫م‬ ‫أ‬‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫َّة‬‫ب‬‫ا‬َ‫د‬ َّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ َ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ۖ‫أ‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ‫أ‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫أ‬‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ط‬َ‫ب‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫م‬َ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ‫أ‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫أ‬‫ن‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ف‬ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫م‬َ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ‫أ‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫أ‬‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫أن‬‫ي‬َ‫ل‬‫أ‬‫ج‬ ِ‫ر‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫م‬َ‫ي‬
‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬‫ر‬َ‫أ‬ُۖ‫ء‬‫َا‬‫ش‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ ُ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ ُ‫ق‬ُ‫ل‬‫أ‬‫خ‬َ‫ي‬ٌۖ‫ير‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ق‬ ‫ء‬‫أ‬‫ي‬َ‫ش‬ ِِّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ ٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬
“And Allah created every animal from water. Of them these are some that creep on
their bellies. Some that walk on two legs and some that walk on four Allah creates
what he pleases. He has power over all things. (Surah Nur 24, Ayah 45)

42. “He sends down water from the sky and with it brings forth the buds of every plant.
from these we bring forth green foliage and close-growing grain, palm-trees laden
with clusters of dates with in reach, vineyards and olive groves and pomegranates,
(which are)alike and different. Behold their fruits when they bear fruits and ripen
surely. In these there are sign for true believers. (Surah Ana’m 6, ayah 99)

43. “He has made for you the earth like a carpet spread out, has enabled you to go about
there by roads and channels, and has send down water from sky. With it have produced
diverse pairs of plants each separate from the other.” (Surah Ta-Ha 20, Ayah 53)

44. “And in the earth are tracts
and diverse though neighboring
garden of vines and fields sown
some with corn and palm trees
growing out of simple roots or
otherwise. Watered within the
same water. Yet some of them
we make more excellent than
others to eat.”(Surah Al Ra’d
13)

45. “It is Allah who splits the seeds and the fruit stone. He brings
forth the living from the dead, and the dead from the living. How
then can you turn away from Him.” (Surah Ana’m, Ayah 95)

46. “And surely in cattle too you find an instructive sign. From what is with in their bodies, between
excretion and blood, we produce for you drink mild pure and –to those who drink it.
(Surah Nahal16, Ayah 66)

47. “We have spread out the earth and set up on it immovable mountains. We have caused
to grow in it from every ordained things. (Surah Hajar 15, Ayah 19)

48. “ Glory be to Him who created pairs of
all things which the earth grown and of
their own kind and that of which they
have no knowledge.”(Sura Yasin 36)

49. “And your Lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees and in men’s
habitations. Then to eat of all the produce (of earth) and find with skills the spacious
path of its Lord, their issue from within their bodies a drink of varying colours,
wherein is healing for men. Surily in this is a sign for those who give thought.”
Surah Nahal 16, Ayah 68-89

50. Muslim Biologists

51. ABDUL MALIK ASMAI
He was born in Busra in 741 AD he was regarded as specialist of this time in animal
science.
Publications:
He wrote many books on animals and plants.
 Al-Kheil: about horses
 Al-lbit about camels
 As-Shat about sheep
 Al-Wahoosh about wild animals
 Khalaqul Insan about different parts of human body

52. ALI BIN RABBAN TUBRI
He was born in 775 AD in Tubristan and died in 870 Ad
Publication:
Firdus-ul-Hikma;
The book has many illustrations and detailed articles on
objects like philosophy, zoology, psychology and astronomy

53. AL-FARABI (870-950 Ad)
He was renowned Hakim of Islamic world.
Publications:
He wrote two well known books;
Kitab-i-Nabatiat
Kitab-ul-Haywanat

54. ABUL QASIM AL-ZAHRAVI (936-1004 AD)
He was renowned surgeon of the Islamic world. He was famous for the
removal of stone from the urinary bladder.

55. IBN-AL-HAITHAM (965-1039 AD)
He is one of the most outstanding figures of Muslim history, being an
optician of great merit and stature. Some 200 scientific works said to have
been written by him on diverse subject. He was the first on to correct the
Greek conception of vision, locating retina as the seat of vision.
Publication:
Kitabaul Manazir Mizanul Hikma

56. He was born in Kharmsheen near Bukhara in 10th century AD. He was
considered to be one of the founders of medicine. Aside from medicine he
was expert in mathematics, astronomy, physics, paleontology and music.

57. ZIA-UD-DIN IBN BAITAR
Zia-ud-din Ibn Baitar of 13th century
specialized in the study of plants.
He was highly respected among
the scientists of the middle age.

58. He discovered the blood circulation during
13th century.

59. KAMAL-UD-DIN
AL DAMIRI
He was greatest
zoologist of his time. He
compiled a book
“Hayat-al-Haywan”
during 14th century
which was about
thousand kinds of
animals

60. ALI BIN ISA
He was a well known eye specialist of his times and worked on structure,
function and diseases of eye. He wrote three volumes on this subjects in
which he has described 130 diseases of the eye.

61. ABUL QASIM MAJREETI
He is especially known in Europe for his book on animal species

62. AL- JAHIZ
He wrote a famous book “ Al-Haywan”. In this book he described his own observation
on animals

63. Impact of Biological Studies on Human Welfare

64. ABIOGENESIS
Man had believed since ancient times that living organism arise from, clay
earth and other non-living matter and not from pre-existing parents of
their own kind. This old belief that living beings can spontaneously
develop from the non-living is termed as abiogenesis.

65. BIOGENESIS
According to this theory living organism can arise from
pre-existing living organisms

66. REDI’S EXPERIMENTS
Some dead snakes were placed in a box. It was noticed that flies
gathered round the dead snakes. After three days maggots appeared
in their bodies and they devoured their flesh, leaving behind only
bones. After eighteen days maggots became inactive, assumed an egg
like shape and transformed into pupae. Some of these pupae were
then transferred to separate glass containers covered with sheet of
paper

67. OBSERVATION
After eight days, it was observed that a fly emerged from every pupae and all such
flies were similar to those which were seen initially to settle on the body of dead
snakes.

68. CONLUSION
From this it was concluded that the
flies had laid eggs on dead snakes.
Those eggs gave rise to maggots
which formed pupae and ultimately
flies emerged from them.

69. EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Redi took eight bottles. He put dead snakes and fishes in them. Of these eight bottles,
four were kept open and four covered.
Observation:
After a few days, maggots appeared in the first four bottles only. No maggots appeared
in the bottles kept covered.
Conclusion: This showed that if the flies were prevented from entering bottles, the
maggots did not appear

70. EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Method: some pieces of meat were put in a bottle whose mouth was covered with
gauze. Thus air could enter the bottle while flies remained out. As further precaution
this bottle was placed in a box, the wall of which were made of netting.
Observation: No maggots appeared on the piece of meat even after many days in spite
of the fact that entry of air was possible.

71. CONCLUSION
These experiments provided evidence supporting the idea that only living beings give
rise to living beings.