For ninth grade, this is the first chapter and purpose to introduce them biological terms and about the Islamic beliefs about life; and also to know about the Muslim scientists
For ninth grade, this is the first chapter and purpose to introduce them biological terms and about the Islamic beliefs about life; and also to know about the Muslim scientists
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living organism and their life processes. It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
Discover about the Characteristics of Living Things:
Cellular Organization
Genetic Control
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Adaptation
Sensitivity/Response
Movement
Of all the living things, the human body in particular has been a source of curiosity by most of us. No doubt, the field of biology, anatomy and physiology provide us a clear venue to explore and understand it.
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living organism and their life processes. It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
Discover about the Characteristics of Living Things:
Cellular Organization
Genetic Control
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Adaptation
Sensitivity/Response
Movement
Of all the living things, the human body in particular has been a source of curiosity by most of us. No doubt, the field of biology, anatomy and physiology provide us a clear venue to explore and understand it.
Cell theory states that living things are composed of one or more cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life, and that cells arise from existing cells.
The cell theory describes the basic properties of all cells.
The three scientists that contributed to the development of cell theory are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
A component of the cell theory is that all living things are composed of one or more cells.
A component of the cell theory is that the cell is the basic unit of life.
A component of the cell theory is that all new cells arise from existing cells.
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
Introduction to Cell. Cell is the basic unit of life. Every living things are composed of cells..........................................................................................................................................................................................
introduction to cell biology
Cell Biology
The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm
The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast.
Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.
These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals.
The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter.
Largest cell ….
The largest single-celled organism is an animal
called Syringammina fragilissima, which can grow to a width of 4 inches.
– are highly folded, forming a complex network of tubes.
The biological science which deals with the study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells, is called cytology or cell biology
(Gr., kytos = hollow vessel or cell; logos = to discourse).
Much of cell biology is devoted to the study of structures and functions of specialized cells.
Individual cells that form our bodies can grow, reproduce, process information, respond to stimuli, and carry out an amazing array of chemical reactions.
Origin and Evolution of Life by Ratnodip SahaRatnodip Saha
Here I've discussed, how life originated on earth and how it evolved to today's form.
Contents:
What is life? What is life cycle?
Abiogenesis or Origin of life: chemogeny & biogeny
Steps of Abiogenesis
What is Hot dilute soup theory?
Protocells: coacervates & microspheres
What is evolution?
What is variation?
Differences between variation and Mutation
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Characteristics of
Living Things
It is not always an easy thing to tell the difference between living,
dead, and non-living things. Prior to the 1600's many people believed
that nonliving things could spontaneously turn into living things. For
example, it was believed that piles of straw could turn into mice. That
is obviously not the case. There are some very general rules to follow
when trying to decide if something is living, dead, or non-living.
3. 1. Living things
are made of cells
Cell, from the Latin word
cella meaning “small room”, is
the basic structural, functional,
and biological unit of all known
living organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit
of life that can replicate
independently, and are often
called “building blocks of life”.
4. 2. Living things
obtain and use
energy Living organisms need energy
to grow, develop, repair damage,
and reproduce.
Autotrophs – organisms that
can make their own food. Ex.
Plants
• Photosynthesis is process
through which plants obtain
their energy.
Heterotrophs – organisms that
cannot make their own food. Ex.
Animals
• Herbivore: plant eater
• Carnivore: flesh eater
5. 3. Living things grow and develop
Unicellular organisms may stay as one cell but they
grow too.
Multicellular organisms add more and more cells to
form more tissues and organs as they grow.
Growth and development of living organisms are not
the same things.
• Growth is the increase in size and mass of that
organism.
• Development involves transformation of the organism
as it goes through the growth process.
6. 3. Living things grow and develop
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in
a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of
chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.
• Prophase: stage of mitosis in which the chromatin
condenses into double rod-shaped structures called
chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible.
• Pro-metaphase: the nuclear membrane breaks apart into
numerous "membrane vesicles", and the chromosomes
inside form protein structures called kinetochores.
• Metaphase: stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in
which chromosomes are at their most condensed and coiled
stage.
• Anaphase: the stage of mitosis when chromosomes are
split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the
cell.
• Telophase: the nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli
reappear, chromosomes unwind into chromatin.
7. 4. Living things reproduce
Sexual Reproduction
This involves two individuals of the
same species, usually a male and
female. Here the male and female sex
cells come together for fertilization to
take place. After this the newly
fertilized cell goes on to become a new
organism, the offspring. Note that not
all sexual reproduction involve mating.
Asexual reproduction
This form of reproduction occurs without
the involvement of another. Asexual
reproduction is very common in single cell
organisms and in many plants. There are
many forms of asexual reproduction.
Mitosis, fission, budding, fragmentation,
sporulation and vegetative reproduction
are all examples of asexual reproduction.
Reproduction is the process by which new organisms (offspring) are
generated. A living organism does not need reproduction to survive, but as a
species, they need that for continuity and to ensure that they are not
extinct. There are two main types of reproduction:
8. 5. Living things respond
to their environment
Response to stimuli is an important characteristic of life. Anything that
causes a living organism to react is called a stimulus (plural is stimuli)
Stimuli can be external or internal.
For instance, if you feel like going to the bathroom, it is an internal
stimulus that is controlled by the brain. If the sun comes up on a warm
day, it is an external stimulus that can cause a snake to come out and
bask. The ability of the organism to react is called ‘irritability’.
It helps the organism to stay in balance. Living organisms have some
senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing) that help them to detect
changes in their external environment, as well their internal balance
and respond to them.
Some organisms (such as herbivores) respond to stimuli much quicker
than others (such as plants).
9. 6. Living things adapt to their environment
Homeostasis the ability of an organism to maintain balance in its internal
environment. It is achieved by a mechanism involving three components:
The Receptor (or Sensor): Sensors on your skin can detect when the
temperature outside increases.
The Control Center (Processor): The brain receives the signal from the
sensor and processes it (finds a solution).
The Effector: Sweat glands get to work, and blood flow increases to
produce sweat, which cools the organism down. This way, the organism’s
original balance is restored.
Adaptation is the process that helps an organism survive in its environment.
For example, a polar bear will struggle to survive in a hot climate, because the
temperature will be too much for it. The polar bear's heavy fur is best suited for
colder regions, therefore we say that polar bears are adapted to colder
regions.
10. If something follows one or just a few of the rules listed above, it does
not necessarily mean that it is living. To be considered alive, an
object must exhibit all of the characteristics of living things. Sugar
crystals growing on the bottom of a syrup container is a good
example of a nonliving object that displays at least one criteria for
living organisms.
11. Principles of
Spontaneous Generation
and Abiogenesis
In modern science, it is understood that living things arise from
other living things. This is cell theory; the knowledge that cells (the
basic units of life) came from pre-existing cells. But life had to begin
at some point. So what is it that makes the discredited theory of
spontaneous generation a fallacy and abiogenesis solid science?
12. What Is Spontaneous Generation?
Spontaneous generation is the belief that, on a daily basis,
living things arise from nonliving material, and this idea was
entrenched throughout most of recorded history.
13. Aristotle's Thoughts on
Spontaneous Generation
Aristotle was one of the first to record his conclusions on the
possible transition from nonliving to living. According to
Aristotle, it was readily observable that aphids arise from the
dew on plants, fleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty
hay; and this belief remained unchallenged for more than two
thousand years.
14. What Is Abiogenesis?
Spontaneous generation was not a theory that addressed the
origin of life, but instead, had been based on the belief that
living things commonly emerge from nonliving matter.
Although science ultimately established that living things
arise from other living things, the question remained…”Where
did the first living thing come from?” Abiogenesis is the
theory that addresses the actual origins of life on Earth.
15. Abiogenesis and Nucleic Acids
All living things have genetic instructions made of organic
molecules called nucleic acid. These instructions are
essentially the blueprint for each living thing. Therefore the
question of how life on Earth originated, the investigation of
abiogenesis, focuses on how the first nucleic acids came into
being.
16. Chemistry of Life
Life on earth depends on the chemical element Carbon, which is
present in every living thing. Carbon is so important, it forms the
basis for two branches of chemistry, organic chemistry and
biochemistry.
17. The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table is a chart which
organizes the chemical elements.
The elements are categorized
according to the following
attributes:
Atomic Number - number of protons in the
nucleus
Atomic Mass - sum of the number of protons
plus neutrons in the nucleus
Group - columns or multiple columns in the
periodic table. Elements in a group share similar
chemical and physical properties.
Period - rows from left to right in the period
table. Elements in a period have the same
number of energy shells.
18. Matter Structure
All substances consist of matter. Matter is anything which has mass and takes up space.
Some important concepts to remember about matter are:
Matter is made up of one or more of over 92 naturally-occurring elements. Each element
is a pure substance, made up of only one type of atom. An atom consists of three types
of particles:
Electrons are negatively-charged particles,
Protons have a positive charge, and
Neutrons do not have an electrical charge.
An atom has an inner core called a nucleus, which is where the protons and neutrons
are located. The electrons orbit around the outside of the nucleus. Two main forces hold
atoms together:
Electric force holds the electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Opposite charges
attract, so the electrons are drawn to the protons in the nucleus.
Nuclear force holds the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus.
19. Chemical Formula
Molecule - a molecule is a combination of two or more atoms (could be
from the same or different elements, such as H2 or H2O)
Compound - a compound is a combination of two or more chemically-
bonded elements. Generally, compounds are considered to be a
subclass of molecules (some people will argue they are determined by
the types of chemical bonds).
A chemical formula is a shorthand way of showing the elements contained
in a molecule/compound and their ratio. For example, H2O, the chemical
formula for water, shows that two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom
of oxygen to form a molecule of water.
Chemical bonds hold atoms together.
Ionic Bond - formed when an electron transfers from one atom to
another
Covalent Bond - formed when two atoms share one or more electrons
20. Phases of Matter
Each phase of matter has its own chemical and physical properties.
The phases of matter you need to know are:
Solid - a solid has a definite shape and volume
Liquid - a liquid has a definite volume, but can change shape
Gas - the shape and volume of a gas can change
21. Phase Changes
These phases of matter can change from one to another. Remember the
definitions of the following phase changes:
Boiling - boiling is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
Melting - melting occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a
liquid
Condensing - condensation is when a gas changes to a liquid
Freezing - freezing is when a liquid changes to a solid
22. Physical and Chemical Changes
The changes that take place in substances may be categorized in two classes:
Physical Change - does not produce a new substance (e.g., phase
changes, crushing a can)
Chemical Change - produces a new substance (e.g., burning, rusting,
photosynthesis)
Solution – results from combining two or more substances. Making a solution
can produce either a physical or chemical change. You can tell them apart this
way:
The original substances can be separated from one another if the solution
produces only a physical change.
The original substances cannot be separated from one another if a
chemical change took place.