This document provides information on the origin of life and biological classification. It discusses early theories on abiogenesis and spontaneous generation, as well as experiments by Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur that supported biogenesis. Lamarck and Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection are overviewed. The five kingdom classification system including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia is explained. Various phyla under each kingdom are listed along with examples. Scientific naming conventions and rules are also covered.

1. Origin of life Celeste Roderno-Desingaño

2. Abiogenesis (17th century) Also known as “Spontaneous Generation” This doctrine states that organic life could and does arise from inorganic matter. This was opposed by 3 experiments which gave rise to biogenesis (19th century): Francesco Redi in 1668 LazzaroSpallanzani in 1768 Louis Pasteur in 1861

3. Redi’s experiment (1668) Redi’s experiment proved that maggots did not come from meat

4. Spallanzani’s experiment (1768) Spallanzani demonstrated that microbes were present in the air, and could be killed by boiling.

5. Pasteur’s experiment (1861) Louis Pasteur performed a series of experiments which demonstrated that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not spontaneously appear in sterile, nutrient-rich media.

6. EVOLUTION, DIVERSITY OF LIFE AND BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

7. Natural Selection, Adaptation and Artificial Selection JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK (1744-1829) Published his “Hypothesis of Evolution (1809) 2 Principles: Use and Disuse Stated that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Stated that an organism could pass the modifications to its offspring.

8. Natural Selection, Adaptation and Artificial Selection CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) He coined the term evolution as descent with modification, meaning the many species of Earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present day species. Main Ideas of Natural Selection 1. Individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals 2. Over time, Natural selection can increase the match between organism and the environment 3. If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species in the process.

9. Natural Selection, Adaptation and Artificial Selection Artificial Selection Process of selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

10. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

13. Scientific names and Common names Carica papaya– papaya Aleurodicusdispersus – spiraling whitefly Pterophyllumscalare – angelfish Felisdomesticus – cat Alliumcepa –onion Musmusculus– mouse Muscadomestica– housefly

14. Scientific names and Common names Cheloniamydas – Green sea turtle Turnixworcesteri- Button quail Pithecophagajefferyi- Philippine eagle Oryza sativa – rice Cocosnucifera – coconut Tarsiussyrichta-Philippine tarsier Cervusalfredi- Philippine spotted deer

15. Scientific names and Common names Candida albicans – fungus causing itchiness to vagina Staphylococcus aureus – bacterium found on open wound and pimples Plasmodium vivax – protozoa that causes malaria Penicilliumnotatum– fungus where penicillin is derived Rafflesiaspeciousa – largest flower Cyatheaceae spp. - Fern

16. Scientific names and Common names Carettacaretta – loggerhead sea turtle Saccharomycescerevisiae – yeast used for production of beer. Clostridium botulinum– bacteria that causes food poisoning. Bubalusmindorensis– Tamaraw Dugong dugong – Dugong

17. The Five-Kingdom Classification Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

18. Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Scientific Name: Homo sapiens Common Name: Human

19. Classification Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Angiospermae Order: Graminales Family: Graminae Genus: Oryza Species: sativa Scientific Name: Oryza sativa Common Name: Rice

20. Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Rhizopus Species: stolonifer Scientific Name: Rhizopusstolonifer Common Name: Black bread mold

21. MONERA The cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus as well as other membranous structures present in the cells of all other types of organisms. Example: Bacteria

22. Classification of Bacteria Based on flagellar arrangement Based on shape

24. Phylum Rhizobacteria

25. Phylum Cyanobacteria

26. Phylum Prochlorophyta

28. Phyla of Protists Euglenophyta – Euglena Ciliophora– Paramecium Zoomastigina –Trypanosoma Sarcodina – Amoeba Phaeophyta- Brown Algae Chlorophyta – Green algae Rhodophyta –Red algae

29. Phyla of Protists Sporozoa – Plasmodium Chrysophyta – Pinnularia Pyrrophyta – Dinoflagellate Myxomycota – plasmodial Slime molds Acrasiomycota – Cellular slime molds Oomycota – water molds and downy mildews

30. FUNGI They have cell walls with chitin, but lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their own food. They cannot ingest large particles of food and depend entirely on absorption of nutrient molecules. Some are saprophytic – feed on dead and decaying organisms Reproduce asexually by spore formation or budding.

31. Phyla of fungi Zygomycota – Bread Molds Ascomycota – Saccharomyces Basidiomycota – Mushroom Deuteromycota – Candida, Penicillium

32. PLANTAE Cells contain rigid cell walls and chloroplast. Autotrophic – can produce their own food for maintenance and growth

33. kingdom plantae Division Bryophyta Non-Vascular and multicellular plants Reproduce by alternation of generation Division Tracheophyta Vascular and multicellular plants Types: seedless plants and seed plants Seed plant is divided into gymnosperm and angiosperm

36. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms with specialized tissues Most are motile and have no cell wall Performs sexual reproduction Some have rigid parts on the inside of the body, others have rigid coverings outside the body Some animals with backbone (vertebrates) Some animals without backbone (invertebrate)

37. COELENTERATA NEMATODA ANNELIDA ROTIFERA MOLLUSCA PORIFERA ECHINODERMATA PLATYHELMINTHES ARTHROPODA

38. Agnathans MAMMALIA AVES cephalochordates CHORDATA Urochordata OSTEICHTYES REPTILIA Chondrichtyes AMPHIBIA