This document provides an overview of plant classification and taxonomy. It discusses the following key points: 1. Plant taxonomy involves naming and classifying organisms into a hierarchical system. The main divisions are gymnosperms and angiosperms. 2. Angiosperms can be further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Monocots have parallel leaf veins and one cotyledon, while dicots have netted veins and two cotyledons. 3. Taxonomy is important for organizing biological information, providing scientific names, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. The hierarchical levels include domain, kingdom, division and species.

1. PLANT SCIENCE
(AGR122)
NOOR ZUHAIRAH SAMSUDDIN
012-3563140
F104 C (STAR COMPLEX)
FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY
DIPLOMA IN PLANTATION INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT

2. PLANT CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES
At the end of this lecture students are able to;
1. Identify Plant taxonomy and importance of
taxonomy
2. Describe two major plant classes; Angiosperm,
gymnosperm
3. Identify angiosperm classification and
characteristics; dicotyledonous and
Monocotyledonous,
4. Distinguish the growth types (Determinant,
Indeterminant, Monocarpic, Polycarpic, Annual,
Biennial, Herbaceous Perennial, Woody
Perennial)

3. PLANT TAXONOMY AND
IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMY

4.  1969, Robert Whittaker (plant ecologist)
developed five kingdom classification which are
 Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Most protista are
unicellular forms.
However the boundries
of Whittaker’s kingdom
protista were expanded
to include some
multicellular organism
such as seaweed
becouse of their
relationships.
Arranging

5.  the challenging--- five kingdom system is the
evidence that they are 2 distinct lineages of
prokaryotes.
 Led to three-domain system

7. DEFINITION
 TAXONOMY is the science of naming, describing &
classifying organisms.
 It is the process of
-sorting (SYSTEMATIC) and
-naming (NOMENCLATURE) the multitude of life forms
 CLASSIFICATION is a grouping of similar things for a
specific purpose

8. NOMENCLATURE – naming the organisms &
taxa they belong. Refer to scientific name based
on binomial system
SYSTEMATIC – the placing of organisms into
theirs groups. Systematic includes taxonomy,
which is naming and classification of species and
groups of species.

9. IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMY
1. Manage information and data
2. Give the universal name (scientific name) to
the organism
3. Gives the approaches to biologist to study the
diversity of biology and the natural connection
among the organism in the web of life
4. Support the organic evolution theory where
the biologist can find the natural connection
among the organism

10. CONTINUE:
5. Study other field/ area such as
morphology, anatomy and physiology
6. Find the connection between
individuals and the individual with the
environment efficiently and systematic

11. HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
CLASIFICATION according to their basic characteristic
TAXON is the name for one category or group of
organism at one level in taxonomic hierarchy structure
Level of hierarchy : 7 LEVELS

12. NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM
Brief introduction:
 In 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus (swedish botanist)
developed a hierarchical system of naming / biological
nomenclature.
 Refer as Linnaeus binomial system or binomial system
of nomenclature.
 He assigned a 2 part naming system in latin

13. 1st part of the name is referring to genus
(plural ; genera)
2nd part is the specific epithet refer to species
of that genus
Both names MUST be in italics or
underlined (handwriting)
Eg. Zea mays – corn
Oryza sativa - paddy
Hevea braziliensis – rubber

15. RICE
Rank
Scientific Name and Common
Name
Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom
Tracheobionta – Vascular
plants
Superdivision
Spermatophyta – Seed
plants
Division
Magnoliophyta – Flowering
plants
Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Subclass Commelinidae
Order Cyperales
Family
Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae –
Grass family
Genus Oryza L. – rice
Species Oryza sativa L. – rice
https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ORSA

16. OIL PALM
Rank
Scientific Name and
Common Name
Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom
Tracheobionta –
Vascular plants
Superdivision
Spermatophyta –
Seed plants
Division
Magnoliophyta –
Flowering plants
Class
Liliopsida –
Monocotyledons
Subclass Arecidae
Order Arecales
Family
Arecaceae ⁄
Palmae – Palm
family
Genus
Elaeis Jacq. – oil
palm
https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELAEI (USDA)

17. RUBBER TREE
Rank
Scientific Name and
Common Name
Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom
Tracheobionta – Vascular
plants
Superdivision
Spermatophyta – Seed
plants
Division
Magnoliophyta – Flowering
plants
Class
Magnoliopsida –
Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Euphorbiales
Family
Euphorbiaceae – Spurge
family
Genus Hevea Aubl. – hevea
Species
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd.
ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. –
rubber tree

18. COMMON MISTAKE DONE?
1. Oryza sativa
2. oryza sativa
3. Oryza Sativa
4. Oryza sativa

19. HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
CATEGORY
TAXON
CORN WHITE OAK GINKGO
KINGDOM Plantae Plantae Plantae
PHYLUM Angiospermatophyta Magnoliophyta Ginkgophyta
CLASS Monocotiledoneae Magnoliopsida Ginkgoopsida
ORDER Glumiforae Fagales Ginkgoales
FAMILY Maydeae Fagacea Ginkgoaceae
GENUS Zea Quercus Gingko
SPECIES
EPITHAT
BINOMIAL
NAME
mays
Zea mays
alba
Quercus alba
biloba
Gingko biloba
The name of organism in every level of Linnaeus hierarchy is a taxon

20. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTAE
 Plantae:- a group of organisms multi-cells, eukaryote and
autotroph and contain chlorophyll.
 The general characteristic in classification the kingdom of
Plantae:-
i. Have chlorophyll or not
ii. Simple leaf or compound leaf
iii. Leaf vein (net or parallel)
iv. Have flower or not
v. Seed (have or not)
vi. Body

21. PLANT KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

24.  Plants can be divided into two major groups that
are gymnosperm and angiosperm.
DIVISION OF PLANTS
Plants
Gymnosperm Angiosperm

25. Angiosperm
Corn- monocotiledon White oak-dicots
Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive
structures are flowers enclosed in an ovary. Angiosperms are found in
almost every habitat from forests and grasslands to sea margins and
deserts. Angiosperms display a huge variety of life forms including trees,
herbs, submerged aquatics, bulbs and epiphytes. The largest plant families
are Orchids, and Compositae (daisies) and Legumes (beans).

26. GYMNOSPERM
Ginkgo biloba
Gymnosperms (Gr. Gummos; naked, sperma; seed)
are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads,
ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the ovules or
seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.
seed plants that produced seeds that are exposed to
environment, rather than being enclosed in a fruit.

27. KINGDOM PLANTAE
Classified into:
Lower plants:
 Algae
 Brophytes
Higher Plants:
 Pterydophytes
 Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms

28. LOWER PLANTS
Algae:
Organisms that are plantlike and photosynthetic.
Examples:
 Brown algae (phylum Phaeophyta)
 Red algae (phylum Rhodophyta)
 Green algae (phylum Chlorophyta)
 Golden algae (phylum Chrysophyta)

29. LOWER PLANTS
Bryophytes:
Small and simple plants that live mainly in damp
and shady places.
Most common are mosses
Mosses and other bryophytes are different from
algae by several features during ecolutionary
adaptation to living on land
Bryophytes today are represented by:
 Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
 Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
 Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

30. HIGHER PLANTS
These are vascular plants.
Vascular plants = plants that are equipped with
food transporting phloem and water conducting
xylem.
Modern vascular plants are divided into 3 main
groups:
A. Pterydophytes
B. Gymnosperms
C. Angiosperms

31. PTERYDOPHYTES
Pterydophytes are seedless
vascular plants, which
means they do not produce
seeds unlike gymnosperms
and angiosperms
Represented by 2 phyla:
1. Phylum Lycophyta
(Lycophytes)
2. Phylum Pterophyta (ferns,
whisferns and horsetails)

32. GYMNOSPERMS
Vascular plants that bear naked seeds, represented
normally by plants or trees such as conifers,
cone-bearing plants such as pines.
They lack enclosed chambers (ovaries) and the
ovules and seeds develop on the scales of cones
The 4 phyla of extant gymnosperms are:
1. Ginkophyta
2. Cycadophyta
3. Gnetophyta
4. Coniferphyta

33. ANGIOSPERM
These flowering plants are vascular seed
plants that produce the reproductive
structures called flowers and fruits
The most diverse and geographically
widespread of all plant species
There are about 250,000 known species
of angiosperms compared to about 720
gymnosperm species

34. ANGIOSPERM
Angiosperms divided into two main
classes :
a. Monocot (monoctyledon) – having
veins running parallel (as in grass
blade
b. Dicot (dicotyledon) – have netlike
veination in their leaves

36. THE TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
MONOCOTYLEDON & DICOTYLEDON
Characteristics Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
Seeds one cotyledon two cotyledons
Leaf Parellel veination Net or reticulate
veination
Roots Fibrous Tap root system
Sepal & petal of
flower
Multiples of three Multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular bundle no cambium have cambium
Stem The basic tissue is
not divided into
pith and cortex
The basic tissue
divided into 2
parts; pith and
cortex.

37. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONOCOT AND
DICOT

38. IDENTIFY TYPES OF GROWTH WITH
EXAMPLE??
1. Determinant,
2. Indeterminant
3. Monocarpic
4. Polycarpic
5. Annual
6. Biennial
7. Herbaceous Perennial
8. Woody Perennial

39. GROWTH TYPES;
DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE
 Indeterminate:
means the plants will keep on growing
(continuos), continuing extending their
stems, branches and reproductive buds will
develop from time to time
Until stopped by environmental or internal
signal
Examples: coconut, mangoes, apple, rattans

40.  Determinate :
means plants that appeared to be stop growing
once terminal buds change from vegetative to
reproductive buds
Eg: banana, sago

41. SEASONAL GROWTH CYCLE
Annuals – Plants which complete their life
cycle in one season and reproduce by seed
only.
Biennials – plants which required two years
from germination to flowering and seed
production. Rare in the tropics, mostly in
temperate regions.
Perennials – produce seeds every season, but
sometimes once in several seasons.

43. MONOCARPIC
 Monocarpic- plants survive only a single growing
season of flowering and fruiting
 Examples: Rice, Wheat, Radish, Carrot, Bamboo

44. POLYCARPIC
 Polycarpic- Plants reproduce multiple times;
reproduces flowers, fruit repeatedly
 Examples: Apple, Mango, Grape wine, Orange

45. REINFORCEMENT
1. List down hierarchy of binomial Linnaeus system
2. Give a definition:
Taxonomy, nomenclature, systematic, taxon
3. Differentiate between
a)Angiosperm and Gymnosperm
b)Monocots and Dicots
4. Describe the difference between monocot & dicots
according to their characteristic