This document discusses several key topics related to biology including growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, taxonomy, and biodiversity. It provides definitions and examples for each topic. For example, it defines growth as an irreversible increase in size through cell division. It also explains different types of reproduction such as budding and spore formation. Finally, it discusses taxonomy and explains the scientific naming system used to classify organisms into taxonomic groups from kingdom to species.

2. 1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Metabolism
4. Cellular Organization
5. Consciousness

3.  Multiplication or Increase
in size is called Growth growth.
 Irreversible increase.
 Uni and Multi cellular organisms grow by cell division.
 plant grow throughout their life.
 animals grow for certain period only.
 Non-living things also grow.
 Accretion- Addition matter
from outside.

4.  Living organism produce new organisms
similar to themselves.
 Sexual – biparental
 Asexual – uniparentel

5.  Budding
 Spore formation
 Regeneration
 Fragmentation

6. The parent body gives out a small outgrowth
finally develop into new organism.

7.  Formation of new individual by germination
of spore.
 Unicellular bodies in the parent that are
enable to grow into a new organism.
(e.g. Fungi)

8.  The organism develop or regenerate their lost
or worn out parts. (e.g. Planaria).

9.  Parent body break into multiple pieces. Each
of which gives to new individual.
(e.g. spirogyra)

10.  All living organism made up of chemicals.
 These chemicals change into some other
biomolecule is called chemical reaction.
 There are Two types of chemical reactions
anabolism and catabolism.

11.  ANABOLISM
Store energy
Endergenic
Simple to complex
e.g. Photosynthesis
 CATABOLISM
Release energy
Exergonic
Complex to simple
e.g. Respiration

12.  All living thing organisms respond their
external stimuli like physical, chemical,
biological factor.
 Plants respond to light, water, temperature,
pollulatants, etc.

14. BIO DIERSITY

15.  Variety of animals and plants in the earth
differ in their habit, habitat, mode of nutrition
and physiology is refer to Biodiversity.
 Living organism on the earth now b/w
5 - 30 million.
 Known and described range of species b/w
1.7 – 1.8 million.

16.  Classification of living organism into different
taxa based on their characteristics.
Basics of taxonomy:
1.characterisation
2.identification
3.classification
4.Nomenclature

17.  Comparing similarities and dissimilarities
with already known organism.
NOMENCLATURE
 Providing distinct and proper Name to the
organism

18.  Plants and animals in our area know by their
local names.
 Cannot used by biologists.
 Incorrect meaning.
e.g jellyfish, silverfish, cuttlefish, starfish.
No relationship with true fishes.
 Single plant known by several names
 Single name use two or more plants.

19.  Provide scientific name with two parts.
 Generic epithet and specific epithet.
 This system proposed by C Linnaeus in his
book Species Plantarum.
Mangifera indica L,
Mangifera – genus
Indica – species

20.  Names are in Greek or Latin language
 Generic name begins with capital letter and
specific name a Small letter
e.g. Mangifera indica
 Underlined in case of hand written or
italicised if printed

21. Kingdom
Phylum or Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The system by which
various Taxonomic
categories are
arranged
in a proper
descending
order is called
Taxonomic or
systematic hierarchy.

22.  A taxon is a taxonomic group belonging to
any rank in given system of classification.
Class
Family
Species

23.  Basic unit of classification
 Group of closely resemble organisims which
are capable of producing with each other to
produce offspring.
 e.g felis catus, Panthera Leo

24.  Group of Closely related species.
 Panthera pardus (leopard)
 Panthera tigrus (tiger)
 Panthera leo (lion)
 Canis lupus (wolf)
 Canis familiaris (dog)

25. Pathera
P.tigrus
P.pardus
P.leo

26.  Group of similar Characters with in genera.
Felidae
P.tigrus
P.pardus
P.leo
F. catus

27.  Group of related families
Carnivore
Felidae
Canidae

28. Mammalia
Carnivora
Primates

29.  Group of related classes in animals
Division
 Group of related classes in plants

30.  Plantae
All divisions
 Animalia
All phyla

31.  Collection of specimens of plants and animal
species
 Procedure & technique to store and preserve
the information as well as the specimens.
1.Herbarium
2.Botanical garden
3.Museum
4.Zoological park

32.  Store house of collection of plant specimens
that are dried, preserved on sheets.
 Arranged by Universal accepted system of
classification
 Sheets carry label. it contain information
about
1.Name
2.Date
3.Place of collection
4.Family
5.Collector name

33.  Specialized garden have collection of living
plants.
 E.g
 Royal Botanical Garden.
 Kew, London.
 Indian Botanical Garden.
 Hawrah, India.

34.  Collection of Preserved Plants and animal specimen
for study and reference.
 Preserved in jars in preserved solution also dry
specimens.
 Large animal and birds usually stuffed and
preserved.

35.  Wild animals are kept in protected
environments under human care.
 Environment similar to their natural habitats.

36.  Couplet - Contrasting character in pair
 Lead – statement in key
 Flora – Habitat and distribution of plant in
particular geographical area
 Manual – all the organisms of a particular
kingdom
 Monographs – Book or journal containing information
about book or journal particular taxon. E.g genera,
phylum.