The document provides information about taxonomy and the classification of organisms into domains and kingdoms. It defines key terms like prokaryote, eukaryote, heterotroph, autotroph, unicellular, and multicellular. It describes the six kingdoms - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and provides examples and characteristics of organisms from each kingdom. The document also discusses how classification is an evolving field as new discoveries are made.
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Warm up 2/2/2015 Monday
Use the chart above to answer the following questions:
1. Which taxonomic groups do these organisms share?
2. At which taxonomic groups do Dog and Human diverge?
3. According to the chart which taxonomic group is the
most general?
4. Which two organisms are the most closely related?
5. Vocabulary
Which term means one-celled? Many-celled?
multicellular
unicellular
Which term means that the organism produces its own
food? Consumes food?
autotroph
heterotroph
6. Number of cells
Multicellular- organisms made of two or more
cells.
Example: animal, plants, fungi
Unicellular- organism made of single cell
Example: bacteria, protist
7. Vocabulary
Prokaryotic – describes an organism
with cells that have a cell membrane
but do NOT have a nucleus
Eukaryotic – describes an organism
with cells that have a membrane
bound organelles and a nucleus
(nuclear membrane)
8. Vocabulary
Autotrophic – makes
its own food
Examples:
photoautotrophs,
chemoautotrophs
Heterotrophic – gets
nutrients from the
food it consumes
9. List of the Three Domains and
the Six Kingdoms
1. Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
2. Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
3. Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
10. Environment per kingdom
(niche)
Archaebacteria- extreme environment
Eubacteria- everywhere in daily life (humans
large intestine)
Protista- Pond water, land, air
Fungi-trees, ground
Plantae-everywhere (land and water)
Animalia – everywhere (land, air, water)
11.
12. Kingdom and Domain Characteristics
Domain Kingdom Characteristics
Cell type
Cell
Structure
Body Type Nutrition Example
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic
Cell Wall,
Peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Enterobacteria
Spirochetes
Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryotic
Cell Wall,
No
Peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Methanogens
Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed
Unicellular
and
Multicellular
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Amoebas
Euglenas
Kelps
Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic
Cell Wall,
Chitin
Unicellular
and
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Yeasts
Mushrooms
Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic
Cell Wall,
Cellulose
Multicellular Autotrophic
Ferns
Pine trees
Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No Cell Wall Multicellular Heterotrophic
Birds
Earthworms
13. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a
wide variety of habitats, including other organisms
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan
15. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases,
such as strep throat, food poisoning and the
Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)
16. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria also play an
important role in
decomposition,
nitrogen fixation and
human digestion (E.
coli)
Soybean root containing
billions of bacteria
18. Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria from an
Nitrifying Trickle Filter
(NTF) stained with
acridene orange. The
stain makes
DNA appear yellow
and
RNA appear orange.
19. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Bacteria that live in extreme habitats, such as hot
springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black
smokers
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
20. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors
from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.
22. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria can
live deep in the ocean
near geothermal
vents called black
smokers
There is no light, so
they carry out
chemosynthesis
instead of
photosynthesis
23. Kingdom Protista
Extremely diverse group
Eukaryotic
Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Some with cell walls containing cellulose; some carry
out photosynthesis with chloroplasts
24. Kingdom Protista
Volvox – a colonial protist
Euglena - autotrophic
A slime mold
Amoeba - heterotrophic
32. Linnaeus developed the scientific
naming system still used today.
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
• A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.
White oak:
Quercus alba
33. Binomial nomenclature is a system of giving two names for organisms.
– uses Latin words
– scientific names always written in italics
– two parts are the genus name and species descriptor
34. • A genus includes one or more physically similar species.
– Species in the same genus are thought to be closely
related.
– Genus name is always capitalized.
• A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.
– always lowercase
– always follows genus
name; never written alone
Tyto alba
35. Linnaeus’ classification system has
seven levels.
Each level is
included in the level
above it.
• Levels get
increasingly
specific from
kingdom to
species.
37. Classification is always a work in
progress.
The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
Animalia
Plantae
38. Classification is always a work in
progress.
The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
Animalia
Protista
Plantae
39. Classification is always a work in
progress.
The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
– 1938: prokaryotes moved
to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
Animalia
Protista
Plantae
Monera
40. The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
Classification is always a work in
progress.
– 1938: prokaryotes moved
to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
Monera
– 1959: fungi moved to
own kingdom
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
41. The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
Classification is always a work in
progress.
– 1938: prokaryotes moved
to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
– 1959: fungi moved to
own kingdom
– 1977: kingdom Monera
split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Archea
Bacteria
42. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that have a
prokaryotic cell structure?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
43. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are mostly
unicellular and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
44. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that have a cell
wall made of chitin?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
45. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
multicellular and reproduce sexually?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
46. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
responsible for causing diseases such as cholera and
typhoid?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
47. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are found in
both aquatic and terrestrial habitats?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
48. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are used in
the production of bread, wine, and cheese?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
49. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
responsible for the decomposition of dead organisms?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
50. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
photosynthetic and produce their own food?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
51. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
multicellular and have a tissue organization?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae
53. What is the hierarchical system of classifying living
things?
The hierarchical system of classifying living things is
called taxonomy. It is a system of grouping organisms
based on their characteristics.
What are the three domains of life?
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya.
What are the six kingdoms of life?
The six kingdoms of life are Bacteria, Archaea,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
54. What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes are organisms that do not have a nucleus
or other membrane-bound organelles.
What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nucleus and
other membrane-bound organelles.
What are the characteristics of animals?
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that
can move.
What are the characteristics of plants?
Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that
cannot move.
What are the characteristics of fungi?
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants
nor animals. They are heterotrophic and absorb
nutrients from their environment.
55. What are the characteristics of protists?
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that
do not fit into any of the other three domains. They can
be unicellular or multicellular.
What are the characteristics of archaea?
Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that are found in
extreme environments. They are not closely related to
bacteria.