The document provides information about taxonomy and the classification of organisms into domains and kingdoms. It defines key terms like prokaryote, eukaryote, heterotroph, autotroph, unicellular, and multicellular. It describes the six kingdoms - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and provides examples and characteristics of organisms from each kingdom. The document also discusses how classification is an evolving field as new discoveries are made.

1. Warm up 2/2/2015 Monday
 Use the chart above to answer the following questions:
1. Which taxonomic groups do these organisms share?
2. At which taxonomic groups do Dog and Human diverge?
3. According to the chart which taxonomic group is the
most general?
4. Which two organisms are the most closely related?

2. Quiz tomorrow!
OVER THE 6 KINGDOMS

3. Record these vocabulary
words in your notebook.
 Multicellular
 Unicellular
 Prokaryote
 Eukaryote
 Heterotroph
 Autotroph

4. Overview of the
Six Kingdoms

5. Vocabulary
Which term means one-celled? Many-celled?
 multicellular
 unicellular
Which term means that the organism produces its own
food? Consumes food?
 autotroph
 heterotroph

6. Number of cells
 Multicellular- organisms made of two or more
cells.
 Example: animal, plants, fungi
 Unicellular- organism made of single cell
 Example: bacteria, protist

7. Vocabulary
 Prokaryotic – describes an organism
with cells that have a cell membrane
but do NOT have a nucleus
 Eukaryotic – describes an organism
with cells that have a membrane
bound organelles and a nucleus
(nuclear membrane)

8. Vocabulary
 Autotrophic – makes
its own food
Examples:
photoautotrophs,
chemoautotrophs
 Heterotrophic – gets
nutrients from the
food it consumes

9. List of the Three Domains and
the Six Kingdoms
1. Domain Bacteria
 Kingdom Eubacteria
2. Domain Archaea
 Kingdom Archaebacteria
3. Domain Eukarya
 Kingdom Protista
 Kingdom Fungi
 Kingdom Plantae
 Kingdom Animalia

10. Environment per kingdom
(niche)
 Archaebacteria- extreme environment
 Eubacteria- everywhere in daily life (humans
large intestine)
 Protista- Pond water, land, air
 Fungi-trees, ground
 Plantae-everywhere (land and water)
 Animalia – everywhere (land, air, water)

12. Kingdom and Domain Characteristics
Domain Kingdom Characteristics
Cell type
Cell
Structure
Body Type Nutrition Example
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic
Cell Wall,
Peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Enterobacteria
Spirochetes
Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryotic
Cell Wall,
No
Peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Methanogens
Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed
Unicellular
and
Multicellular
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Amoebas
Euglenas
Kelps
Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic
Cell Wall,
Chitin
Unicellular
and
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Yeasts
Mushrooms
Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic
Cell Wall,
Cellulose
Multicellular Autotrophic
Ferns
Pine trees
Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No Cell Wall Multicellular Heterotrophic
Birds
Earthworms

13. Kingdom Eubacteria
 Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a
wide variety of habitats, including other organisms
 Unicellular
 Prokaryotic
 Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan

14. Kingdom Eubacteria
 Bacteria come in
different shapes, such
as round, spiral and
rod-shaped.

15. Kingdom Eubacteria
 Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases,
such as strep throat, food poisoning and the
Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)

16. Kingdom Eubacteria
 Bacteria also play an
important role in
decomposition,
nitrogen fixation and
human digestion (E.
coli)
Soybean root containing
billions of bacteria

17. Kingdom Eubacteria
 Procholorococcus –
an autotrophic
bacterium – What
does that mean about
how it gets its
nutrients?

18. Kingdom Eubacteria
 Bacteria from an
Nitrifying Trickle Filter
(NTF) stained with
acridene orange. The
stain makes
DNA appear yellow
and
RNA appear orange.

19. Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Bacteria that live in extreme habitats, such as hot
springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black
smokers
 Unicellular
 Prokaryotic
 Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Cell walls without peptidoglycan

20. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors
from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

21. Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Some like it hot! Bacillus infernus

22. Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Archaebacteria can
live deep in the ocean
near geothermal
vents called black
smokers
 There is no light, so
they carry out
chemosynthesis
instead of
photosynthesis

23. Kingdom Protista
 Extremely diverse group
 Eukaryotic
 Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular
 Autotrophic and heterotrophic
 Some with cell walls containing cellulose; some carry
out photosynthesis with chloroplasts

24. Kingdom Protista
Volvox – a colonial protist
Euglena - autotrophic
A slime mold
Amoeba - heterotrophic

25. Kingdom Fungi
 Eukaryotic
 Most are multicellular
 Heterotrophic (decomposers)
 Cell walls made of chitin

26. Kingdom Fungi
Stilton cheese
Bread mold

27. Kingdom Plantae
 Eukaryotic
 Multicellular
 Autotrophic
 Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts present

28. Kingdom Plantae

29. Kingdom Animalia
 Eukaryotic
 Multicellular
 Heterotrophic
 No cell walls, no chloroplasts

30. Kingdom Animalia
Coral snake
Sponge
Flatworm
Octopus
Jellyfish
Bear

32. Linnaeus developed the scientific
naming system still used today.
 Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
• A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.
White oak:
Quercus alba

33.  Binomial nomenclature is a system of giving two names for organisms.
– uses Latin words
– scientific names always written in italics
– two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

34. • A genus includes one or more physically similar species.
– Species in the same genus are thought to be closely
related.
– Genus name is always capitalized.
• A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.
– always lowercase
– always follows genus
name; never written alone
Tyto alba

35. Linnaeus’ classification system has
seven levels.
 Each level is
included in the level
above it.
• Levels get
increasingly
specific from
kingdom to
species.

36. KEY CONCEPT
The current tree of life has three domains.

37. Classification is always a work in
progress.
 The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
 New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
 Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
Animalia
Plantae

38. Classification is always a work in
progress.
 The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
 New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
 Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
Animalia
Protista
Plantae

39. Classification is always a work in
progress.
 The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
 New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
 Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
– 1938: prokaryotes moved
to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
Animalia
Protista
Plantae
Monera

40.  The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
 New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
 Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
Classification is always a work in
progress.
– 1938: prokaryotes moved
to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
Monera
– 1959: fungi moved to
own kingdom
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia

41.  The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
 New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
 Until 1866: only two kingdoms,
Animalia and Plantae
Classification is always a work in
progress.
– 1938: prokaryotes moved
to kingdom Monera
– 1866: all single-celled
organisms moved to
kingdom Protista
– 1959: fungi moved to
own kingdom
– 1977: kingdom Monera
split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Archea
Bacteria

42. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that have a
prokaryotic cell structure?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

43. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are mostly
unicellular and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

44. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that have a cell
wall made of chitin?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

45. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
multicellular and reproduce sexually?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

46. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
responsible for causing diseases such as cholera and
typhoid?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

47. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are found in
both aquatic and terrestrial habitats?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

48. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are used in
the production of bread, wine, and cheese?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

49. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
responsible for the decomposition of dead organisms?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

50. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
photosynthetic and produce their own food?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

51. 1. Which kingdom includes organisms that are
multicellular and have a tissue organization?
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animalia
5. Plantae

52. 1. (A) Monera
2. (B) Protista
3. (C) Fungi
4. (D) Animalia
5. (A) Monera
6. (B) Protista
7. (C) Fungi
8. (C) Fungi
9. (D) Plantae
10. (D) Animalia

53.  What is the hierarchical system of classifying living
things?
 The hierarchical system of classifying living things is
called taxonomy. It is a system of grouping organisms
based on their characteristics.
 What are the three domains of life?
 The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya.
 What are the six kingdoms of life?
 The six kingdoms of life are Bacteria, Archaea,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

54.  What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?
 Prokaryotes are organisms that do not have a nucleus
or other membrane-bound organelles.
 What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?
 Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nucleus and
other membrane-bound organelles.
 What are the characteristics of animals?
 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that
can move.
 What are the characteristics of plants?
 Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that
cannot move.
 What are the characteristics of fungi?
 Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants
nor animals. They are heterotrophic and absorb
nutrients from their environment.

55.  What are the characteristics of protists?
 Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that
do not fit into any of the other three domains. They can
be unicellular or multicellular.
 What are the characteristics of archaea?
 Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that are found in
extreme environments. They are not closely related to
bacteria.