The document discusses biological classification systems. It describes Carolus Linnaeus' original two kingdom system of Plantae and Animalia. It then summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Key details are provided about each kingdom, including defining characteristics, examples of organisms, and modes of reproduction. Viruses, viroids, and lichens are also briefly outlined.

1. Biological Classification
Dr Rama Kant Upadhyay
PGT Biology
KV 39 GTC, VARANASI

2. Terms
• Thallus: Plant body without true stem, root & Leaf.
▪ Halophiles: Organism living in salty areas.
▪ Plankton: Plants floating passively in water current.
▪ Chemosynthetic: Using chemical reactions as energy source.
▪ Heterotrophic:
▪ Pathogenic: Disease causing.
▪ Plasmodium: Main body of slime mould.
▪ Saprophyte:
▪ Parasite:
▪ Symbionts : Two organisms living together benifitting each other.
▪ Plasmogamy : Fusion of cytoplasm.
▪ Karyogamy : Fusion of nuclei.
▪ Dikaryon : A cell with two nuclei.
▪ Dikaryophase : Stage of fungus with dikaryotic cells.
▪ Isogamous : Morphologically identical gametes.
▪ Anisogamous : Morphologically non identical Gametes.
▪ Oogamous : Female gamete oosphere and Male gamete motile

3. • Carolus Linnaeus in 1758
• Two kingdom system includes –
Demerits of Two Kingdom system
No difference in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
Heterotrophic Fungi kept in Plantae.
Plantae
Animalia.
No difference between autotrophic &
heterotrophic organisms

4. R.H Whittaker (1969)
Five kingdom
Monera- bacteria
Protista- amoeba
Fungi- yeast
Plantae- plants
Animalia- animals

5. Kingdom Monera
• Prokaryotic unicellular organisms.
• Most abundant.
• Also live in extreme habitats viz. Hot springs,
Snow etc. as endoparasite etc.
• eg. Bacteria.
• Nutrition – autotrphic / heterotrophic

7. Bacteria shapes
Spherical Coccus
Rod-shaped Bacillus
Comma-shaped Vibrio
Spiral Spirillum

8. Archaebacteria
Cell wall different from other bacteria.
Halophiles- lives in salty condition
Thermoacidophiles- high temperature and
low pH
Methanogens- marshy area, in rumen of
cow, produce (CH4) gas

10. Eubacteria
True bacteria.
Rigid cell wall with or without flagellum.
Autotrophic Cyanobacteria
Heterotrophic bacteria
Photoautotrophic
Chemoautotrophic

11. unicellular, colonial or filamentous, with
gelatinous sheath.
- Heterocyst for N2fixation
eg. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Rivularia,
Gloeotrichia
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Have chlorophyll a similar to
green plants

12. Chroococcales
Microcystis
oscillatoria

13. CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA
They get their energy (ATP)from oxidizing inorganic
compounds as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia
They play a great role in recycling nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur.
Exmp- sulfur-eating bacteria Thiothrix

14. Heterotrophic bacteria
• Obtain food from their environment
• Parasitic
• Symbiotic – Rhizobium
• Saprophytic
• Decomposers
• Useful- making curd from milk, production of
antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc.
• Harmful – pathogens (causes disease)

15. Reproduction in Bacteria
• Fission.
• Endospore
• Transduction
• Conjugartion
• Transformation
Transferring DNA piece from one bacterial
cell(+ strain) to other (- strain) (called cell
Transduction).

18. Mycoplasma
completely lack a cell wall
The smallest living cells
Can survive without oxygen
Many mycoplasma are
pathogenic in animals and
plants.

19. Kingdom Protista
• Unicellular eukaryotes.
• Primarily aquatic.
• Some have cilia and flagella.
• Reproduction- sexual / asexual both.
Crysophytes –Diatoms
Dinofagellates – Gonyaulax
Euglenoids - Euglena
Slime moulds - Plasmodium
Protozoans - Amoeba
EUGLENA

20. Crysophytes
• Fresh water or marine
microscopic Planktons.
• - Mostly photosynthetic and
chief producer in ocean eg.
Diatoms and Golden algae
(Desmids).
• - Diatoms with cell walls in
two halves having Silica
(indestructible).
• - Diatomaceous earth is
formed by cell wall deposits
of Diatoms and used in
polishing, filtration of oils
and syrups, fire bricks and
explosives

21. Dinofagellates
Marine.
Photosynthetic yellow , green,
blue, brown or red in colour.
Cellulose plate on outer surface
mostly two flagella.
- Gonyaulax causes Red tides

22. Euglenoids
Fresh water forms.
No cellwall
outer most layer pellicle.(
protein rich)
flagella may be present.
- Mixotroph. -Photosynthetic
but also heterotrophic in
absence of light
- eg. Euglena

24. Slime moulds
Saprophytes.
Body is an aggregation called ‘Plasmodium’
Plasmodium produces fruiting body having spores with walls
Spores are highly resistant and spread through wind.

25. Protozoans
• Fresh water or marine unicellular heterotrophs.
• Primitive relative of animals.
• (a) Amoeboid Protozoans –
• Free living or parasites.
• Pseudopodia (false feet) formed eg. Amoeba ,Entamoeba.
• (b) Flagellated Protozoans –
• Free living or Parasitic with flagella
• eg.Trypanosoma ( causes sleeping sickness).
• (c) Ciliated Protozoans –
• With thousands of cilia
• They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the
cell surface. eg. Paramecium(sleeper animalcule).
• (d)Sporozoans –
• Spore like stage in life eg. Plasmodium vivax (causes maleria)

26. Amoeba
Paramecium
Trypnosom
a

27. Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are a group of achlorophyllous, heterotrophic organisms with
cell wall without cellulose.
Saprophyte or Parasite or Symbiotic.
The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and
polysaccharides.
Prefer to grow in warm and humid places.
Unicellular (eg. Yeast) to multicellular filamentous body
called mycelium.
One unit of mycelium called hypha .
Mycelia maybe coenocytic (no septum) or septate.

29. Kingdom Fungi
• Lichens – Symbiotic association of
fungus and algae.
• Mycorrhiza – Symbiotic association
of fungi with root of higher plants
eg. With Pinus.
• Reproduction –Vegetative :
• by fragmentation and by
spores.Sexual:
by gametes.
• Three steps in sexual reproduction
• 1) Plasmogamy – fusion of
protoplasm.
• 2) Karyogamy – fusion of nuclei.
• 3) Meiosis of zygote

30. Reproduction in FUNGI
Vegetative
fragmentation
fission
budding.
Asexual reproduction – by spores
conidia
sporangiospores
zoospores
Sexual reproduction- by sprecial spores
oospores
ascospores
basidiospores

31. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
STEPS
PLASMOGAMY - Fusion of protoplasms
between two motile or non-motile gametes
KAYOGAMY- Fusion of two nuclei called
Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.

32. In plasmogamy the two haploid and
compatible hyphae of fungus fuses and from
diploid cell.
Exception- some fungi (ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes) dikaryotic stage also
observed.
The diploid cell late form fruiting in which
reduction division occurs, leading to
formation of haploid spores

34. Kingdom Fungi
Phycomycetes
Ascomycets (sac fungi)
Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Deuteromycetes (Fungi- imperfectil)

35. Phycomycetes
• Habitat- aquatic habitats / decaying
• May be obligate parasites on plants.
• Mycelium – aseptate , coenocytic.
Asexual reproduction -
zoospores (motile)
aplanospores (non-motile).
Sexual reproduction-
fusion of gametes
this from zygospore
fusion may be
Isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous
Examples-
• Mucor
• Rhizopus (the bread mould)
• Albugo (the parasitic fungi on mustard).

36. Mucor Rhizopus
Albugo on mustard

37. Ascomycets (sac fungi)
Unicellular (Yeast) or multicellular (Penicillium)
Saprophytic / parasitic / coprophillus (growing on dung) eg. peziza.
Mycelium- septate and branched.
Reproduction –
Asexual - conidia.
Sexually - ascospre ( produced in Ascocarp).
Aspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora, Saccharomyces (yeast)
peziza

38. Ascomycets (sac fungi)-
Neurospora

39. Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Examples - Mushrooms, Bracket fungi or Puffballs.
Habitat- soil, on logs and tree stumps and in plant as parasites,
e.g., rusts and smuts.
Mycelium - branched and septate.
Asexual spores - are generally not found
Vegetative reproduction – fragmentation
Dikayon stage observed
Fruiting body – Basidiocarp / Basidium
Basidium - produces basidiospores exogenously
Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus).

41. • Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Pileus
Stripe
Gills

42. Leaf rust of whaet by Puccinia triticina
Covered smut of barley Ustilago hordei

43. Deuteromycetes (Fungi- imperfectil)
Only the Asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are
known.
Saprophyte / parasite
Mycelium- septate, branched
Asexual spores - conidia.
Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.

44. Alternaria
Colletotrichum
Trichoderma

45. Kingdom Plantae
• - Eukaryotic, chlorophyll bearing autotrophic
organisms.
• - Only few members partialheterotrophs eg.
Insectivorus plants (Bladder wort and Venus
flytrap).
• - Few parasites eg. Cuscuta
• - Reproduction – vegetative,asexual and
sexual.
• - Life cycle shows alternation of generation.
• - eg. Algae, Bryophytes,Pteridophyte,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

46. Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic organisms.
No chloroplast and no cell wall.
Holozoic mode of nutrition .
Definite shape and size and capable of locomotion.
Reproduction – sexual in general
eg. frog, cockroach, cow, man etc.

47. Viruses, Viroids and Lichens –
• Viruses – Connecting link between living and non living.
• Non cellular, nucleoprotein
• Can reproduce within a host cell.
• Viruses which infect bacteria are called
bacteriophage.
• Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-
• Protein coat: - capsid consists of capsomers.
• Viral diseases- Mumps, Small pox, Herpes,
Influenza, AIDS etc.

49. Viroids
Viroids are the smallest
infectious pathogens
known.
They are composed solely of a
short strand of circular, single-
stranded RNA that has no
protein coating
May cause hepatitis D
Potato spindle tuber viroid

50. Lichens
Composite organisms.
Symbiotic association
Algae (Phycobiont)
Fungi (Mycobiont).
•Are pollution
indicators.

51. Summary
• Two kingdom classification
• Five kingdom classification
• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
• Virus , Viroid
• Lichen