MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. MICROBES IN HUMAN
WELFARE
Dr. R. K. Upadhyay

2. Habitat of Microorganisms
Soil
Water
Air
Thermal vents
Deep ocean
Inside animal body
Inside plants
Dead organism

3. 1. Transition Headline
Let’s start with the first set of slides

4. MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Curd
Vinegar
Bread
Cheese
Toddy
4
Beverages
Antibiotics
Chemicals
Enzymes
Bioactive molecules
HOUSE HOLD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

5. Production of curd from milk
LAB produce acids that coagulate an partially
digest the milk proteins.
A small amount of curd (inoculum) added to the
fresh milk.
Inoculum contain millions of LAB, which at suitable
temperatures multiply, thus converting milk to curd
LAB / lactic acid bacteria
Curd has Vitamin B12, in stomach it checks the
disease causing organisms

6. “
Idli , dosa
The dough is
fermented by bacteria.
The puffed-up
appearance of is due to
the production of CO2
gas..
6

7. BAKER’S YEAST
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
7
MAKING BREAD
SWISS CHEESE
Propionibacterium
sharmanii
Large holes due to
CO2 production
ROQUEFORT CHEESE
FUNGUS
Penicillium roqueforti

8. Fermentors
✔ Fermentors are large vessels
✔ Used in large production of
fermented products
✔ Fermented Beverages
✔ Antibiotics
✔ Chemicals, Enzymes and other
Bioactive Molecules
8

9. wine, beer, whisky, brandy or rum
Brewer’ yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae.)
fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices, to
produce ethanol
Wine and beer are produced without
distillation
whisky, brandy and rum are produced by
distillation
Fermented Beverages
.
9

10. ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are chemical
substances, which are
produced by some
microbes and can kill
or retard the growth of
other (disease-
causing) microbes.
Discovered by
Alexander Fleming
Source- Penicillium
notatum
Red
Is the color of blood,
and because of this
it has historically
been associated
with sacrifice,
danger and
courage.
10

11. Chemicals, Enzymes and Bioactive Molecules
11
Aspergillus
niger
Fungus Citric acid
Acetobacter
aceti
Bacteria Acetic acid
Clostridium
butylicum
Bacteria butyric
acid
Lactobacillus Bacteria Lactic acid

12. Chemicals, Enzymes and Bioactive Molecules
ENZYME USE SOURCE
Lipases detergent formulations and are helpful in
removing oily stains
from the laundry
Bacteria and
Fungi
Pectinases and
Proteases
Bottled Fruit Juice Bacteria, Fungi,
Yeasts, Protozoa
Streptokinase clot buster, removing
clots from the blood vessels of patients who
have undergone myocardial
infarction leading to heart attack.
Streptococcus

13. 13
Chemicals, Enzymes and
Bioactive Molecules
Bio active Role Source
Cyclosporin A Immunosuppres
sive agent in
organ-transplant
patients
FUNGUS -
Trichoderma
polysporum
Statins Blood-
cholesterol
lowering agents
YEAST-
Monascus
purpureus

14. STP PROCESS
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
14
Municipal waste-water is sewage.
It contains large amounts of organic
matter, human excreta and microbes.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment
plants (STPs)
Treatment of waste water is done by the
Heterotrophic microbes naturally present in
the sewage
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

15. Primary treatment
Filtration- floating debris is removed by
sequential filtration
Sedimentation – the grit (soil and small
pebbles) are removed by sedimentation.
All solids that settle form the primary sludge,
and the supernatant forms the effluent.
The effluent from the primary settling tank is
taken for secondary treatment.

16. The primary effluent is passed into large aeration
tanks.
In aeration tank it is constantly agitated mechanically
and air is pumped into it.
This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic
microbes into flocs (masses of bacteria and fungi
Flocs consume the major part of the organic matter
in the effluent.
This causes reduction of BOD.
Effluent is then passed into a settling tank
16
Secondary treatment or Biological treatment.

17. When BOD reduced significantly, the effluent is then passed
into a settling tank.
In settling tank ‘flocs’ sedimented and form activated sludge.
A small part of the activated sludge (inoculum) is pumped
back into the aeration tank.
The remaining part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks
called anaerobic sludge digesters.
In anaerobic sludge digesters anaerobic bacteria digest the
sludge and produce BIOGAS (methane, H2S, CO2)
The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally
released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.
17
Secondary treatment – Anaerobic Sludge Digester.

18. MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
Biogas is a mixture of gases
(containing predominantly methane)
• Certain bacteria, which grow anaerobically
on cellulosic material, produce large
amount of methane along with CO2 and
H2.
• These bacteria are collectively called
methanogens. Ex- Methanobacterium
18

19. 19
1- Concrete
tank (10-15
feet deep)
2- Slurry dung
is kept in tank
3- floating
cover is placed
over slurry
4- Outlet
connected to a
pipe to supply
biogas to
nearby houses
5- gas is
produced in
the tank due to
the microbial
activity.
6- Fertilizer is
also formed

20. Biological control of pests and diseases
AGENTS ACT AGAINST
Ladybird APHIDS
Dragonflies MOSQUITOES
Bacillus
thuringiensis
INSECTS
Trichoderma ROOT
PATHOGEN
Baculoviruses
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
INSECTS

21. 21
BIOFERTILISERS.
Biofertilizers are the substance
that contains microbes, which
helps in promoting the growth of
plants, trees by increasing the
supply of essential nutrients to
the plants
EX- Rhizobium
Azospirillum and
Azotobacter
Mycorrhiza
Cyanobacteria