This document summarizes the diversity of plants in the kingdom Plantae. It describes the key characteristics of plants, including being eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms that undergo photosynthesis. Plants are classified into five subgroups: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms, based on characteristics like their body structure, vascular system, and seed formation. Angiosperms are the largest and most diverse group, having well-differentiated structures and seeds enclosed in fruits.

2. Diversity of Plants
by
Maryam Riasat
KINGDOM PLANTAE

4. Plant Kingdom – Plantae
• Kingdom Plantae includes all
the plants
• They are eukaryotic,
multicellular and autotrophic
organisms
• The plant cell contains a rigid
cell wall which is composed of
cellulose.
• Plants have chloroplast and
chlorophyll pigment, which is
required for photosynthesis

5. General Characteristics
• They are non-motile
• They make their own food hence are called autotrophs
• They reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation or
sexually
• These are multicellular eukaryotes
• The plant cell contains the outer cell wall and a large
central vacuole
• Plants contain photosynthetic pigments called
chlorophyll present in the plastids
• They have different organelles for anchorage,
reproduction, support and photosynthesis

6. Classification of Kingdom Plantae
• A plant kingdom is further classified into subgroups.
Classification is based on the following criteria:
• Plant body: Presence or absence of a well-
differentiated plant body. e.g. root, stem and leaves.
• Vascular system: Presence or absence of a vascular
system for the transportation of water and other
substances. e.g. phloem and xylem.
• Seed formation: Presence or absence of flowers and
seeds and if the seeds are naked or enclosed in a fruit.

7. • The plant kingdom has been classified into
five subgroups according to the above-
mentioned criteria:
1. Thallophyta
2. Bryophyta
3. Pteridophyta
4. Gymnosperms
5. Angiosperms

8. Thallophyta
• Thallophytes lack a well-differentiated body
structure and the plant body is thallus like.
• Thallophyta includes plants with primitive and
simple body structure.
• The plant body is thallus, they may be
filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched.
Examples include green algae, red algae and
brown algae.

10. Bryophyta
• Bryophytes do not have vascular tissues.
• The plant body has root-like, stem-like and leaf-like
structures.
• Bryophytes are terrestrial plants but known as
“amphibians of the plant kingdom” as they require
water for sexual reproduction. They are present in moist
and shady places.
• Only the process of difusion and osmosis helps in the
transportation of water and minerals as well as in
transportation of prepared food and other substances.
• Bryophyta includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts.

12. Pteridophyta
• Pteridophytes have a well-differentiated plant
body into root, stem and leaves.
• They have a vascular system for conduction of
water and other substances.
• Some of the common examples are club
mosses, ferns and pteris etc.

14. Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms have a well-differentiated plant
body and vascular tissues.
• They bear naked seeds, i.e. seeds are not
enclosed within a fruit.
• Some of the common examples of
gymnosperms are cycas, pinus and conifers
etc.

16. Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants with a
well-differentiated plant body.
• The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within the
fruits.
• Angiosperms are widely distributed and vary greatly in
size, e.g. Wolffia is small measuring about 0.1 cm and
Eucalyptus trees are around 100m tall.
• Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons
and dicotyledons according to the number of
cotyledons present in the seeds.
• Some of the common examples are mango, rose,
tomato, onion, wheat, maize etc.