1. Biodeterioration is the breakdown or undesirable alteration of materials caused by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, or enzymes. It can impair the usefulness of materials for their intended purpose.
2. Biodegradation involves the degradation of materials by living organisms in a beneficial way, while biodeterioration refers to the negative or undesirable impacts on materials.
3. Various microorganisms and insects can cause biodeterioration of common materials like paper, wood, metals, textiles, and leather through processes like staining, discoloration, weakening of fibers, and structural damage over time if left unchecked. Proper preventative measures and storage conditions are needed to limit biodeterioration.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
What is The Meaning Of Biodegradation?
A biodegradable product can dissolve easily in the environment without destroying nature. It’s the opposite of plastic and Styrofoam, which harm the environment.
The meaning of biodegradation is breaking down of organic substances by the help of other living organisms such as bacteria and microbes.
History:
The first known use of the word in biological text was in 1961 when employed to describe the breakdown of material into the base components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by microorganisms .
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
s.sabarinathan ...the alcholic beverage has many benifits on helth if it consumed in a small amount they are produced in the larger quantity in industrial methods they are described in detail
production of alcoholic beverage using biotechnological methods
production of alcoholic beverage using microbial fermentation
contains the types of alcoholic beverage with its industrial production
it contain the use of saccharomyces cervisiae in fermentation of beer.....
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
What is The Meaning Of Biodegradation?
A biodegradable product can dissolve easily in the environment without destroying nature. It’s the opposite of plastic and Styrofoam, which harm the environment.
The meaning of biodegradation is breaking down of organic substances by the help of other living organisms such as bacteria and microbes.
History:
The first known use of the word in biological text was in 1961 when employed to describe the breakdown of material into the base components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by microorganisms .
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
s.sabarinathan ...the alcholic beverage has many benifits on helth if it consumed in a small amount they are produced in the larger quantity in industrial methods they are described in detail
production of alcoholic beverage using biotechnological methods
production of alcoholic beverage using microbial fermentation
contains the types of alcoholic beverage with its industrial production
it contain the use of saccharomyces cervisiae in fermentation of beer.....
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Md. Humayun Kobir
Dept: Agro Product processing Technology
Jashore University Of Science and Technology,
Contamination of foods
Micro organisms from various natural sources act as source of
contamination.
• From green plants and fruits
• From animals
• From sewage
• From soil
• From water
• From air
• During handling and processing.
From green plants and fruits
• Natural surface flora of plants varies with the plant but usually includes
species of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus,
coliforms and lactic acid bacteria.
• The no. of bacteria will depend on the plant and its environment and may
range from a few hundred or thousand per square centimeter of surface to
millions. Ex: Surface of well washed tomato contains 400-700 micro
organisms per square centimeter.
• Outer tissue of unwashed cabbage contain 1 million to 2 million micro
organisms. Inner tissues of cabbage contain fewer micro organisms.
• Exposed surface of plants become contaminated from soil, water, sewage, air
and animals, so that micro organisms from these sources are added to the
natural flora.
• Whenever conditions for growth of natural flora and contaminants are
present, special kinds of micro organisms may increase. Some fruits have
been found to contain viable micro organisms in their interior..From animals
• Sources of micro organisms from animals include the surface flora, the flora of the
respiratory tract, and the flora of the gastro intestinal tract. Hides, hooves, and hair
contain micro organisms from soil, manure, feed and water but contain spoilage
organisms.
• Feathers, feet of poultry carry heavy contamination of micro organisms.
• Skin of many meat animals may contain micrococci, Staphylococci and beta
haemolytic streptococci. Pig or beef carcasses may be contaminated with
salmonellae. Salmonellosis associated with eggs has been reduced because of the
pasteurization of egg products.
• Meat from slaughter houses is not frequently associated with human salmonellosis.
• Many of these diseases have been reduced or eliminated by improvement in animal
husbandry, but animal disease causing infections from foods include Mycobacterium,
Coxiella, Listeria, Salmonella and entropathogenic E.Coli and viruses.
• Insects and birds cause mechanical damage to fruits and vegetables, introduce micro
organisms and open the way for microbial spoilage.
From sewage
• When untreated domestic sewage is used to fertilize plant
crops, there is a chance that raw plant foods will be
contaminated with human pathogens especially those causing
gastrointestinal diseases.
• The use of “night soil” as a fertilizer still persists in some parts
of the world. In addition to the pathogens, coliform bacteria,
anaerobes, enterococci, other intestinal bacteria and viruses
can contaminate the foods from this source.
• Natural water contaminated with sewage contributes their
micro organisms to shell fish, fish, and other seafood.
From soil
• Soil contains greatest variety of micro organism
Effects of pest and insects on various food, use of
pesticides in agriculture, pesticide cycle, organophosphorus and
organochlorine pesticides analysis, determination of pesticide residues in grain, fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products.
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is an ancient sensory system that together with taste enables an organism to detect chemicals in the external environment. Olfaction is one of the five major human senses (vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch) that occurs when odorants bind to specific sites in olfactory receptors.Olfaction is present in most species such as insects, worms, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. It is essential for survival by permitting the location of food, mates, and predators, although in humans, olfaction is often viewed as an esthetic sense capable of triggering emotion and memory.
Tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin refers to the use of oak and other bark in tanning animal hides into leather.
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter.
Learning and memory functions are crucial in the interaction of an individual with the environment and involve the interplay of large, distributed brain networks. Recent advances in technologies to explore neurobiological correlates of neuropsychological paradigms have increased our knowledge about human learning and memory. In this chapter we first review and define memory and learning processes from a neuropsychological perspective. Then we provide some illustrations of how noninvasive brain stimulation can play a major role in the investigation of memory functions, as it can be used to identify cause–effect relationships and chronometric properties of neural processes underlying cognitive steps.
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information we have learned or experienced.
The three main forms of memory storage are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.
In order for neurons to send messages throughout the body, they need to be able to communicate with one another to transmit signals. However, neurons are not simply connected to one another. At the end of each neuron is a tiny gap called a synapse and in order to communicate with the next cell, the signal needs to be able to cross this small space. This occurs through a process known as neurotransmission.
There are a number of different ways to classify and categorize neurotransmitters. In some instances, they are simply divided into monoamines, amino acids, and peptides
Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in
response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). The response of the plants to
the photoperiod, expressed in the form of flowering is also called as photoperiodism. The
phenomenon of photoperiodism was first discovered by Garner and Allard (1920).Depending
upon the duration of photoperiod, the plants are classified into three categories.
1. Short day plants (SDP)
2. Long day plants (LDP)
3. Day neutral plants (DNP)
Vernalization is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually flower.The vernalization requirement ensures that plants do not flower in the fall when the environmental conditions are unfavorable for reproduction. The strength of the vernalization requirement can vary within plant species.
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its behavior and transmits signals between different body areas. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, called the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord
Striated muscle contracts to move limbs and maintain posture. The contraction of skeletal muscles is an energy-requiring process. In order to perform the mechanical work of contraction, actin and myosin utilize the chemical energy of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Muscle contraction results from a chain of events that begins with a nerve impulse traveling in the upper motor neuron from the cerebral cortex in the brain to the spinal cord.When the signal to contract is sent along a nerve to the muscle, the actin and myosin are activated. Myosin works as a motor, hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to release energy in such a way that a myosin filament moves along an actin…
Excitation–Contraction Coupling
Excitation–contraction coupling is the link (transduction) between the action potential generated in the sarcolemma and the start of a muscle contraction.
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
For a muscle cell to contract, the sarcomere must shorten. However, thick and thin filaments—the components of sarcomeres—do not shorten. Instead, they slide by one another, causing the sarcomere to shorten while the filaments remain the same length. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction was developed to fit the differences observed in the named bands on the sarcomere at different degrees of muscle contraction and relaxation. The mechanism of contraction is the binding of myosin to actin, forming cross-bridges that generate filament movement
In the muscular system, muscle tissue is categorized into three distinct types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Each type of muscle tissue in the human body has a unique structure and a specific role.
Once the oxygen diffuses across the alveoli, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to the tissues where it is unloaded, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be expelled from the body. Although gas exchange is a continuous process, the oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by different mechanisms.
What You’ll Learn to Do
Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs
Although the pH of blood ranges from 7.35-7.45, the pH of other body fluids is different. pH indicates the level of H+ ions, where low pH indicates too many H+ ions and high pH indicates too many OH- ions. Different organs function at their optimal level of pH. For example, the enzyme pepsin requires low pH to act and break down food, while the enzymes in intestine require high pH or alkaline environment to function. Similarly, any increase or decrease in the blood pH can lead to several disorders. pH is maintained in the body using primarily three mechanisms: buffer systems, respiratory control, and renal control.The abnormalities in acid-base balance are of two types: acidosis and alkalosis. In acidosis, the blood pH is low or there is too much acid in the blood, while in alkalosis, the blood pH is high or there is too much base in the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis may be caused either due to imbalance of acid-base secretion by the kidneys or altered levels of CO2 in the blood due to breathing disorders.
A wonderful biological technique to create Test tube babies.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish to help couple overcome Infertility and become parents
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Definition
The breakdown of materials by micro and or macro organisms.
(or)
undesirable change in the properties of materials caused by
vital activities of organisms.
(or)
Biodeterioration is the chemical or physical alteration of a
product that decreases its usefulness for its intended purpose,
caused by micro or macro organisms or their enzymes.
3.
4. Biodeterioration vs. Biodegradation
• Biodegradation is also impairing things by living organisms,
so does that mean both terms have same meaning?
NO!
Biodegradation
– The property of materials to be degraded or transferred
from one form to another form by any living beings
positive aspects of microbial activities
Biodeterioration
–negative aspects of microbial/ other organisms activities
Depends on the location of microbial activity
•
•
•
9. • Paper is primarily composed of cellulose and other substances
related to the origin of the raw materials used in its manufacture:
lignin, hemicelluloses, pectins, waxes, tannins, proteins and
mineral constituents.
• The content of these components varies according to the
papermaking process, the type of paper and the period of
production.
• Modern papers are thus more vulnerable to
micro organism attack than older ones.
• These are derived from the stem of wood or wood pulp and
contain a great amount of polymers and non-fibrous material
other than cellulose, as well as impurities.
.
10. Biodetrioration of paper
➢The deterioration
caused by biological
agents such as
microorganisms,
insects and
rodents is generally
known as bio
deterioration.
.
11. Almost all book components, be it paper, leather, textiles or
straw board used for binding are prone to attacks by these
biological agents.
Bio-deterioration is very high in tropical hot and humid
climate like India.
The climatic condition accelerates the growth and
multiplication of living organisms.
Almost all the libraries are suffering from this
biodeterioration.
12. These biological agents are divided into
(i) Micro-organisms- Fungus or moulds, bacteria etc.
(ii) Insects
(iii) Rodents
Bacteria EX. Cytophaga,
Cellvibrio and Cellfalcicula, etc. – Is
less frequent than fungi
Micro-fungi ExChaetomium,
Trichoderma viride and
Stackybotrys atra, Euteromycetes
.
Mould or mildew
Fungal growth which found
on book materials known as
Mould or mildew
13. Nature of detrioration on the paper
Cellulolytic strains damaging the chemical structure of paper and
noncellulolitic ones with non-specific action.
Mildewing- cause alterations on paper producing various kinds
of stains, either round or irregular in shape and coloured in red,
violet, yellow, brown, black, etc spots . These stains are due
either to the presence of pigment mycelium or to the release of
coloured metabolites.
Discoloration- Tannase enzyme from Aspergillus and
Penicilliumn hydrolysing the gallotannate.
14. Bacteria
• Bacteria attack paper less frequently than fungi.
• feltish and fragile - organic acids produced by bacteria ex.
oxalic, fumaric,succinic, citric, etc., which reduce the pH of
paper, conditioning the dynamics of bacterial and fungal
growth in secondary attacks. Frequently, bacterial and fungal
attack makes the paper feltish and fragile.
15. • Foxing- Is a color changes appeared in the paper. It appears as
rust coloured marks of different shapes, frequently as spots on
the paper. The organisms are factor which cause foxing is not
well understood.
• Consolidation- flooded or heavily moistened papers – bacteria
and fungal sps. Degrading the cellulosic materials.
17. •
•
•
Anobiidae, Lyctidae and Dermestidae complete their life cycle
inside books.
Dermestid beetles mainly eat leather bindings, but they burrow
into books, making tunnels where they pupate.
Blattidae, Blattelidae, Lepismatidae and Termitidae live in
environments where books are kept, and paper, cardboard and
glue of vegetable or animal origin represent their source of
nourishment.
• Liposcelidae are the smallest insects in book biodeterioration
(1-2 mm), and are very common. They feed on paper, glue,
etc., and live especially on bindings. These insects also feed
microfungi developed on deteriorated surfaces, so they appear
frequently under high-humidity conditions.
18. • Factors attracts or induce biological deterioration of Paper
•
•
•
•
Poor housekeeping
Stagnant air
Humidity
Darkness and dinginess
19. • Preservation
• Good housekeeping and maintenance of optimum storage
condition is necessary to control the propagation of the insects.
• Good circulation of air using electric fans ventilators, exhaust fans
etc.,
• It is preferable to avoid contact of book racks with walls (at least
15 cm away from the walls) to eliminate humidity.
• Repairing and maintaining properly the cracks, crevices and loose
joints in floors and walls to avoid insects.
• Proper human handling is essential. Ex. Food and other organic
substances invites microbial growth.
20. Chemical treatment
• Periodic use of insecticidal powder of solution like lindane at
the dark corner walls, beneath the racks and almirahs is a good
precautionary measure to prevent insects.
• It is safe to use paradichloro-benzene as it acts both as an
insect repellent and insecticide.
• A simple practice is to keep naphthalene bricks on the shelves
as it repels the insects from coming to the book racks.
21. Herbals
• Dried neem leaf, Neem Seed powder, camphor tablets tied in
muslin bags should be kept inside the racks for keeping the
pests away.
• The foundation of all the new library buildings should be
given anti-insect treatment.
23. • Leather and Parchment is prepared by the tanning process. It
convert animal hides & skins into leather. The term hide is used for
the skin of large animals (cow or horses). Term skin is used for small
animals (sheep). The hide is consist of three layers: epidermis,
dermis and subcutaneous.
• It is composed of collagen, some amount of keratin and elastin, and a
minimal amount of albumin, globulin and Collagen.
• Bacteria,Fungi, etc. are responsible for microbial
deterioration.
• Collagen can only be hydrolysed by specific enzymes, collagenases,
produced by some anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium.
Bacterias such as Bacillus (e.g., B. mesenthericus), Pseudomonas,
Bacteroides, and Sarcina under aerobic conditions can attack partially
decomposed collagen.
• Fungi - Cladosporium,Fusarium, Ophiostoma,
Scopulariopsis, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichodernia, etc.,
24. Leather are also susceptible to attack by insects:
Dermestidae and Tineidae are the main families that can
selectively attack either collagenous or keratinous materials.
Rarely cellulose and proteinaceous feeders cause damage to
parchment and leather materials.
The insect damage appears as superficial erosion, deep
erosion, holes or loss of material.
Prevention
• Incorporating the biocide promopol i.e. 2-bromo-
nitropropane.
• Avoiding moisture condition.
26. Wood is a natural plant
material.
Organic compounds
from cellulose.
Strengthened with
deposits.
made
lignin
Cellulose is a rich source of
carbohydrate.
Wooden piers
27. BIODETERIORATION OF WOOD
Most valuable resources…. Important
product .. Xylem conducting tissue,
fibers or vessels
parenchymatus, Cell
or tracheids,
wall
cellulose polysaccharides
lignin &
:mannans
xylems & hemicelluloses.
•Types of wood :
• Angiosperms - hard wood
• Gymnosperms- soft wood Cellular material.
35. Prevention of Wood deterioration
•
•
Use dry and decay-free wood.
Use durable or preservative-treated wood for places that are
unavoidable decay hazards.
Keep all woodwork in dry condition; below 20% moisture
content.
A good building design for dryness; drainage of the building
sites, ventilation of foundation, basement, and loft.
Frequent inspection.
•
•
•
A. Preventive Measures Against Fungal Decay
36. B. Preventive Measures Against Insect Attacks
• Use kiln-dried wood; insects in all stages of development
are killed.
• Keep all woodwork dry (<20% MC); not only prevents
those insects require moisture, but also prevent decay and
insects that follow it.
• Avoid direct contact with soil, or use treated wood if contact
is necessary.
• Clean rotted or insect-infested wood, scraps, and stumps
around buildings; these are good media for wood destroying
insects.
• Frequent inspection.
37. Wood Preservatives and Treatments
A. Preservative oils:
• Creosote with coal tar as its main ingredient is used for
treating utility poles, pilings, and heavy bridge timbers.
More effective if fortified with penta(chlorophenol) or
copper naphthenates.
38. C. Water-borne preservatives:
• CCA (Chromated copper arsenate): Treated products must be tested before
use. Due to toxicity of chromium and arsenic compounds, CCA treated
lumber is not allowed since 2004 for structures with frequent human
contact. Other outdoor products such as utility poles, railroad ties, pilings
etc., can still be treated with CCA.
• ACQ (Ammoniacal copper Quat): It is formulated with 67% copper sulfate
and 33% quaternary ammonium compounds in ammonium hydroxide. This
is the alternative treating formulation where CCA is not allowed.
• Borates: Inorganic borates are very effective in protecting wood against
fungi and insects, but due to their water solubility they are unstable in
wood. borate-treated wood products are not suitable for use when exposed
to weather.
40. Textiles
Textile includes fabric or cloth, furnishing, covers and
tarpaulins etc. Textile deterioration is complex phenomenon
and results from action of microorganisms, ultraviolet
radiations, chemicals or a combination of these factors.
Types and chemical nature
Natural
• Silk, Wool - cystine containing proteins, keratins
• Cotton,jute,rayon and bamboo- cellulose
Artificial
• Acrylic, nylon, polyester etc-synthetic polymers
41. Factors
• Products such as starch, derivatives of protein, fats and oils
used in finishing of textiles also promote microbial growth.
• Textile made from natural fibres is generally more
susceptible to biodeterioration than are the synthetic man
made fibres.
• Variety of microorganisms like
bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast
and moulds are found associated with deterioration of fabrics.
• Growth of microorganisms on textile may cause aesthetic and
structural damage.
• Aesthetic damage includes pigment discoloration, irregular
staining of gray, black and red colour and formation of a
biofilm over the surface of textile.
• Structural damage- weakening the strength of fiber.
42. Deterioration of Cellulose based textiles
• Fungi - species of Chaetomium, Fusarium, Aspergillus,
Stachybotrys,Myrothecium, Cladosporium, Alternaria,
Penicillium and Trichoderma etc.
• Bacterial deteriogen - species of Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter,
Sarcina and Streptomyces etc.
• Heavy infestation by these organisms may result in rotting and
breakdown of the fibres and subsequent physical changes such
as loss of strength or flexibility
45. Silk and Wool
• Silk and wool - less susceptible - most organisms.
• But are susceptible to attack by proteolytic microorganisms.
• Bacteria - deteriorate wool - Bacillus mesentericus, B.
vulgatus, B. subtilis, B. cereus and B. putrificus.Species of
Streptomyces, Penicillium and Aspergillus, etc. also
• Microbial infection results in staining, musty odour and
rotting that make fibre unfit for use.
• Pure silk is less susceptible to microbial decomposition if
completely degummed.
• Further products such as starch, oils, dyestuffs etc used in the
finishing of textiles may promote microbial growth. White rot
fungi and anaerobic bacteria readily degrade dyestuff
46. Synthetic polymers
• Synthetic polymers like acrylic, nylon, polyester etc are
resistant to microbial decay.
• Natural fibres obtained from plants and animals are readily
deteriorated because they are made from polymerization of
sugar, amino acid etc.
• Further products such as starch, oils, dyestuffs etc used in
the finishing of textiles may promote microbial growth.
White rot fungi and anaerobic bacteria readily degrade
dyestuff.
Preventive measures
1. Good ventilation
2. Moisture free condition
3. Edibles/ other food wastes
4. not using enzyme based detergent
5. using latest technologies like nano silver,
47. Treatment
•
•
Depends upon extent of microbial infestation.
Mechanical treatment like holding the textile material under
vacuum removes most of the active growth.
Gentle air circulation in the form of a dry, cool air flow is also
effective to accomplish this.
Dry cleaning
Use of biocides
and in extreme cases textile should be sterilized or incinerated to
prevent spread of microorganisms.
•
•
•
•
48. Metals
• Corrosion is deterioration of useful properties in metals
/materials due to reactions with its environment. It may be
caused due to natural tendency of refined metals to return to
their natural state, mainly oxides.
• Metallic corrosion is a common phenomenon causing a
heavy loss to ships and marine structures; water supply and
distribution systems; air craft fuel systems, waste water
facilities; cooling water systems and power generation;
petrochemical and process industries, and paper mills.
49. • Microbial assisted corrosion (MAC) is a well recognized
problem in many industries. Microorganism such as bacteria,
fungi and algae under certain conditions can thrive and
accelerate the corrosion of many metals / alloys, for example
iron, copper, aluminium, lead and stainless steel even in
otherwise benign environments.
Microbial corrosion is the deterioration of metals where
microorganisms (algae, fungi & bacteria) are involved directly
or indirectly.
•
50. Aerobic
• Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are aerobic microorganisms
ex. Thiobacillus thiooxidans, T. thioparus and T.
concretivorus
• 2FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O---- FeSO4 + 2H2SO4
• Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans (Ex. Gallionella ferruginea )
directly oxidise the iron into oxides.
51. Anaerobic
• Precipitated ferric hydroxide deposits on the surface of the
metal forming hard excrescences known as tubercles' which
are firmly adherent to the metal surface and set up an oxygen
concentration cell, leading to accelerated corrosion at the
bottom of the 'tubercle' by the growth of sulfate reducing
bacteria (SRB) ex. Desulfovibrio spp. and Desulfotomaculum
spp .
• The corrosion process under anaerobic condition is
much more complex than in conventional cases.
53. Prevention
(i) Prevent entry of microorganisms.
(ii)Choose materials, which are possessing resistance to
microbial corrosion.
(iii)Application of heat and radiation wherever appropriate to
kill or retard the growth of microorganisms.
(iv)Use biocides suitable for cooling waters and oil - water
systems.
(v)For buried structures coatings and cathodic protection is
applied.