Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
Air Microbiology. Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant microorganisms. ... In dry whether the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the microorganisms from the air.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
Air Microbiology. Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant microorganisms. ... In dry whether the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the microorganisms from the air.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
A SEMINAR REPORT ON AIR MICROFLORA.
In addition to gases, dust particles and water vapour, air also contains microorganisms. There are vegetative cells and spores of bacteria, fungi and algae, viruses and protozoan cysts (Rintala et al., 2018).
Since air is often exposed to sunlight, it has a higher temperature and less moisture. So, if not protected from desiccation, most of these microbial forms will die. Air is mainly it transport or dispersal medium for microorganisms (Rintala et al., 2018).
They occur in relatively small numbers in air when compared with soil or water. The microflora of air can be studied under two headings outdoor and indoor microflora (Rintala et al., 2018).
The use of high efficient particulate air filters and immunization should be employed to control the spread of these airborne diseases. Obviously, the presence of a good ventilation system inside buildings eliminates to some extent the influence of indoor and outdoor sources. Proper ventilation helps to dilute the negative effects of indoor and outdoor air.
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.PinceDR.PRINCE C P
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes.Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
PPT prepared by :
DR.C.P.PRINCE
The Importance of Air Microbiology in a Rapidly Changing World.docxHamza Mbareche
The pandemic prompted heightened interest in air microbiology just as climate change causes increasing global atmospheric circulation. Physicochemical properties of the atmosphere like solar radiation, wind, temperature and air pressure play a major role in the survival and spread of pathogenic bioaerosols.
Introduction to Basic Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyChittaranjan Das
Contains basic of pharmaceutical microbiology and major microflora in the cleanroom. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Common microorganisms in the cleanroom and diseases they produce. Biofilm in the pharmaceutical cleanroom.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. Introduction
Microbiology is the scientific study of
microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms
that are too small to see with the naked eye and
include things like bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Air microbiology: is the study of living microbes
which are suspended in the air. It is also called aero
microbiology.
3. Cont….
The study of microorganisms and their spores invisible
to naked eye suspended in air.
Study of aero-spoliation, aerial transmission and
biological materials.
It also includes the study of diseases transmitted
through respiratory routes.
The field of aero-microbiology is important as it
involves, Formation of aerosols.
4. Cont……
Microbes are called bio-aerosols.
Microbes normally found in atmosphere within 300-
10000 feet above from the land.
There are significantly less atmospheric
microorganisms than there are in oceans and in soil.
These microbes have a chance to travel long distances
with the help of wind and precipitate and increase the
rate of infectious diseases caused by these microbes.
5. Cont…..
The important gases that effect the microorganisms
are hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, ozone , etc.
The microbial forms are bacteria, fungi and
actinomycetes , algae, spores of pteridophytes, pollen
grains, micro insects and viruses.
6. History
During 1930s the term Aero-microbiology was used to
denote the air borne spores (e.g. fungi and other
microorganisms )
Further in 1951, the term was elaborated to include
dispersion of insect population, fungal spores, bacteria
and viruses.
In 1964, the term included the research work of air
borne materials of biological significance.
7. Indoor air microbiology
It deals with microorganisms present in air in indoor
environment.
They are the microorganisms which are responsible
biodeterioraton of storage materials, equipment ,
library materials and archives.
Microbes can survive for extended period in indoors as
they have relatively less exposure to radiations.
8. Indoor air microbiology
It involves home and work place environments in
which air borne microbes create major public health
concerns.
Microbes found in different sites:
Aeromicrospora of pharmacy.
Aeromicroflora of hospitals.
Houses Aeromicroflora of storage materials.
9. Indoor air microbes
Indoor air contains more disease causing agents that
has higher chances of infections than outdoor air
especially in large gatherings like schools and theaters.
The commonest genera of fungi in indoor air are
Penicillium, Aspergillus.
The commonest genera of bacteria found in indoor air
are Staphylococci, Bacillus and Clostridium.
10. Outdoor air microbiology
The study of air in the atmosphere, which is found
outside the buildings, is referred to as outside
airoutdoor aero microbiology.
In outdoor or extramural environment, the expanse of
space and the presence of air turbulence are the two
controlling factors in the movement of bio aerosols.
11. Outdoor air microbes
The number and kind of microorganism may vary
from place to place, depending upon the human
population densities. Some of microbes include;
Algae
Protozoa
Yeasts
Molds , Mold spore are predominant,
e.g clasdosporium
Bacterial species are, Spore forming, Non spore forming.
12. Cont…..
The dominant microflora of outside air is fungi.
The two common genera of fungi
are cladosporiul and sporobolomyces.
Aspergillus, Alternaria, Phytophthora and Erysiphe
are other fungal aerosals.
13. Cont…..
Also contains besidispores, ascopres of yeast, and
fragments of mycelium and canidia of molds.
The bacterial genera include:
Bacillus and clostridium, sarcina, mirococcus, coryneb
acterium and Achromobacter.
14. Sources of air microbes
Some of the sources are listed below;
Soil
Water
Wind and tidal actions
Human beings
15. Cont….
Soil: soil microbes disturbed by the wind blow,
liberated into the air and remain suspended there for a
long period of time.
Man made actions like digging or ploughing the soil
may also release soil borne microbes into the air.
16. Cont……..
Water: water microorganisms release in the form of
water droplets or aerosols.
Splashing of water by wind action or tidal action may
also produce droplets or aerosols.
Wind and tidal actions: Air currents may bring the
microorganisms from plant or animal surfaces into air.
For example, spores of Puccini a graminis
17. Cont……….
Human beings: The main source of airborne
microorganisms is human beings.
Pathogenic flora of the upper respiratory tract and the
mouth are discharged into the air by activities like
coughing, sneezing, talking and laughing.
18. Forms of discharge
The microorganisms are discharged out in three
different forms which are grouped on the basis of their
relative size and moisture content.
droplets,
droplet nuclei and
infectious dust.
19. Droplets
Droplets are usually formed by sneezing, coughing or
talking. Each consists of saliva and mucus.
It has been estimated that the number of bacteria in a
single sneeze may be between 10,000 and 100,000
The size of the droplet determines the time period during
which they can remain suspended.
Most droplets are relatively large, and they tend to settle
rapidly in still air.
the droplets containing pathogenic microorganisms may
be a source of infectious disease.
20. Droplet Nuclei
Small droplets in a warm, dry atmosphere tend to
evaporate rapidly and become droplet nuclei.
The residues of solid material left after drying up of a
droplet is known as droplet nuclei.
These are small, 1-4µm, and light.
can remain suspended in air for hours or days,
traveling long distances.
may serve as a continuing source of infection if the
bacteria remain viable when dry.
21. Cont……
Viability is determined by a set of complex factors
including:
the atmospheric conditions like humidity, sunlight
and temperature, the size of the particles bearing the
organisms, the degree of susceptibility or resistance of
the particular microbial species to the new physical
environment.
22. Infectious Dust
Large aerosol droplets settle out rapidly from air on to
various surfaces and get dried.
Nasal and throat discharges from a patient can also
contaminate surfaces and become dry.
Disturbance of this dried material by bed making,
handling a handkerchief having dried secretions or
sweeping floors in the patient's room can generate
dust particles which add microorganisms to the
circulating air
23. Cont……..
Airborne diseases are transmitted by two types of
droplets, depending upon their size.
Droplet infection proper applies to, droplets larger
than 100 µm in diameter.
The other type may be called airborne infection, and
applies to dried residues of droplets.
24. Factors Affecting Microbes
Microbes are continually in the state of stress.
Oxygen stress and ionic stress.
Temperature stress.
Moisture stress/humidity.
UV-radiation stress
25. Oxygen and ionic stress:
Higher level of oxygen and its reactive forms causes
inactivation of enzymes, damage to DNA, inactivation
of nucleic acids and proteins.
Naturally occurring ions causes ionic stress,
lightening, water shearing and ion displacement.
26. Temperature
Temperature is the major factor in the inactivation of
microbes.
High temperature promotes inactivation, mainly
associated with desiccation and protein denaturation
lower temperature promotes longer survival times.
At freezing environment some organisms lose viability
because of formation of ice crystals on their surfaces.
27. Moisture content
The relative as well as the absolute humidity content of
the air play a major role in the survival of the air borne
microorganisms.
gram-negative bacteria in air survive for longer periods
at relative low humidity by regulating their metabolic
activities.
While Gram-positive at high moisture content.
28. Cont……..
at 100% relative humidity, longer exposure decreases
the viability in relation to survival.
Intracellular ionic imbalance and loss of cellular
metabolites occur when the cell is exposed to
unfavorable humidity level.
Viruses with enveloped nucleocapsids tend to have
better survival in aerosols than without.
29. Radiation stress
Shorter wavelength and X-ray causes damage to DNA
by Single strand breaks, Double strand breaks and
Alteration in structure of DNA.
It also affects Genome replication, Transcription and
Translation.
30. Significance of air microbes
When compared with the microorganisms of other
environments, air micro flora is very low in number,
they play a very significant role.
Because the air is in contact with almost all animate
and inanimate objects.
31. Cont..
The significance of air flora has been studied since
1799, in which year Lazaro Spallanzani attempted to
disprove spontaneous generation.
In 1837, Theodore Schwann, in his experiment to
support the view of Spallanzani.
Where he introduced fresh heated air into a sterilized
meat broth and demonstrated that microbial growth
couldn't occur.
32. Cont….
These two scientists formed the basis of modern day
forced aeration fermentations.
Pasteur in 1861, which first showed that
microorganisms could occur as airborne contaminants.
33. Significance in Human Health
Air acts as a medium for the transmission of infectious
agents.
An adult man inhales about 5m³ of air per day.
Most of the microorganisms present in air are
harmless saprophytes and commensals,
less than 1% of the airborne bacteria is pathogens.
34. Cont….
Even though the contamination level is very low, the
probability of a person becoming infected will be
greatest if he is exposed to a high concentration of
airborne pathogens.
35. Staphylococcus aureus
The number of S. aureus in air may vary between 0-
1/m³ and 50/m
The purity of outdoor air, however, is an essential part
of man's environment.
In the case of indoor air chance for the spread of
infectious disease is more especially in gatherings.
36. Significance in Hospitals
Hospitals are the war fields for combating against
diseases, there are certain occasions in which
additional new infectious diseases can be acquired
during hospitalization.
Air within the hospital may act as a reservoir of
pathogenic microorganisms which are transmitted by
the patients.
Infection acquired during the hospitalization is called
nosocomial infections and the pathogens involved are
called as nosocomial pathogens.
37. Cont..
The common microorganisms associated with hospital
infection are
Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia,
Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, members of
Enterobacteriaceae and respiratory viruses.
38. Microorganisms in Industries
Food manufacture:
Microorganisms that have been transported through
the air and have settled on, or in, the material are
involved in various fermentation products.
Production of alcoholic beverages, vinegar,
sauerkraut, ensilage, dairy products, etc., is often due
to microbial activity
39. cont,….
Spoilage of foods and fermentation products
In industrial processes, where particular organisms are
to be grown, to supply sterile air free from
contaminating organisms is a considerable problem.
40. Bioaerosals control in laboratory
Bioaerosal containing airborne microbes can be
controlled at every point by using different mechanism
which includes:
Ventilation
Filtration
Biocidal agents
Isolation
41. Cont….
Ventilation:
It is the most common method to check build up of
airborne particles.
This can be achieved by open windows or use of air
conditioning and heating units that pump outside air
into the room.
This is cost effective and this will at least reduce the
amount of microbes inside room.
42. Cont…….
Filtration:
Unidirectional air flow filtration is also simple and
effective for bioaerosol control.
HEPA is used for this purpose and it removes virtually
all infectious particles.
Bag house filtration has also become common in
building
43. Cont..
Biocidal agents:
These are used for super heating, super dehydration,
ozonation and UV irradiation to eradicate the
microorganisms.
The most commonly used method is ultraviolet
germicidal radiation (UVGI).
44. Cont….
Isolation:
Is the enclosure of an environment through the use of
positive or negative pressurized air gradients and air
tight seals.
Isolation chamber in TB wards in hospitals provide
protection to other present inside the air from these
rooms is exhausted in to the atmosphere passing
through a HEPA filter and biocidal control chamber.
45. Cont..
This system work on negative pressurized air.
Positive –pressure isolation chambers, working on the
opposite principle force air out of the room thus
protects occupants of the room from outside
contamination.
46. The diseases that caused by
air microbes or catch by
breathing, These are called
airborne diseases.
.
47. Cont….
Airborne disease can spread when an infected person
coughs, sneezes, or talks.
certain viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the
air or land on other people or surfaces
48. Symptoms
Airborne diseases usually result in one or more of the
following symptoms:
inflammation of nose, throat and lungs
coughing
Sneezing
runny nose
sore throat
swollen glands
Headache
loss of appetite
fever
fatigue
49. Types of airborne diseases
Many diseases are spread through the air, including :
Influenza
Tuberculosis (TB)
Measles
Mumps etc.
50. Influenza
Most of us have some experience with the flu. It spreads so
easily because it’s contagious about a day before you notice
the first symptoms.
It remains contagious for another five to seven days. If you
have a weakened immune system for any reason, you can
spread it to others for longer than that.
There are many strains of the flu, and they are constantly
changing. That makes it difficult for your body to develop
immunities.
51. Tuberculosis (TB)
TB is an airborne disease.
but this bacterial infection doesn’t spread easily. You
generally have to be in close contact with an infected
person for a long time. You can be infected without
becoming ill or infecting others.
52. About 2.5 billion people worldwide are infected with
TB. Most aren’t sick. About 9.6 million people
worldwide have active TB.
People with a weakened immune system have the
greatest risk of developing the disease.
53. Measles
Measles is a very contagious disease, particularly in
crowded conditions. The virus can remain active in the
air or on surfaces for up to two hours.
You’re able to infect others up to four days before and
four days after the measles rash appears. Most people
get the measles only once.
54. Measles is a leading cause of death among children
worldwide
It is estimated that the measles vaccine prevented 20.3
million deaths from 2000 to 2015.
55. generally starts on your face and neck, and then
spreads over the course of a few days.
56. Serious complications of measles include:
ear infections
diarrhea
dehydration It
severe respiratory infection
blindness
swelling of the brain, or encephalitis
57. Mumps
Mumps is another very contagious viral disease. You
can spread it before symptoms appear and for up to
five days after.
Mumps used to be quite common in the United States,
but rates have declined due to vaccination.