Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information we have learned or experienced.
The three main forms of memory storage are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.
Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to do tomorrow.
Without memory we could not learn anything.
Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of information.
This information takes many different forms, e.g. images, sounds or meaning.
Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.
Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to do tomorrow.
Without memory we could not learn anything.
Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of information.
This information takes many different forms, e.g. images, sounds or meaning.
This content mainly is useful for various groups of people such as teachers, parents and others in making people or children remember well what do they learn in daily activities.
This ppt is on human memory which is somewhat is a common subject. but every human related to it. This ppt covers all the facts which are based on science.
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is an ancient sensory system that together with taste enables an organism to detect chemicals in the external environment. Olfaction is one of the five major human senses (vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch) that occurs when odorants bind to specific sites in olfactory receptors.Olfaction is present in most species such as insects, worms, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. It is essential for survival by permitting the location of food, mates, and predators, although in humans, olfaction is often viewed as an esthetic sense capable of triggering emotion and memory.
Tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin refers to the use of oak and other bark in tanning animal hides into leather.
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter.
Learning and memory functions are crucial in the interaction of an individual with the environment and involve the interplay of large, distributed brain networks. Recent advances in technologies to explore neurobiological correlates of neuropsychological paradigms have increased our knowledge about human learning and memory. In this chapter we first review and define memory and learning processes from a neuropsychological perspective. Then we provide some illustrations of how noninvasive brain stimulation can play a major role in the investigation of memory functions, as it can be used to identify cause–effect relationships and chronometric properties of neural processes underlying cognitive steps.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.
In order for neurons to send messages throughout the body, they need to be able to communicate with one another to transmit signals. However, neurons are not simply connected to one another. At the end of each neuron is a tiny gap called a synapse and in order to communicate with the next cell, the signal needs to be able to cross this small space. This occurs through a process known as neurotransmission.
There are a number of different ways to classify and categorize neurotransmitters. In some instances, they are simply divided into monoamines, amino acids, and peptides
Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in
response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). The response of the plants to
the photoperiod, expressed in the form of flowering is also called as photoperiodism. The
phenomenon of photoperiodism was first discovered by Garner and Allard (1920).Depending
upon the duration of photoperiod, the plants are classified into three categories.
1. Short day plants (SDP)
2. Long day plants (LDP)
3. Day neutral plants (DNP)
Vernalization is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually flower.The vernalization requirement ensures that plants do not flower in the fall when the environmental conditions are unfavorable for reproduction. The strength of the vernalization requirement can vary within plant species.
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its behavior and transmits signals between different body areas. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, called the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord
Striated muscle contracts to move limbs and maintain posture. The contraction of skeletal muscles is an energy-requiring process. In order to perform the mechanical work of contraction, actin and myosin utilize the chemical energy of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Muscle contraction results from a chain of events that begins with a nerve impulse traveling in the upper motor neuron from the cerebral cortex in the brain to the spinal cord.When the signal to contract is sent along a nerve to the muscle, the actin and myosin are activated. Myosin works as a motor, hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to release energy in such a way that a myosin filament moves along an actin…
Excitation–Contraction Coupling
Excitation–contraction coupling is the link (transduction) between the action potential generated in the sarcolemma and the start of a muscle contraction.
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
For a muscle cell to contract, the sarcomere must shorten. However, thick and thin filaments—the components of sarcomeres—do not shorten. Instead, they slide by one another, causing the sarcomere to shorten while the filaments remain the same length. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction was developed to fit the differences observed in the named bands on the sarcomere at different degrees of muscle contraction and relaxation. The mechanism of contraction is the binding of myosin to actin, forming cross-bridges that generate filament movement
In the muscular system, muscle tissue is categorized into three distinct types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Each type of muscle tissue in the human body has a unique structure and a specific role.
Once the oxygen diffuses across the alveoli, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to the tissues where it is unloaded, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be expelled from the body. Although gas exchange is a continuous process, the oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by different mechanisms.
What You’ll Learn to Do
Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs
Although the pH of blood ranges from 7.35-7.45, the pH of other body fluids is different. pH indicates the level of H+ ions, where low pH indicates too many H+ ions and high pH indicates too many OH- ions. Different organs function at their optimal level of pH. For example, the enzyme pepsin requires low pH to act and break down food, while the enzymes in intestine require high pH or alkaline environment to function. Similarly, any increase or decrease in the blood pH can lead to several disorders. pH is maintained in the body using primarily three mechanisms: buffer systems, respiratory control, and renal control.The abnormalities in acid-base balance are of two types: acidosis and alkalosis. In acidosis, the blood pH is low or there is too much acid in the blood, while in alkalosis, the blood pH is high or there is too much base in the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis may be caused either due to imbalance of acid-base secretion by the kidneys or altered levels of CO2 in the blood due to breathing disorders.
A wonderful biological technique to create Test tube babies.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish to help couple overcome Infertility and become parents
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. INTRODUCTION
Memory is the ability to encode, store and
remember information and past experiences in
the brain.
Encoding: a process of making mental
representation of information. It can also mean
transferring from short term to long term.
Storing: Process of placing encoded
information into relatively permanent storage
for later recall.
Remembering: the process of retrieving what
has been stored in short term or long term
memory.
3. In general terms one can define memory
as the use of past experience to influence
or affect human behaviour.
• WHERE MEMORY COMES FROM
Memory is not located on one particular
part of the brain but instead there is a
brain wide process in which different
parts of the brain work in conjunction with
one another(distributing process).
4. For example: when riding a bicycle,
the whole process is reconstructed by
the brain in different areas.
The memory of how to operate the
bike comes from one area, the
memory of the street paths comes
from another area, the memory of bike
safety rules in another and the
nervous feeling when almost falling or
being hit comes from another part of
the brain.
6. TYPES OF MEMORY
There are three main types of memory.
1) Sensory memory
2) Long term memory
3) Short term memory
Unlike the other two types, long type
memory is extensive as it lasts a
lifetime and thus has further sub
divisions as can be seen in the
diagram below:
8. a) SENSORY MEMORY
(<1sec)
Sensory memories the Shortest term element of
memory. In order for anything to enter our
memory, it must be picked up by our senses(
taste, touch, sight, hearing and smell).
Sensory memory makes use of the five senses
in order to be developed.
For example, the ability to look at something and
remember what it looked like with just a second
of observation is an example of sensory memory.
9. b) SHORT TERM MEMORY
(<1min)
Also called working memory. It is everything
you are thinking of at the current moment.
Takes less than one minute to process.
It is the information we hang on to while doing
another process and it tends to disappear really
fast unless we make an effort to remember it.
For example, when reading a sentence, you
place the beginning of the sentence in mind so
as to understand the rest of the sentence.
10. c) LONG TERM
MEMORY (life- time)
This is a process of storing unlimited
amounts of information over long
period of time.
Although there is the element of
forgetting, long term memory decays
very little and we are thus able to
recall most of it.
11. Long term memory
Short term memories can become
long term memories through the
process of consolidation which
involves rehearsal and meaningful
association.
Unlike short-term memory (which relies
mostly on an acoustic, and to a lesser
extent a visual, code for storing
information), long-term memory encodes
information for
storage semantically (i.e. based on
meaning and association).
13. Characteristics of long
term memory
It has an unlimited capacity and it is relatively
permanent.
Chances of retrieval are dependent on encoding
process.
Its accuracy may be distorted over time
15. a) IMPLICIT
MEMORY(procedural)
Implicit memory is memory that can be
unconsciously recalled. This is also known as
procedural memory. It is a memory of skills and
how to do things, particularly movement of body
parts and use of objects or machines.
This is memory acquired through repetition and
practise and is composed of automatic
sensorimeter behaviours that are so deeply
embedded that we are no longer aware of them.
An example is when you teach a child to write over
and over again, eventually it becomes embedded
in him until he is able to do it simply without
thinking so much about it. Other examples include
riding a bike, tying a shoe-lace, playing the guitar
etc.
16. cont....
This type of long-term memory allows people to
carry out ordinary motor actions more or less
automatically. This is aided by previous
performances of the task without explicit or
conscious awareness of the previous
experiences, like you do not remember how you
learnt how to hold a spoon or how to tie your shoe
lace, yet now you can do it more unconsciously.
Implicit memory is stored and encoded by the
cerebellum, putamen, caudate nucleus and the
motor cortex- all of which are involved in motor
control.
18. b) EXPLICIT(declarative
Declarative memory is a type of long
term memory and it is also known as
explicit memory.
It is in this memory where we store
memories of fact.
Your ability to recall addresses, locations
of parking garages, intersection names,
phone numbers, and an experience that
you had at a restaurant are all a part of
declarative memory.
19. For example: let's say that you know
that your favourite restaurant is only
open until 6 PM on Sundays. The time
that the restaurant closes is stored as
a declarative memory. We can
consciously recall declarative
memory.
20. Factors Affecting Declarative Memory.
STRESS
Through experimentation method, scholars have
been able to detect that those who are undergoing
stress tend to affect their declarative memory
more than those who are not undergoing stress.
21. i. EPISODIC MEMORY
Episodic memory represents our
memory of experiences and
specific events in time, from which we
can reconstruct the actual events that
took place at any given point in our
lives
Episodic memory is what enables one
to give an account of an event which
happened and will tend to be different
from someone else's.
22. EXAMPLES OF EPISODIC
MEMORY
First day at a new job.
First movie you watched with your
wife.
The first time you travelled by plane.
Your wedding day.
23. ii. SEMANTIC MEMORY
Semantic memory includes things that are
common knowledge, such as the names of
colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of
countries and basic facts acquired over a
life time.
Semantic memory is the recollection of
facts gathered from the time we are young
24. Examples of semantic
memory.
Knowing that grass is green.
Knowing how to use scissors.
Understanding how to put words
together to form a sentence.
Knowing how to use a phone.
Recognizing the names of colours.
25. GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING
MEMORY.
a. Ability to retain:
This depends upon good memory traces left in
the brain by past experiences.
b. Good health:
A person with good health can retain the learnt
material better than a person with poor health.
c. Age of the learner:
Youngsters can remember better than the
aged.
d. Maturity:
Very young children cannot retain and
remember complex material.
26. Factors cont...
e. Will to remember:
Willingness to remember helps for better
retention.
f. Intelligence:
More intelligent person will have better memory
than a dull person,
g. Interest:
If a person has more interest, he will learn and
retain better.
h. Over learning:
Experiments have proved that over learning will
lead to better memory.
i. Speed of learning:
Quicker learning leads to better retention,
27. Factors cont...
j. Meaningfulness of the material:
Meaningful materials remain in our
memory for longer period than for
nonsense material,
k. Sleep or rest:
Sleep or rest immediately after
learning strengthens connections in
the brain and helps for clear memory.