Physiology of respiration
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This document discusses the physiology of the respiratory system. It describes that respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood, and between blood and tissues. It also explains the process of breathing which includes inspiration that draws air into the lungs, and expiration which moves air out. The main parts of the respiratory system involved in breathing are also outlined, including the lungs, thoracic cavity, and associated muscles like the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that help expand and contract the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
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Pulmonary respiration refers to breathing and the exchange of gases in the lungs. During exercise, pulmonary respiration plays a key role in maintaining blood-gas homeostasis by increasing ventilation, gas exchange, and blood flow to the lungs. The conducting zone transports air to the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs in alveoli within the lungs.
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The document describes the mechanisms and structures involved in human respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the intercostal muscles raise the rib cage, both actions serving to expand the thoracic cavity and decrease internal pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax and the thoracic cavity size decreases, raising pressure and forcing air out of the lungs. Key gas laws including Boyle's law and Charles' law are also discussed in relation to lung volume and pressure changes during breathing.
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Human breathing involves two processes - inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand. This decreases air pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and expands, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume, compressing the lungs, and increasing air pressure to allow the exhaling of air from the lungs.
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The document summarizes the human respiratory system and the process of breathing. It describes that breathing consists of inspiration and expiration phases. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and rib cage rises, expanding the chest cavity and causing air to rush into the lungs. Expiration is often a passive process, where the relaxed diaphragm and lowered rib cage increase pressure in the chest cavity, pushing air out of the lungs.
Mechanics of respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It describes the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, important lung pressures, Boyle's law relating gas pressure and volume, lung compliance, surface tension in the alveoli, and factors that can increase the work of breathing.
Human breathing mechanism
The document summarizes respiration in the human body. It describes how:
During inhalation, the internal intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the rib cage and increasing the thoracic cavity volume. The diaphragm also contracts, lowering pressure in the alveoli and causing air to move in. During exhalation, the actions reverse, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and raising alveolar pressure to push air out.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli due to higher partial pressure, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli due to lower partial pressure. Oxygen is transported through the blood bound to hemoglobin
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The respiratory system has several key functions including supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. It consists of breathing, which has two phases - inhalation that draws air into the lungs and exhalation that forces air out. Gas exchange occurs externally between the lungs and blood and internally between blood and tissues. Regulation of respiration maintains appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood by adjusting breathing to meet metabolic demand.
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Pulmonary respiration refers to breathing and the exchange of gases in the lungs. During exercise, pulmonary respiration plays a key role in maintaining blood-gas homeostasis by increasing ventilation, gas exchange, and blood flow to the lungs. The conducting zone transports air to the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs in alveoli within the lungs.
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The document describes the mechanisms and structures involved in human respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the intercostal muscles raise the rib cage, both actions serving to expand the thoracic cavity and decrease internal pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax and the thoracic cavity size decreases, raising pressure and forcing air out of the lungs. Key gas laws including Boyle's law and Charles' law are also discussed in relation to lung volume and pressure changes during breathing.
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Human breathing involves two processes - inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand. This decreases air pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and expands, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume, compressing the lungs, and increasing air pressure to allow the exhaling of air from the lungs.
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The document summarizes the human respiratory system and the process of breathing. It describes that breathing consists of inspiration and expiration phases. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and rib cage rises, expanding the chest cavity and causing air to rush into the lungs. Expiration is often a passive process, where the relaxed diaphragm and lowered rib cage increase pressure in the chest cavity, pushing air out of the lungs.
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This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It describes the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, important lung pressures, Boyle's law relating gas pressure and volume, lung compliance, surface tension in the alveoli, and factors that can increase the work of breathing.
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The document summarizes respiration in the human body. It describes how:
During inhalation, the internal intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the rib cage and increasing the thoracic cavity volume. The diaphragm also contracts, lowering pressure in the alveoli and causing air to move in. During exhalation, the actions reverse, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and raising alveolar pressure to push air out.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli due to higher partial pressure, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli due to lower partial pressure. Oxygen is transported through the blood bound to hemoglobin
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The respiratory system has several key functions including supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. It consists of breathing, which has two phases - inhalation that draws air into the lungs and exhalation that forces air out. Gas exchange occurs externally between the lungs and blood and internally between blood and tissues. Regulation of respiration maintains appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood by adjusting breathing to meet metabolic demand.
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The document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, covering the basics of the respiratory system including its functional anatomy and the processes of ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport. It discusses the respiratory system's key functions of gas exchange, pH regulation, and protection. The summary is:
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The document describes the mechanics of respiration including the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration. It discusses the pressure changes that occur during ventilation including the negative pressures in the pleural cavity and alveoli that drive lung inflation. Surfactant is described as reducing alveolar surface tension to prevent lung collapse and its role in hyaline membrane disease seen in premature infants is explained.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system in 3 paragraphs or less:
1) The respiratory system performs ventilation through breathing, gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and cellular respiration utilizing oxygen. Partial pressures and composition of gases change as air moves through the respiratory tract.
2) The conducting zone includes nasal passages and pharynx that warm and cleanse air before it reaches the lungs. The lungs contain alveoli with a large surface area for efficient gas exchange.
3) Breathing is regulated by brainstem centers that control the muscles of inspiration and expiration in response to chemoreceptors monitoring blood gas levels, maintaining homeostasis. Gases are transported via hemoglobin in red blood
Mechanisms of gas exchange
This document discusses the mechanisms of gas exchange in the human body. It begins by defining diffusion and describing the basic process of gas exchange across membranes. It then describes the four main types of gas exchange systems: integumentary, gills, tracheal, and lungs. The majority of the document focuses on the human respiratory system, describing external respiration in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, and internal respiration where gases are exchanged at the cellular level. It concludes by explaining cellular respiration, where oxygen is used to break down food molecules and release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.
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The document summarizes the mechanics of respiration. It describes how respiration occurs in 5 steps through the contraction and relaxation of muscles like the diaphragm, ribs, and abdomen. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs to increase and decrease, creating pressure differences that drive air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration is an active process requiring muscle contraction, while expiration is usually passive. Pulmonary ventilation depends on tidal volume and breathing rate. Various pressures including atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressure drive lung inflation and deflation.
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Breathing is combination of Inspiration and Expiration.
how respiratory system reacts on performing breathing
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Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory system where oxygen enters the body through the lungs and diffuses into blood capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries into the lungs. In humans, air is brought into the lungs through the nasal cavity and travels through the trachea into bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the alveoli walls. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen to tissues and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. Smoking damages the lungs by destroying protective cells and tissues, increasing risk of cancer and other respiratory diseases.
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1. The mechanics of breathing involve reversing pressure gradients between the alveoli and atmosphere through cyclic respiratory muscle activity to allow air flow into and out of the lungs.
2. Three important pressures in respiration are atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-pleural pressure.
3. Lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities include functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, and total lung capacity.
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Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
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This document discusses the mechanics of breathing including the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, pressures in the thoracic cavity, lung volumes and capacities, and properties of the lungs and chest wall. It explains that inspiration is an active process due to contraction of inspiratory muscles like the diaphragm and external intercostals, while expiration is usually passive due to elastic recoil of the lungs. Contraction of these muscles decreases intrapleural pressure and expands the lungs, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure and allowing air to flow in. It also discusses pressures like intrapleural, transmural and alveolar pressures that influence breathing, as well as lung compliance, airway resistance, and the role of surfactant
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Regulation of respiration during exercise
This document discusses how pulmonary ventilation changes during exercise. It notes that during light exercise, ventilation increases primarily by deeper breathing (higher tidal volume). During intense exercise, ventilation increases mainly by faster breathing frequency. At steady state exercise, ventilation rises through both deeper breathing and faster frequency. Ventilation is regulated centrally and also responds to chemical signals like increased blood carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and other factors. Training improves ventilation efficiency during exercise by allowing higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given workload.
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1. The document discusses the process of cellular respiration which releases energy from food in living cells. It occurs in three stages: breathing, internal respiration in the blood, and cellular respiration in cells.
2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose, generating more ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP. It allows for short term energy needs like intense muscle activity.
3. The lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide through breathing. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood capillaries by diffusion down a concentration gradient.
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Respiration
The term respiration includes 3 separate functions:
Ventilation: -Breathing.
Gas exchange:-Between air and capillaries in the lungs. -Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the body.
02 utilization:- Cellular respiration
Respiratory Organs consist of two zones
- Conducting zone
- Respiration zone
Ventilation: is a mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
Gas exchange: gas exchanges in the lungs in the end of the bronchioles called alveoli Air filled alveoli account for most of the lung volume.
Lungs: Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs, Superior tip is apex, just deep to clavicle, and Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm is the base.
Pleura: Around each lung is a flattened sac of serous membrane called pleura
Inspiration: move air from out to inside.
Expiration: move air from inside to outside
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This document discusses the mechanism of respiration. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It explains external and internal respiration processes and the role of muscles like the diaphragm in breathing. Pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation are analyzed. Muscle involvement in inspiration and expiration is outlined.
Mechanics of respiration ii
1. There are two main respiratory pressures - intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure.
2. Intrapleural pressure is negative pressure in the pleural cavity that prevents lung collapse. Intra-alveolar pressure causes air flow into and out of alveoli during breathing.
3. Compliance refers to the elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thorax. Static compliance measures elastic resistance at rest while dynamic compliance measures it during breathing. Increased compliance occurs in emphysema while decreased compliance occurs in conditions like fibrosis.
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This document discusses the physiology of respiration, including external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli. Internal respiration then involves the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues - oxygen diffuses from the blood into tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissues and into the bloodstream. The document further explains the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells, and the transportation of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs, where it is removed from the body.
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External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
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The document provides information on the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the major components of the respiratory system including the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and blood vessels in the lungs through diffusion. The roles of inspiration and expiration in pulmonary ventilation are outlined. Adaptations to exercise such as increased ventilation and oxygen uptake are also summarized.
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Physiology of respiratory system
The document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, covering the basics of the respiratory system including its functional anatomy and the processes of ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport. It discusses the respiratory system's key functions of gas exchange, pH regulation, and protection. The summary is:
The document outlines the basics of respiratory physiology, including the functional anatomy of the respiratory system and the processes of ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport. It covers the respiratory tree, pleural membranes, muscles, and gas laws governing respiration. Key topics are the roles of inspiration, expiration, and alveolar ventilation in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange via pressure gradients across the lungs.
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The document describes the mechanics of respiration including the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration. It discusses the pressure changes that occur during ventilation including the negative pressures in the pleural cavity and alveoli that drive lung inflation. Surfactant is described as reducing alveolar surface tension to prevent lung collapse and its role in hyaline membrane disease seen in premature infants is explained.
Respiratory System
The document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system in 3 paragraphs or less:
1) The respiratory system performs ventilation through breathing, gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and cellular respiration utilizing oxygen. Partial pressures and composition of gases change as air moves through the respiratory tract.
2) The conducting zone includes nasal passages and pharynx that warm and cleanse air before it reaches the lungs. The lungs contain alveoli with a large surface area for efficient gas exchange.
3) Breathing is regulated by brainstem centers that control the muscles of inspiration and expiration in response to chemoreceptors monitoring blood gas levels, maintaining homeostasis. Gases are transported via hemoglobin in red blood
Mechanisms of gas exchange
This document discusses the mechanisms of gas exchange in the human body. It begins by defining diffusion and describing the basic process of gas exchange across membranes. It then describes the four main types of gas exchange systems: integumentary, gills, tracheal, and lungs. The majority of the document focuses on the human respiratory system, describing external respiration in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, and internal respiration where gases are exchanged at the cellular level. It concludes by explaining cellular respiration, where oxygen is used to break down food molecules and release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Mechanics of respiration
The document summarizes the mechanics of respiration. It describes how respiration occurs in 5 steps through the contraction and relaxation of muscles like the diaphragm, ribs, and abdomen. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs to increase and decrease, creating pressure differences that drive air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration is an active process requiring muscle contraction, while expiration is usually passive. Pulmonary ventilation depends on tidal volume and breathing rate. Various pressures including atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressure drive lung inflation and deflation.
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This PowerPoint presentation explains about the breathing mechanism takes place in humans or Mammals.
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Gas exchange occurs through the respiratory system where oxygen enters the body through the lungs and diffuses into blood capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries into the lungs. In humans, air is brought into the lungs through the nasal cavity and travels through the trachea into bronchioles and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the alveoli walls. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen to tissues and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. Smoking damages the lungs by destroying protective cells and tissues, increasing risk of cancer and other respiratory diseases.
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1. The mechanics of breathing involve reversing pressure gradients between the alveoli and atmosphere through cyclic respiratory muscle activity to allow air flow into and out of the lungs.
2. Three important pressures in respiration are atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-pleural pressure.
3. Lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities include functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, and total lung capacity.
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
Mechanism of breathing
This document discusses the mechanics of breathing including the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, pressures in the thoracic cavity, lung volumes and capacities, and properties of the lungs and chest wall. It explains that inspiration is an active process due to contraction of inspiratory muscles like the diaphragm and external intercostals, while expiration is usually passive due to elastic recoil of the lungs. Contraction of these muscles decreases intrapleural pressure and expands the lungs, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure and allowing air to flow in. It also discusses pressures like intrapleural, transmural and alveolar pressures that influence breathing, as well as lung compliance, airway resistance, and the role of surfactant
Breathing & Respiration
The document discusses respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It describes the structure and function of the respiratory system, including how breathing works through inhalation and exhalation. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through diffusion between the alveoli and blood capillaries. Exercise increases breathing rate and depth to supply more oxygen to working muscles. Smoking damages lung tissue and reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Regulation of respiration during exercise
This document discusses how pulmonary ventilation changes during exercise. It notes that during light exercise, ventilation increases primarily by deeper breathing (higher tidal volume). During intense exercise, ventilation increases mainly by faster breathing frequency. At steady state exercise, ventilation rises through both deeper breathing and faster frequency. Ventilation is regulated centrally and also responds to chemical signals like increased blood carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and other factors. Training improves ventilation efficiency during exercise by allowing higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given workload.
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1. The document discusses the process of cellular respiration which releases energy from food in living cells. It occurs in three stages: breathing, internal respiration in the blood, and cellular respiration in cells.
2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose, generating more ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP. It allows for short term energy needs like intense muscle activity.
3. The lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide through breathing. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood capillaries by diffusion down a concentration gradient.
Respiration, Ventilation, Gas exchange
Respiration
The term respiration includes 3 separate functions:
Ventilation: -Breathing.
Gas exchange:-Between air and capillaries in the lungs. -Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the body.
02 utilization:- Cellular respiration
Respiratory Organs consist of two zones
- Conducting zone
- Respiration zone
Ventilation: is a mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
Gas exchange: gas exchanges in the lungs in the end of the bronchioles called alveoli Air filled alveoli account for most of the lung volume.
Lungs: Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs, Superior tip is apex, just deep to clavicle, and Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm is the base.
Pleura: Around each lung is a flattened sac of serous membrane called pleura
Inspiration: move air from out to inside.
Expiration: move air from inside to outside
Mechanism of-respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It explains external and internal respiration processes and the role of muscles like the diaphragm in breathing. Pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation are analyzed. Muscle involvement in inspiration and expiration is outlined.
Mechanics of respiration ii
1. There are two main respiratory pressures - intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure.
2. Intrapleural pressure is negative pressure in the pleural cavity that prevents lung collapse. Intra-alveolar pressure causes air flow into and out of alveoli during breathing.
3. Compliance refers to the elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thorax. Static compliance measures elastic resistance at rest while dynamic compliance measures it during breathing. Increased compliance occurs in emphysema while decreased compliance occurs in conditions like fibrosis.
Chapter 10 respiration
Respiration is the process by which living cells break down food molecules to release energy. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. Humans have developed respiratory systems to facilitate the exchange of these gases between the environment and cells. The human respiratory system includes the trachea, lungs, diaphragm, and other structures. Breathing is driven by contractions of the diaphragm and ribs, which increase the thoracic cavity's volume and draw air into the lungs. Exhalation occurs when these structures relax and the cavity's volume decreases, pushing air back out.
Physiology of respiration
This document discusses the physiology of respiration, including external and internal respiration. External respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli. Internal respiration then involves the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues - oxygen diffuses from the blood into tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissues and into the bloodstream. The document further explains the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin in red blood cells, and the transportation of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs, where it is removed from the body.
Respiratoty response to exercise dipayan
2nd and 3rd September 2011,a General Lecture Theatre, Dr Chirantan Mandal, Dr Avik Basu, Dr Dipayan Sen Dr Ushnish Adhikari,Dr Srimanti Bhattacharya, Dr Shubham Presided by Dr Arnab Sengupta (Physiology Dept Medical College Kolkata)
Grade 11 - External & Internal Respiration
External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
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Class XI Breathing and Exchange of gases Breathing Mechanism
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Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the major parts including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains how breathing works through the contraction of the diaphragm and movement of the ribs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through diffusion. Various pressures and volumes related to breathing are also defined. Pulmonary ventilation involves the inflow and outflow of air and is regulated by the nervous system and local factors.
The respiratory system
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the lungs, which take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, and the bronchial tubes that distribute air. During exercise, the respiratory rate and tidal volume increase to provide more oxygen to working muscles and remove their carbon dioxide waste. A trained respiratory system responds better to exercise through increased lung capacity and strength.
Chap 37
The document summarizes pulmonary ventilation and lung volumes and capacities. It discusses:
1) The basic functions of the respiratory system including breathing (pulmonary ventilation) which draws gases into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation.
2) The mechanics of breathing including the roles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inspiration and expiration as well as intrapulmonary, intrapleural, and transpulmonary pressures.
3) Lung volumes including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and total lung capacity.
Physiology of respiration
Respiration is the process of gas exchange between an organism and the environment. It consists of external respiration, which is breathing and the exchange of gases between the lungs and environment. And internal respiration, which is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues via cellular respiration. The document defines the key terms and processes involved in respiration, explores factors affecting breathing rate, and how to measure lung volumes and vital capacity.
Effect of exercise on respiration.pdf
The document discusses the effect of exercise on respiration. It begins with an introduction to respiration, defining it as the different processes by which energy is obtained from food. It then discusses pulmonary ventilation for normal people and athletes at rest and during exercise. Pulmonary ventilation increases during exercise due to deeper breathing facilitated by additional muscle contraction. Athletes have higher lung volumes and capacities due to regular training. The document concludes with an overview of the energy production mechanism involving pulmonary respiration, gas transport through the blood, and cellular respiration within tissues.
breathing.pptx
This document describes an experiment to study various aspects of human breathing using a respiratory belt transducer. The experiment involves recording normal breathing and the effects of holding one's breath, hyperventilation, rebreathing exhaled gases, and the relationship between breathing and heart rate. Key aspects of breathing discussed include the roles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, and central and peripheral chemoreceptors that regulate breathing in response to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
breathing.pptx
This document describes an experiment to investigate various aspects of human breathing using a respiratory belt transducer. The experiment involves recording normal breathing and the effects of holding one's breath after inhaling and exhaling. It also examines the effects of hyperventilation, rebreathing exhaled gases, and how breathing affects heart rate. The setup uses a respiratory belt around the abdomen connected to a PowerLab device to record breathing movements and a finger pulse transducer to record heart rate.
Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert glucose and oxygen into energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but produces less ATP. The byproducts of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water, while the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in humans is lactic acid. Respiration occurs in organisms via different respiratory structures suited to their environment, such as lungs in humans and tracheal systems in insects.
THE PULMONARY SYSTEM.pptx
1. Dr. Manisha saha (PT)Orthopedic physiotherapist THE PULMONARY SYSTEM
2. Introduction: If oxygen supply depends only on diffusion through the skin, it would be impossible to support the basal energy requirements.
The remarkably effective ventilatory system meets the body’s needs to maintain efficient gas exchange.
This system regulates the gaseous state of our “external” environment for aerating fluids of the “internal environment during rest and exercise.
The primary function of the ventilatory system includes the following;
1. Supply oxygen required in metabolism.
2. Eliminate Co2 produced in metabolism.
3. Regulate hydrogen ion concentration to maintain acid-base balance
3. What is respiration?
Respiration is defined as a metabolic process wherein the living cell of an organism obtains energy(in the form of ATP) by taking in oxygen and liberating carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.
It is a metabolic process that occurs in all organisms.
It is a biochemical process that occurs within the cells of organisms. In this process, the energy (ATP-Adenosine triphosphate) is produced by the breakdown of glucose which is further used by cells to perform various functions. Every living species, from a single-celled organism to dominant multicellular organisms, performs respiration.
4. Types of respiration:
There are two types of respiration
Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. It is a continuous process within the cells of animals and plants.
Anaerobic respiration: It is a type of cellular respiration that takes place without oxygen to produce energy.
5. Components of the respiratory system:
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx Upper Respiratory system
Larynx
Lower Respiratory system
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
6. Mechanics of ventilation: INSPIRATION
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, flattened out, and moves downward up to 10 cm toward the abdominal cavity.This enlarges and elongates the chest cavity.
The air in the lungs then expand , reducing its intrapulmonary pressure to about 5 mm hg below atmospheric pressure.
The pressure differential between the lungs and ambient air literally sucks air in through the nose and mouth and inflates the lungs.
The degree of lung fillin depends on 2 factors
1.The magnitude of inspiratory movements.
2.The pressure gradient between the air inside and the air outside the lung.
7.EXPIRATION:
It is predominantly passive process , occurs as air moves out of the lungs from the recoil of stretched lung tissue and relaxation of the inspiratory muscles.
This causes the sternum and ribs to swing down while the diphragm moves towards the thoracic cavity.
These movements decrese chest cavity volume and compress alveolar gas, this forces it out through the respiratory tract to the atmosphere.
Gas exchange in humans.pptx GCSE Biology
The respiratory system includes the nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It allows for the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide through a process of gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. During inhalation, oxygen from the air diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli. This oxygenated blood is then circulated throughout the body where energy is produced through cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product.
Physiology of respiration in mammals
Ventilation is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs, and is controlled by the brain stem. Shaken baby syndrome can occur when an infant is violently shaken and can damage the brain stem neurons controlling breathing. Chemoreceptors detect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and increase breathing rate. Normal respiration is 10-18 breaths per minute, while vigorous inhalation exceeds 35 breaths per minute. Forced exhalation uses abdominal and intercostal muscles. The major function of respiration is gas exchange in the lungs and blood, maintaining acid-base balance.
Respiratory system elkhatib
The respiratory system's primary function is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide through breathing. Air enters through the nose or mouth and travels through the trachea into bronchi and bronchioles, ending in alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out, allowing the blood to deliver oxygen throughout the body and remove waste. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles facilitate breathing by expanding the lungs during inhalation and relaxing during exhalation.
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Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
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Physiology of respiration
- 1. PHYSIOLOGYOFRESPIRATORY SYSTEM MS.SHILPI DAMOR DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY PODDAR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
- 2. PODDARINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,JAIPUR INTRODUCTION •Respiration is the biochemical process in which cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water and ATP. •Living organisms require energy : Life Process. •Energy required : Oxidation of Food Material.
- 4. • Breathing involves two basic processes: INSPIRATION (breathing in, or inhaling) and EXPIRATION (breathing out, or exhaling). Inspiration moves air from the external environment to the lungs inside the body. Expiration moves air from the lungs back to the external environment. PODDARINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,JAIPUR Respiration involves External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood. Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body’s tissue cells and the blood. Cellular respiration is the series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take place inside the cells. Cellular respiration is the final stage in respiration. It is the sole means of providing energy for all cellular activities, and it helps the body maintain homeostasis.
- 9. Thoracic cavity Box structutre consist of some main components like UPPER NECK on top, DIAPHRAGM below STERNUM on front, SPINAL CORD on back and Ribs laterally. PODDARINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,JAIPUR Plays very important role in respiration as lungs do not have the capacity to expand and contract on its own. Additionally , There are a pair of muscles which help in contraction and relaxation of this cavity. These are intercostal muscles 1. External intercostal muscles 2. 2. Internal intercostal muscles
- 10. Inhalation: An active process (using energy) where air is drawn into the lungs with the aid of muscle contractions. PODDARINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,JAIPUR Depending on the depth of breathing, a number of muscles will be involved Diaphragm: contracts, moving downward intercostal muscles (between the ribs): contract, expanding the chest cavity neck muscles: contract, raising the top two ribs Air is drawn when the thoracic cavity expands in size, and since the pleural cavity is sealed, decreasing the pressure of the cavity, which pulls air in from the environment
- 11. Exhalation: Generally a passive process (unless breathing very deeply) where one breath is expelled as the muscles above relax PODDARINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,JAIPUR when breathing deeply, more air may be exhaled with the contraction of the abdominal muscles. As the muscles relax, the size of the thoracic cavity is decreased, increasing the pressure, forcing the gas out of the lungs.
- 12. PODDARINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,JAIPUR Vital Capacity includes tidal volume, the extra you can inhale (INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME) and the extra you can exhale (EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME). During quiet breathing, lungs generally inflate from 2.2 L to 2.7 L. The amount of air inhaled during quiet breathing, about 500 mL is the TIDAL VOLUME. RESIDUAL VOLUME is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration, keeping the lungs partially inflated (about 1 L) TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY: The average male has 5.7 L while the average female has 4.2 L, including the residual volume Fig:GraphdepictingrESPIRTAORYVOLUMES The largest breath you can take is called VITAL CAPACITY