Kangaroo mother care (KMC) involves skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her low birth weight baby, exclusive breastfeeding, and early discharge from the hospital. It was developed as an alternative to incubator care for preterm infants in Colombia. The WHO recommends KMC for newborns weighing 2000g or less, as it improves health outcomes for babies and bonding between mother and child. KMC benefits include reduced risk of infection, apnea, and oxygen requirements for babies, as well as lower stress levels, bonding, and economic benefits for families and health systems.
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
Every year more than 10 million children die in developing countries due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria, or malnutrition - and often to a combination of these illnesses. In 1990s, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI).This strategy adopted in India as Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months, referred to as young infants.
• 2 months to 5 years, referred to as children.
The Apgar score is a test given to newborns soon after birth. This test checks a baby's heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs to see if extra medical care or emergency care is needed. The test is usually given twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
Every year more than 10 million children die in developing countries due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria, or malnutrition - and often to a combination of these illnesses. In 1990s, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI).This strategy adopted in India as Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months, referred to as young infants.
• 2 months to 5 years, referred to as children.
The Apgar score is a test given to newborns soon after birth. This test checks a baby's heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs to see if extra medical care or emergency care is needed. The test is usually given twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
the most effective method in maintaining temperature and also ensure thriving of low birth weight babies. this method can be used both at hospital and home setting.
Kangaroo mother care is generally given to low birth weight babies. it is very essential for baby's health. there are many benefits of KMC as it provides warmth to he child, helps in breast feeding and helps in maintaining good attachment. please read this and get knowledge. this information will help young mothers more. stay tuned.
angaroo mother care (KMC) is a nursing method that involves skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn to help establish bonding and meet the baby's biological and emotional needs. It's a simple way to care for low birth weight infants (LBWIs), who are born with a weight below 2500 grams, and is especially important because 20 million LBWIs are born worldwide each year.
(Kangaroo Mother Care) Kangaroo Mother Care is an affordable alternative technology that addresses the needs of low birth weight infants. The kangaroo Mother Care position where in the baby is held against the mother's chest on skin to skin contact provides all the basic requirements for newborn survival.
Presentation on kangaroo mother care by Devi pravallika pharm D.
A small presentation which lets you understand kangaroo mother care a very useful but underrated and not so well known method.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. KANGAROO MOTHER CARE (KMC)
• Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a
special way of caring for low
birth weight babies
• It improves health their babies
3. DEFINITION
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) refers
to the practice of providing
continuous skin-to-skin contact
between mother and baby,
exclusive breast milk feeding, and
early discharge from hospital
4. The baby is continuously kept
in skin to skin contact with
the mother and breast
feeding exclusively
5. HISTORY
• It was first presented by Rey and
Martinez,9 in Bogotá, Colombia,
where it was developed as an
alternative to inadequate and
insufficient incubator care for those
preterm newborn infants who had
overcome initial problems and
required only to feed and grow
6. WHO RECOMMENDATIONS
• Kangaroo mother care is
recommended for the routine
care of newborns weighing 2000
g or less at birth, and should be
initiated in health-care facilities
as soon as the newborns are
clinically stable
7. WHO RECOMMENDATIONS
• Intermittent Kangaroo mother
care, rather than conventional
care, is recommended for
newborns weighing 2000 g or
less at birth, if continuous
Kangaroo mother care is not
possible.
8. KEY FEATURES
• Early, continuous and prolonged
skin-to-skin contact between the
mother and the baby
• Exclusive breast feeding (ideally);
it is initiated in hospital and can be
continued at home
9. • Small babies can be discharged
early
• Mothers at home require
adequate support and follow-up
10. • It is a gentle, effective method
that avoids the agitation
routinely experienced in a busy
ward with preterm infants.
11. COMPONENTS OF KMC
• Three major components are:
• Kangaroo position: Skin to skin
contact
• Kangaroo nutrition: exclusive breast
feeding
• Kangaroo early discharge and
regular follow up
13. BENEFITS TO THE BABY
• Offers prolonged skin to skin
contact between the mothers
• KMC facilitates physiological
stability in baby
14. • KMC reduce apnea, oxygen
requirement and risk of
infection to the baby
• KMC help in early discharge of
babies from NICU
15. BENEFITS TO MOTHER
• KMC promote better mother
infant bonding
• Mother is less stressed during
KMC as the mother is more
actively involved in the care
16. BENEFITS TO THE FAMILY
• KMC is economical to the family
• KMC promotes early discharge of
baby
• KMC facilitates bonding between
the baby, mother and the family
17. BENEFITS TO THE NATION
• KMC decrease neonate and infant
mortality and morbidity
• KMC is simple easily applicable,
cost effective
• KMC results in healthier and
more intelligent babies
19. PREPARING FOR KMC
• When the baby is ready for KMC,
mother and family members
should be counselled so that a
positive attitude is created for
KMC
20. • Mother should be provided
with a front open gown and
the baby is dressed with cap,
sock, nappy and front open
sleeveless shirt
21. KANGAROO POSITIONING
Baby should be placed the
mother’s breast in an upright
position and the baby’s head
should be turn to one side
22. • Hip should be flexed and
abduction in a frog position, the
arm should also be flexed
• Baby’s abdomen should be at the
level of mother’s epigastrium
25. MOTHER’S NEED DURING KMC
• Two or four-bed rooms of
reasonable size, where mothers
can stay day and night, live with
the baby, and share experience,
support and companionship; at
the same time they can have
private visits without disturbing
the others.
26. • The rooms should be equipped
with comfortable beds and
chairs for the mothers, if
possible adjustable or with
enough pillows to maintain an
upright or semi-recumbent
position for resting and sleeping.
27. • Curtains can help to ensure privacy
in a room with several beds.
The rooms should be kept warm for
small babies (22-24°C). Mothers
also need bathroom facilities with
tap water, soap and towels.
28. • They should have nutri- tious meals
and a place to eat with the baby in
KMC position.
• Another warm, smaller room
would be useful for individual work
with mothers, discussion of private
and confidential issues, and for
reassessing babies.
29. • The ward should have an open-
door policy for fathers and siblings.
• Daily shower or washing is
sufficient for maternal hygiene;
strict hand-washing should be
encouraged after using the toilet
and changing the baby.
30. • Mothers should have the
opportunity to change or wash
clothes during their stay at the
KMC facility.
31. • Recreational, educational and
even income-generating
activities can be organized for
mothers during KMC in order to
prevent or reduce the inevitable
frustrations of being away from
home and in an institution
32. • Noise levels should, however, be
kept low during such activities to
avoid disturbing the small
babies.
33. • Mothers should also be allowed
to move around freely during the
day at the institution and, if
possible, in the garden, provided
they respect the hospital
schedules for patient care and
regularly feed their babies
34. • Mothers should be discouraged
from smoking while providing
KMC and supported in their anti-
smoking efforts.
• Visitors should not be allowed to
smoke where there are small
babies, and the measure should
be reinforced if necessary
35. • During the long stay at the facility
visits by fathers and other
members of the family should be
allowed and encouraged.
• They can sometimes help the
mother, replacing her for skin-to-
skin contact with the baby so that
she can get some rest.
36. CLOTHING FOR THE MOTHER
• The mother can wear whatever she
finds comfortable and warm in the
ambient temperature, provided the
dress accommodates the baby, i.e.
keeps him firmly and comfortably in
contact with her skin.
• Special garments are not needed
unless traditional ones are too tight.
37. RESEARCH AND EXPERIENCE
• KMC is at least equivalent to
conventional care (incubators),
in terms of safety and thermal
protection, if measured by
mortality
38. • KMC, by facilitating
breastfeeding, offers noticeable
advantages in cases of severe
morbidity.
• KMC contributes to the
humanization of neonatal care
and to better bonding between
mother and baby in both low
and high-income countries.
39. • KMC is, in this respect, a modern
method of care in any setting,
even where expensive
technology and adequate care
are available.
• KMC has never been assessed in
the home setting.
40. THE SUPPORT BINDER
• This is the only special item
needed for KMC. It helps
mothers hold their babies safely
close to their chest
42. • To begin with, use a soft piece of
fabric, about a meter square,
folded diagonally in two and
secured with a safe knot or
tucked up under the mother’s
armpit.
43. • Later a carrying pouch of
mother’s choice (Fig. next slide)
can replace this cloth
45. • All these options leave the mother
with both hands free and allow her
to move around easily while
carrying the baby skin- to-skin.
• Some institutions prefer to provide
their own type of pouch, shirt or
band.
46. BABY’S NEEDS
• When baby receives continuous
KMC, he does not need any more
clothing than an infant in
conventional care.
47. • If KMC is not continuous, the
baby can be placed in a warm
bed and covered with a blanket
between spells of KMC.
48. CLOTHING FOR THE BABY
• When the ambient temperature
is 22-24°C, the baby is carried in
kangaroo position naked, except
for the diaper, a warm hat and
socks (fig next slide)
50. • When the temperature drops below
22°C, baby should wear a cotton,
sleeveless shirt, open at the front to
allow the face, chest, abdomen,
arms and legs to remain in skin-to-
skin contact with the mother’s chest
and abdomen.
• The mother then covers herself and
the baby with her usual dress.
51. OTHER EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• A thermometer suitable for
measuring body temperature
down to 35°C; scales: ideally
neonatal scales with 10 g
intervals should be used
52. • Basic resuscitation equipment, and
oxygen where possible, should be
available where preterm babies are
cared for;
• Drugs for preventing and treating
frequent problems of preterm
newborn babies may be added
according to local protocols (Special
drugs are sometimes needed)
53. RECORD KEEPING
• Each mother-baby pair needs a
record sheet to note daily
observations, information about
feeding and weight, and
instructions for monitoring the
baby as well as specific
instructions for the mother.
54. • Accurate standard records are the
key to good individual care; accurate
standard indicators are the key to
sound programme evaluation.
• A register (logbook) contains basic
information on all infants and type
of care received, and provides
information for monitoring and
periodic programme evaluation
55. DISCHARGE AND HOME CARE
• Once the baby is feeding well,
maintaining stable body
temperature in KMC position
and gaining weight, mother and
baby can go home.
56. • Since most babies will still be
premature at the time of
discharge, regular follow-up by a
skilled professional close to
mother’s home must be ensured.
• Frequency of visits may vary
from daily at the beginning, to
weekly and monthly later.
57. • The better the follow-up, the
earlier mother and baby can be
discharged from the facility. As a
guide, services must plan at least
1 visit for every preterm week.
• Those visits can also be carried
out at home.
58. • Mothers also need free access to
health professionals for any type of
counselling and support related to
the care of their small babies.
• There should be at least one home
visit by a public health nurse to
assess home conditions, home
support and ability to travel for
follow-up visits.
59. • If possible, support groups in the
community should be involved in the
home (to provide social, psychological,
and domestic work support).
• Mothers with previous KMC
experience can be effective providers
of this kind of community assistance.
60. RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED
–when KMC began (date, weight and
age);
–condition of the baby;
–details on duration and frequency of
skin-to-skin contact;
–whether the mother is hospitalized or
is coming from home;
–predominant feeding method;
61. –observations about lactation and feeding;
–daily weight gain;
–episodes of illness, other conditions or
complications;
–the drugs baby is receiving;
–details on discharge: condition of the
baby, maternal readiness, conditions at
home that make discharge possible; date,
age, weight and post-menstrual age at
discharge; feeding method and
instructions for follow-up (where, when
and how frequently).
62. • Mother should be given a discharge
letter summarizing the course of
hospitalization and instructions for
home care, medication and follow-
up.
• It is also necessary to record
whether the baby was transferred
to another institution or died.
63. • The follow-up record should
contain, besides the usual data on
the baby, the following information:
–when the baby was first seen (date,
age, weight and post-menstrual age);
–feeding method;
–daily duration of skin-to-skin contact;
–any concerns mother may have;
64. –whether baby has to be or has been
readmitted to hospital;
–when mother stopped skin-to-skin
contact (date, age of the baby, weight,
post-menstrual age, reasons for
stopping and feeding method at
weaning);
–other important remarks.
65. • If the follow-up care is provided at
the facility where the baby was
hospitalized, the hospital record and
the follow-up record should be a
single document. If this cannot be
done, the two records must be
linked by an identification number.
66. SAMPLE RECORD -KMC
Date of visit 1 2 3 3 4
Age
Weight
weight gain
Feeding
method
Average daily
duration of
skin-to-skin
contact
Complaints
Readmission
to hospital
Weaned Date
Age (in days)
Post-menstrual age
Weight
Reasons for weaning and other comments