Ppt on prenatal nutrition and food allergies | Community health nursing

1. PRENATAL NUTRITION &
FOOD ALLERGY
Presented By:- Ms Meenakshi P. Dhyani
Nursing Lect.

2. INTRODUCTION
• A healthy and accurate diet during pregnancy
plays the most important role for both the
unborn baby and the mother. Healthy eating is
important for pregnant women and their unborn
babies.
• During pregnancy, a woman must eat
adequately to supply enough nutrients to the
fetus, so it can grow, as well as to support her
own nutrition.

3. Contd…….
• Balanced nutrition during prenatal period and
post natal period is essential for the prevention
of genetic disorders in infants and children.
And knowledge of food allergy and common
food allergens may also helps to prevent the
food allergies among children.

4. DEFINITIONS
• PREGNANCY: pregnancy also known as gestation,is
the time during which one or more offspring develops
inside the female body.
OR
• The period from conception to birth. After the egg is
fertilized by a sperm and then implemented in the lining
of the uterus, it develops into the placenta and embryo,
and later into a fetus. Pregnancy usually last for 40
weeks, beginnings from the first day of the women’s
last menstrual Period, and is divided into three
trimesters, each lasting three months.

5. DEFINITIONS
• PRENATAL PERIOD: development happens
quickly during the prenatal period, which is the
time between conception and birth.
• PRENATAL NUTRITION: prenatal nutrition
refers to recommendation before and during
pregnancy.

6. DEFINITIONS
• FOOD: the term food refers to anything that
we eat and which nourishes the body.
• FOOD ALLERGY: Food allergy is an immune
system reaction that occurs soon after eating a
certain food. Even a tiny amount of the allergy-
causing food can trigger signs and symptoms
such as digestive problems, hives or swollen
airways.

7. FETAL DEVELOPMENT
• Development happens quickly during the
prenatal period, which is the time between
conception and birth. This period is generally
divided into three stages:
• The germinal stage
• The embryonic stage
• The fetal stage

8. CONTD….
• Stage 1: The Germinal Stage:
The two-week period after conception is called
the germinal stage. Conception occurs when
a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form
a zygote. About thirty-six hours after
conception, the zygote begins to divide quickly.
The resulting ball of cells moves along the
mother’s fallopian tube to the uterus.

9. CONTD…..
• Stage 2: The Embryonic Stage
The embryonic stage lasts from the end of the
germinal stage to two months after conception.
The developing ball of cells is now called an
embryo. In this stage, all the major organs
form, and the embryo becomes very fragile.
The biggest dangers are teratogens, which are
agents such as viruses, drugs, or radiation that
can cause deformities in an embryo or fetus. At
the end of the embryonic period, the embryo is
only about an inch long.

10. CONTD…….
• Stage 3: The Fetal Stage
The last stage of prenatal development is the
fetal stage, which lasts from two months after
conception until birth. About one month into
this stage, the sex organs of the fetus begin to
form. The fetus quickly grows as bones and
muscles form, and it begins to move inside the
uterus. Organ systems develop further and
start to function. During the last three months,
the brain increases rapidly in size, an insulating
layer of fat forms under the skin, and the
respiratory and digestive systems start to work
independently.

11. Fetal Viability
• Around twenty-two to twenty-six weeks after
conception, the fetus reaches the age of
viability, after which it has some chance of
surviving out-side the womb if it is born
prematurely. The chances of a premature
baby’s survival increase significantly with each
additional week it remains in the mother’s
uterus.

13. Fetal nourishment

14. Factors Affecting Fetal
Development :
• Poor nutrition
• Use of alcohol
• Smoking
• Use of certain prescription or over-the-counter
drugs
• Use of recreational drugs such as cocaine,
sedatives, and narcotics
• X-rays and other kinds of radiation
• Ingested toxins, such as lead
• Illnesses such as AIDS, German measles,
syphilis cholera, smallpox, mumps etc.

15. Contd………

16. FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

17. IMPORTANCE OF PRE-NATAL
NUTRITION
• Meet increased nutrient demand during
pregnancy.
• Provide needed energy.
• Prevent or minimize common pregnancy
related problems.
• Reduce risk of birth defects.
• Supply needed nutrients for baby’s growth.
• Ensure healthy birth weight.
• Maintain a healthy weight during pregnancy.

18. RECOMMENDED WEIGHT GAIN
DURING PREGNANCY

19. Nutrition requirement during
pregnancy:
• Energy Needs:
• The DRI or dietary refrence intake of calories of
women of childbearing age is 2200 kilocalories per day.
• For pregnant women, an additional of 300 calories for
a total of 2500 calories is recommended.
• This addition in calories provide more energy to the
fetus and an elevated metabolic rate to the women.
• Advise the women not to restrict caloric intake as the
fetus is rapidly growing in the final week.

20. CONTD…….
• Protein Needs:
• The DRI for protein in women is 46g/day
• During pregnancy the protein need increase to
about 70g/day.
• Collegen is used as the framework for skin, bones,
blood vessels, and other body tissue.
• Demand for extra proteins: – Rapid fetal growth
• – Development of placenta, and other maternal
tissues – Expanding fluids (Blood volume, Amniotic
fluid)

21. CONTD........
• Folate and folic acid — Prevent birth defects
• Folate is a B vitamin that helps prevent neural tube
defects, serious abnormalities of the brain and spinal
cord. The synthetic form of folate found in supplements
and fortified foods is known as folic acid. Folic acid
supplementation has been shown to decrease the risk
of premature birth.400 to 800 micrograms a day of
folate or folic acid before conception and throughout
pregnancy

22. CONTD………
• IRON
• Iron is used by body to make a substance in red blood
cells hemoglobin that carries oxygen to body organs
and tissues. During pregnancy, extra iron is needed—
about double the amount that a nonpregnant woman
needs. This extra iron helps body make more blood to
supply oxygen to baby. The daily recommended dose
of iron during pregnancy is 27 mg, which is found in
most prenatal vitamin supplements. Advice the mother
to eat iron-rich foods, poultry, fish, dried beans and
peas, iron-fortified cereals.

23. CONTD……..
• CALCIUM:
• Calcium is used to build baby’s bones and teeth. All
women, including pregnant women, aged 19 years
and older should get 1,000 mg of calcium daily; those
aged 14–18 years should get 1,300 mg daily. Milk
and other dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt,
are the best sources of calcium. If mother have
trouble digesting milk products, you can get calcium
from other sources, such as broccoli; dark, leafy
greens; sardines; or a calcium supplement.

24. Contd……..
• VITAMIN A :
• Pregnant women need this vitamin for healthy
skin, eyesight, and bone growth. Carrots, dark,
leafy greens, and sweet potatoes are good
sources. During pregnancy mother need 770
micrograms daily
• VITAMIN B6
• Helps form red blood cells and helps body use
protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Sources of
vitamin B6 is beef, liver, pork, whole-grain
cereals, and bananas. During pregnancy
mother need 1.9 mg daily.

25. Contd………
• VITAMIN B12
• Helps form red blood cells and maintains
nervous system. This vitamin only found in
animal products. Good sources include liver,
meat, fish, poultry, and milk. During pregnancy
mother need 2.6 micrograms daily.
• VITAMIN C:
• Promotes healthy gums, teeth, and bones, and
helps body absorb iron. Good sources include
citrus fruit, broccoli, tomatoes, strawberries.
During pregnancy mother need 85 mg daily.

26. CONTD…….
• VITAMIN D:
• Vitamin D works with calcium to help the
baby’s bones and teeth develop. It also is
essential for healthy skin and eyesight. All
women, including those who are pregnant,
need 600 international units of vitamin D a day.
Good sources are milk fortified with vitamin D
and fatty fish such as salmon. Sunlight is also
a good source of vitamin D.

27. DIET MENU PLAN FOR
PREGNANT WOMAN PER DAY

28. ROLE OF PRENATAL NUTRION IN
PREVENTION OF GENETIC DISODERS:
• Many of genetic disorders and birth defects are
preventable through balanced prenatal and
intra natal diet.
• DOWN SYNDROME: down syndrome, also
called trisomy 21, is a complex genetic disease
that for years said to be caused by an extra
copy of chromosome 21. A recent study
indicated that mothers of children with down
syndrome have an imbalance in folate
metabolisms by a common variation in an
enzymes involved in the folic acid pathway.
•

29. CONTD……….
• On the mineral front , a number of studies on
down syndrome have linked the syndrome to
zinc deficiencies. A 1994 study shown that
zinc supplementation had a positive effect on
Down syndrome patients.

30. Contd………
• MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE: MVP is a
common features of most inherited connective
tissue disorders , yet also a common finding
among the population in general. Geneticists
consider mitral valve prolapse syndrome to be
an inherited collegen disorders with
overlapping features similar to Marfan
syndrome. It is listed in marfan nosology as a
differential diagnosis to be considered instead
of marfan syndrome.

31. Contd……
• Nutrition oriented research studies show the
majority of people wih mitral valve prolapse are
magnesium deficient and that magnesium
supplementation frequently reduces or
alleviates MVP symptoms.

32. Contd…….
• WILSON’S DISEASE: people with this
inherited disorders have excess copper
accumulated in their bodies. Zinc
supplementation therapy is used to reduce
copper levels and has been successful in
treating the disorder.

33. Contd…….
• BLUE SCLERA: a feature of a wide variety of
connective tissue disorders including Ehlers-
Danlos syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfect and
Marfan syndrome. Most cases of blue sclera
have been linked to iron deficiency.

34. Contd……
• CLEFT PALATES:
• reduced significantly through maternal
supplementation of folic acid.

35. Contd….
• SPINAL BIFIDA: reduced significantly through
maternal supplementation of multivitamins with
folic acid.

36. Cont……..
• CEREBRAL PALSY: recent research shows
that very low birth weight babies have a lower
incidence of cerebral palsy(CP) when their
mother are treated with magnesium sulfate
soon before giving birth.

37. Contd…….
• The findings come from a study sponsored by
the National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke.

38. Contd……

40. ALLERGIC REACTION PROCESS

41. Contd….
•Step 1
• When first Exposed to food , immune system
makes IgE Antibodies
• These Antibodies are attach in Mast cells &
Basophils
• Mast cells are found in Body tissues like
• Nose , throat , skin & G.I tract
• Basophils are Found in Blood

42. Contd..
•Step 2
• Next time it binds to the IgE antibodies that
are attached to the mast cells and basophils
• The binding signals the cells to release
massive amounts of chemicals like histamine
• These chemicals will cause various symptoms
of food allergy

43. ALLERGIC REACTION PROCESS

44. SYMPTOMS OF FOOD ALLERGY

45. Common Food Allergens

46. FACTS OF PRENATAL NUTRITION AND
FOOD ALLERGIES IN CHILDREN

47. PREVENTION OF FOOD
ALLERGY
• Don’t eat peanuts during pregnancy
• Breastfeed exclusively for six months
• Avoid peanuts while breastfeeding.
• Wait to start solid foods
• Delay introducing allergenic foods
• Introduce all new food gradually and one at
a time
• Give child cooked or homogenized foods

49. Contd..
The main importance of studying this topic is to
reduce the chances of genetic disorders to
some extent that may occure due to
imbalanced nutrition during pregnancy. This
topic will provide the basis of understanding
the importance of balanced diet during
pregnancy and apply this knowledge in
community as well as hospital setting to
educate the people regarding prevention of
genetic disorders by providing good nutritional
care during prenatal period.

51. Contd..
Healthy eating is important for pregnant women
and their unborn babies. There are many
nutritional issues to consider ensuring good
health of both the woman and baby, during and
after pregnancy. Although many birth defects
cannot be prevented, the probability of some
such conditions can be reduced through
awareness of the effects of various prenatal
factors, including nutrition, teratogens ,and
mutagens. Furthermore, early detection and/or
treatment of congenital defects can sometimes
reduce the long-term impact of these
conditions.

52. REFRENCES
BOOK :-
• SCHLENKER D. Eleanor, “Essentials of
nutrition and diet therapy”, edition 8th ,
published by Elsevier, page no. 269,270.
• BIJLANI LR, “Nutrition A Practice Approach” ,
edition 2nd ,Jaypee Publication, pg. no. 80.
• INDRANI KT “Nursing manual of nutrition and
therapeutic diet, 1st Edition, Jaypee
Publication, Page no.- 236-238
• Dr SWAMINATHAN M., “ Handbook of food
and nutrition”, 5th Edition, The Bangalore
printing & Publishing CO. Ltd, pg no- 186-187.

53. NET INFOREMATICS:-
• https://www.slideshare.net/raghuDr1/nutrition-
in-pregnants
• https://www.slideshare.net/SarmadAsif3/food-
allergy-52595695
• https://www.slideshare.net/sussanausten/prena
tal-care-47054872
• http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/food-
allergies.html
• https://www.ucy.ac.cy/nursery/documents/prev
ention.pdf

54. ARTICLES
• Adair L.S. Long-term consequences of
nutrition and growth in early childhood and
possible preventive interventions. Nestlé Nutr.
Inst. Workshop Ser. 2014;78:111–120.
[PubMed]
• Berti C., Cetin I., Agostoni C., Desoye G.,
Devlieger R., Emmett P.M., Ensenauer R.,
Hauner H., Herrera E., Hoesli I., et al.
Pregnancy and infants’ outcome: Nutritional
and metabolic implications. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.
Nutr. 2016;56:82–91. doi:
10.1080/10408398.2012.745477. [PubMed]
[Cross Ref]