The document discusses the options of breastfeeding versus formula feeding for infants. It states that human milk is the preferred feeding for infants, and that pediatricians generally recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first year when possible. The advantages of breastfeeding include nutritional and immunological benefits for babies. The document also outlines some common reasons parents may choose formula feeding over breastfeeding, such as medical issues or returning to work. It provides guidance on selecting an appropriate formula, how to clean and sterilize bottles, and how to properly prepare and feed a baby with formula.

2. Which is better, breastfeeding or
formula-feeding?
• Human milk is the preferred feeding for all infants.
• Pediatricians generally advise that full-term, healthy infants
exclusively breastfeed when possible for the first 12 months of life
and, thereafter, for as long as mutually desired.
• Advantages of breastfeeding include
 breast milk is nutritionally sound and easy to digest;
 breastfeeding is believed to enhance a close mother-child
relationship;
 breast milk contains infection-fighting antibodies
(immunoglobulins) that may reduce the frequency
of diarrhea, gastroenteritis otitis media, and other respiratory
infections in the infant; and
 breast milk leads to cost savings and is convenient.

3. breastfeeding or formula-feeding?

5. Formula-Feeding
• Some parents choose formula-feeding either because
of personal preference or because medical conditions
of either the mother or the infant make breastfeeding
ill-advised.
• Some common reasons for choosing formula-feeding
include:
 There is an inadequate supply of maternal breast milk.
 The baby is sucking inefficiently.
 Parents are unable to quantify the amount of breast
milk received by the baby.
 Some parents want to know exactly how much their
baby is receiving at each feeding, and formula/bottle-
feeding allows exact measurement.

6. Formula-Feeding
A significant reason for not breastfeeding is
concern about transferring certain drugs the
mother is taking through the breast milk to the
infant.
An increasing number of mothers must return to
work shortly after their baby's delivery.
A benefit of bottle-feeding is that the entire
family can immediately become intimately
involved in all aspects of the baby's care,
including feedings.

7. Which formula is best for my baby?
• There is no evidence that one brand of formula is
better than another. However, you should consider:
 Choosing a formula based on cow’s milk, unless there
is a cultural, religious or health reason to use a
different formula
 If possible, choosing a formula with a lower protein
level, which may reduce your baby’s risk of being
overweight or obese in later life
 Only using special formulas (HA, AR, lactose-free or soy
formula) if they are recommended by a doctor
 Taking into account price and affordability

8. What infant formula preparations are
available?
• Infant formulas come in three forms. The best choice
depends on your budget and desire for convenience:
• Powdered formula. Powdered formula is the least
expensive. Each scoop of powdered formula must be
mixed with water.
• Concentrated liquid formula. This type of formula also
must be mixed with water.
• Ready-to-use formula. Ready-to-use formula is the
most convenient type of infant formula. It doesn't need
to be mixed with water. It's also the most expensive
option.

9. What's the difference between generic
and brand-name infant formula?
• All infant formulas sold in the United States
must meet the nutrient standards set by the
FDA.
• Although manufacturers might vary in their
formula recipes, the FDA requires that all
formulas contain the minimum recommended
amount of nutrients that infants need.

10. What about enhanced infant
formula?
• Some infant formulas are enhanced with docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). These are omega-3 fatty acids
found in breast milk and certain foods, such as fish and eggs. Some
studies suggest that including DHA and ARA in infant formula can
help infant eyesight and brain development.
• In addition, many infant formulas include pre- and probiotics —
substances that promote the presence of healthy bacteria in the
intestines — in an effort to mimic the immune benefits of breast
milk.
• In addition to the core ingredients, some formulas contain extra
ingredients, These include LCPs (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty
acids), nucleotides and prebiotics.
• Some formulas have an additional prebiotic ingredient
(Oligosaccharides, which are often referred to as FOS/GOS).

11. How long should a child drink infant
formula?
• Infant formula is generally recommended until
age 1, followed by whole milk until age 2 —
but talk to your child's doctor for specific
guidance.
• Reduced-fat or skim milk generally isn't
appropriate before age 2 because it doesn't
have enough calories or fat to promote early
brain development.

12. Types of formula milk
• Commercial infant formulas are regulated by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). Three major types are
available:
• Cow milk protein-based formulas. Most infant formula
is made with cow's milk that's been altered to
resemble breast milk. This gives the formula the right
balance of nutrients — and makes the formula easier
to digest. Most babies do well on cow's milk formula.
Some babies, however — such as those allergic to the
proteins in cow's milk — need other types of infant
formula.

13. Cow’s milk-based formula
• Most baby formula milks are based on modified cow's milk, which is
recommended over other types of formulas for most babies.
• The protein in milk can be broken down into curds (casein) and
whey. Casein is lumpy and whey is watery.
• The ratio of casein to whey can vary according to the type of baby
formula milk.
• There are two main types:
• First-stage formula. These milks are based mostly on whey, with a
casein:whey ratio of 40:60, which is about the same as breastmilk.
They are suitable for your baby from birth up to about a year, and
are thought to be easier for baby to digest than casein-based milks.
• Second-stage, follow-on or hungry-baby formula. These milks
consist of mostly casein, with a casein:whey ratio of 80:20.
Manufacturers claim that the higher casein content means the milk
takes longer to digest, keeping baby fuller for longer.
Types of formula milk

14. Soy-based formulas
• Soy-based formulas can be useful if you want
to exclude animal proteins from your child's
diet.
• Soy-based infant formulas might also be an
option for babies who are intolerant or allergic
to cow's milk formula or to lactose, a
carbohydrate naturally found in cow's milk.
However, babies who are allergic to cow's milk
might also be allergic to soy milk.
Types of formula milk

15. Goats' milk formula
• Different kinds of goats' milk formula are
available in the shops.
• They are produced to the same nutritional
standards as cow's milk-based formula.
• Goats' milk formula is not less likely to cause
allergies in babies than cows' milk formula.
Types of formula milk

16. Anti-reflux (staydown) formula
• This type of formula is thickened with the aim
of preventing reflux in babies (when babies
bring up milk during or after a feed).
Types of formula milk

17. Lactose-free formula
• This formula is suitable for babies who
are lactose intolerant. This means they can't
absorb lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy
products.
• Lactose intolerance Symptoms include
diarrhoea, abdominal pain, wind and bloating.
Types of formula milk

18. Hydrolysed-protein formula
• If thebaby is diagnosed as being allergic to cows' milk, the
appropriate infant formula is fully hydrolysed (broken down)
proteins.
• There are two versions of hydrolysed milk available:
 fully hydrolysed formula
 partially hydrolysed formula
• Fully hydrolysed formula is specially designed for babies with
an allergy or intolerance to cow's milk.
• Partially hydrolysed formula (Comfort formula)This type of
formula milk is made completely from whey protein. It is marketed
as being easier to digest, and as suitable for babies suffering from
colic, wind, and stomach pain. They are also sometimes promoted
as being good for babies with allergies.
Types of formula milk

19. Good night milk
• Some follow-on formula has cereal added to it
and is sold as a special formula for babies to
have at bedtime.
• This type of formula isn't needed, and there's
no evidence that babies settle better or sleep
longer after having it.
• Good night formula should never be given to
babies under six months old.
Types of formula milk

20. Growing-up milk (toddler milk)
• Growing-up and toddler milks are marketed as an
alternative to whole cows' milk for toddlers and
children aged over one.
• Whole cows' milk is a suitable choice as a main
drink for your child from age one.
• Semi-skimmed cows' milk is a suitable main drink
for children over two who are eating a balanced
diet.
• It's recommended that all children aged six
months to five years have vitamin drops
containing vitamins A, C and D every day.
Types of formula milk

21. Types of milk to avoid
• Not all milk is suitable for feeding babies. You should
never give the following types of milk to a baby under
one year:
• condensed milk
• evaporated milk
• dried milk
• goats' or sheep's milk (but it's fine to use them when
cooking for your baby, as long as they are pasteurised)
• other types of drinks known as "milks", such
as soya, rice, oat or almond drinks
• cows' milk as a drink (but it's fine to use it in cooking)

22. What kind of bottle should I use?
• Bottles come in different shapes and sizes, can be
made of glass or plastic, and may be reusable or have
disposable liners inside.
• Some babies do better with certain shapes or bottles
with liners on the inside.
• It's important to note that some plastic bottles are
labeled "BPA-free"— meaning that they do not contain
the chemical bisphenol A, which is found in some
plastics and may affect kids' health.
• Glass bottles are free of BPA and can last for a long
time, but can crack and chip, so they need to be
checked often to avoid harm to baby.

23. kinds of nipples
• Nipples come in silicone (clear) or latex (brown).
• The many different varieties include orthodontic nipples, rounded
nipples, wide-based nipples, and flat-top nipples. And some are
advertised as "being closer to the natural shape of a mother's
breast."
• But which kind is best really depends on your baby and what he or
she seems to prefer. After all, every baby is different.
• Nipples also often come in different numbers, "stages," or "flow
rates" to reflect the size of the nipple's hole, which affects the flow
(i.e., slow, medium, or fast) of formula or breast milk.
• For example, fast flows may cause younger babies to gag or may
simply give them more than they can handle, whereas slower flows
may frustrate some babies and cause them to suck harder and gulp
too much air.

24. Cleaning and sterilising baby bottles
• A baby’s immune system is not yet fully
developed, and babies are more susceptible
to infection and illness than an older child or
adult.
• Cleanliness is therefore very important when
preparing baby’s bottles.

25. Cleaning bottles
• Bottles, lids, teats and other equipment use to prepare a
feed should always be thoroughly cleaned after each use:
• As soon as possible after baby finishes a feed, wash the
bottle, teat and lid in hot soapy water.
• Use a bottle brush, and be sure to clean out any dried milk
stuck inside the bottle and teat.
• Once it is clean, rinse the equipment with some fresh water
and allow it to air dry.
• This kind of cleaning is important for getting rid of all traces
of milk or formula left inside the bottles, but it does not
ensure that the feeding equipment is completely germ-
free.

26. Sterilising bottles
• Sterilising is the process of killing any harmful
germs that may be clinging to surfaces of the
bottles and other equipment.
• It is important to sterilise baby bottles before
each use, for at least the first 12 months of
your baby’s life.

27. How to sterilise feeding equipment
• There are a few different ways to sterilise
baby’s bottles, teats, lids and other feeding
equipment.

28. Boiling
• Boiling works by raising the temperature high enough to kill any bacteria
left over after washing.
• Place clean bottles, teats, caps and utensils in a large saucepan on the
back burner of the stove.
• Add enough water to cover all the equipment, making sure there are no
air bubbles.
• Bring water to the boil, and boil rapidly for 5 minutes.
• Turn off the stove and allow the water to cool down.
• Wash your hands thoroughly before you handle the equipment, and
disinfect the surface where you plan to make up the bottle.
• Take the equipment from the saucepan and shake off any excess water.
• If you are not using them straight away, put the lid and teat onto the
bottle, and store in a clean container in the fridge.
• Re-boil the bottle and other equipment if it is not used within 24 hours.

29. Chemicals
• Chemical sterilisers are disinfectant solutions that come as liquids or
tablets that dilute with water.
• Make sure bottles, teats, caps and utensils are thoroughly clean before
you begin.
• Read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for making up the
sterilising solution.
• Place the feeding equipment in the sterilising solution, making sure it is
completely under water and there are no air bubbles.
• Leave the equipment in the sterilising solution for the recommended
amount of time (usually about 30 minutes – check the manufacturer’s
instructions).
• You can then leave the equipment in the solution until you need to use it.
• Allow bottles, teats and lids to drain before you use them – don’t rinse off
the sterilising solution, as this exposes equipment to germs again.
• Throw away the solution after 24 hours.
• Clean the sterilising container thoroughly in warm, soapy water, before
making up a fresh lot of solution.

30. Steam (microwave or electric
sterilisers)
• Much like boiling, steaming works by raising the temperature high
enough to kill bacteria.
• There are several different types of sterilisers available – follow the
instructions provided by the manufacturer.
• Make sure bottles, teats, caps and utensils are thoroughly clean
before you begin.
• Make sure that bottles and teats are placed with openings facing
down in the steriliser.
• Follow instructions for adding water to the unit and turning it on.
• Leave bottles in the steriliser until they are needed.
• If you are not using the bottles straight away, check instructions for
how long you can leave them in the steriliser before you have to re-
sterilise them.

31. How to feed your baby with formula
• There are a few important guidelines to
remember when feeding your baby using a
bottle. You will also find some helpful tips and
commonly asked questions.

32. • A step-by-step guide to preparing a powdered-formula
feed:
• Step 1 Fill the kettle with at least 1 litre of fresh tap water
(don’t use water that has been boiled before).
• Step 2 Boil the water. Then leave and allow it to cool until
lukewarm at least 30 minutes.
• Step 3 Clean and disinfect the surface you are going to use
to prepare the formula.
• Step 4 Wash your hands thoroughly, using soap, and dry
them.
• Step 5 If you are using a cold-water steriliser, shake off any
excess solution from the bottle and the teat, or rinse the
bottle with cooled boiled water from the kettle (not the
tap).
• Step 6 Stand the bottle on a clean surface.
• Step 7 Keep the teat and cap on the upturned lid of the
steriliser. Avoid putting them on the work surface.

33. • Step 8 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and pour the correct
amount of previously boiled (now cooled) water that you need into the
bottle. Double check that the water level is correct. Always put the water
in the bottle first before adding the powdered infant formula.
• Step 9 Loosely fill the scoop with formula, according to the manufacturer’s
instructions, and level it off using either the flat edge of a clean, dry knife
or the leveller provided. Different tins of formula come with different
scoops. Make sure you use only the scoop that is enclosed with the
powdered infant formula that you are using.
• Step 10 Holding the edge of the teat, put it on the bottle. Then screw the
retaining ring onto the bottle.
• Step 11 Cover the teat with the cap and shake the bottle until the powder
is dissolved.
• Step 12 Test the temperature of the infant formula on the inside of your
wrist before giving it to your baby. It should be body-temperature, which
means it should feel just warm, but not hot.
• Step 13 If there is any made-up infant formula left after a feed, throw it
away.

34. THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION