Beck et al
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Beck et al. interviewed 50 patients diagnosed with depression aged 18 to 48 who were undergoing therapy, as well as a control group of 31 non-depressed patients, to understand cognitive distortions. Patients reported thoughts before and during therapy sessions and some kept thought diaries. Certain themes of low self-esteem, self-blame, feelings of being overwhelmed, anxiety, and paranoia appeared in depressed patients that were not present in the non-depressed group.
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Cognitive therapy outcome for the treatment of schizophrenia
This document discusses cognitive therapy for the treatment of schizophrenia. It begins by defining schizophrenia and its symptoms according to the DSM-5. It then outlines the diagnostic criteria. The document focuses on treatment, describing cognitive behavioral therapy techniques used, including normalization, developing alternative explanations, guided discovery, and behavioral experiments to challenge delusions. Key aspects of CBT for schizophrenia discussed are a strong therapeutic alliance, problem-focused and time-limited therapy, and collaborative empiricism.
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This document discusses the key assumptions of the cognitive approach to mental health. It states that:
- Individuals with mental disorders have distorted and irrational thinking which can cause maladaptive behavior.
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1. The cognitive approach views abnormalities as resulting from errors in thinking between a stimulus and response.
2. It posits that mental disorders stem directly from distortions in cognitive processes like thinking biases such as minimization or maximization.
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Cognitive approach to abnormality AS
The cognitive perspective assumes that:
- Individuals with mental disorders have distorted and irrational thinking that can cause maladaptive behavior.
- It is one's thoughts about a problem, not the problem itself, that causes the mental disorder.
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Similar to Beck et al
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Psychotherapy involves a trained professional using psychological methods to help clients with psychological problems, without medical treatment. It involves a unique relationship and disclosure of highly personal information. Key aspects of therapies discussed in the document include establishing ethical standards in psychotherapy, psychoanalysis which aims to resolve unconscious conflicts, techniques used in psychoanalysis like free association and dream interpretation, and interpersonal psychotherapy for depression which focuses on social relationships and communication of feelings.
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2. Alfred Adler expanded on psychoanalysis with his individual psychology theory, prioritizing social interest and relationships. He believed people develop an inferiority complex and mistaken views of themselves and the world.
3. Both theories use psychotherapy approaches. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through free association and interpretation. Adlerian therapy addresses lifestyle goals and encourages social interest through a collaborative relationship.
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Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. There are several major psychological perspectives that study these areas, including psychoanalytic, behaviorist, cognitive, and biopsychological approaches. The field has evolved from its philosophical roots to become a science, with the goal of objectively describing, explaining, predicting, and changing human behavior and cognition. Psychologists work in a variety of settings and subfields, from research and academia to clinical practice and other applied settings. The study of psychology aims to further our understanding of human thought and behavior through empirical research.
Abnormal+Psychology+Module+1+Understanding+Abnormal+Behavior+PPT.pptx
This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions of each concept which is then followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.followed by basic theories that try explain each concept.This power point presentation provides basic concepts in motivation and emotions. It provides definitions
Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context.pdf
1. The study of psychopathology examines the nature, symptoms, development and treatment of psychological disorders. It has traditionally followed either a biomedical model which views disorders as biological issues, or a biopsychosocial model which sees biological, psychological and social factors as all contributing.
2. Early asylums provided little actual treatment and were more like prisons. Moral therapy, developed in the 1800s, treated patients humanely and encouraged social interaction but declined due to overcrowding.
3. Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud views behavior as determined by unconscious forces and psychopathology resulting from unconscious conflicts. It emphasizes defense mechanisms, psychosexual development and therapeutic techniques like free association and dream analysis
Psychoanalytic counseling
The following representation was represented for Dr. Houda Bibi at LIU university Beirut Lebanon Hope you find it beneficial.
Models of Mental illness.pptx
The document discusses several major models of mental disorders:
1) The psychodynamic model originated by Freud which emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and defense mechanisms. It views personality as consisting of the id, ego, and superego.
2) Behavioral models influenced by behaviorism reject the unconscious mind and focus on learning through conditioning and reinforcement. Prominent theorists included Skinner and Bandura.
3) The cognitive model developed by Beck focuses on how negative automatic thoughts, schemas and logical errors influence depression. Cognitive therapy aims to change these patterns.
4) The biopsychosocial model considers biological, psychological, and social factors. The humanistic existential model emphasizes free will and finding authenticity
Psychodynamic Approach
The psychodynamic approach to therapy focuses on exploring unconscious thoughts and conflicts from a patient's past that may be influencing their present functioning. Therapists help patients gain insight into recurring themes and patterns in their thoughts, feelings, and relationships. Treatment involves free association, discussion of past experiences, transference, and examining defenses and resistance with the goal of resolving unconscious conflicts driving a patient's symptoms. A case study describes a man who developed PTSD after experiencing traumatic events in Israel and details his treatment using psychodynamic techniques.
Aguiar ap therapies
Psychological therapies aim to treat psychological disorders through various methods. Major therapeutic approaches include psychoanalysis, which explores the unconscious mind; humanistic therapies like client-centered therapy which empower the client; behavioral therapies that aim to change behaviors; and cognitive therapies that aim to change irrational thoughts. Therapies have adapted over time and now often combine multiple approaches. Effectiveness varies depending on the disorder and therapy used. All therapies provide hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship to support healing.
Human psychology management
This document provides an overview of human psychology and its applications in management. It defines psychology as the study of the mind and notes that industrial/organizational psychology focuses on workplace efficiency and employee well-being. The document outlines areas of concern for an I/O psychologist like recruiting, training, and performance assessment. It also shows a shift over time in where psychologists work in India. Finally, it discusses old traditions in psychology like structuralism and functionalism, and recent trends like applied fields, cross-cultural perspectives, and evolving understanding of human diversity.
3 analytical psychology
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who developed the theory of analytical psychology. He believed that people are extremely complex beings shaped by both conscious and unconscious experiences as well as inherited remnants from ancestors. Jung proposed that the psyche has different levels, including the personal unconscious and collective unconscious which contains archetypes. Some key archetypes are the persona, shadow, anima, animus, and self. Jung also developed the theory of psychological types which classified people into eight types based on their extraversion/introversion and dominant functions of sensing, thinking, feeling, or intuiting. Dream analysis and other techniques were used in Jung's therapeutic approach.
Individual therapy - Ms. Ritika Soni
Individual therapy involves regularly scheduled talks between a client and a mental health professional such as a psychologist. The goals of individual therapy are to increase well-being, modify maladaptive behaviors, and improve relationships. Therapy works by examining thoughts, feelings, experiences, and patterns to gain greater self-understanding. Key aspects of effective individual therapy include developing a strong therapeutic relationship, helping the client gain insights and set goals, and teaching new coping strategies.
_What is psychology.pptx
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, key theories and concepts, branches, and how to pursue a career in the field. It explores how psychology originated in ancient Greece and identifies Wilhelm Wundt, William James, and Sigmund Freud as the founding fathers. The main theories covered are behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, and biological theories. It also outlines the major branches of psychology such as child psychology, clinical psychology, and health psychology. Finally, it provides recommendations for pursuing a career in psychology which include obtaining relevant education and experience, specializing in a particular area, and pursuing necessary licensure.
Part 15 (Personality)
The document discusses several theories of personality, including:
- Psychoanalytic theory, which views personality as formed by unconscious drives and childhood experiences. Key aspects include the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and Freud's psychosexual stages.
- Humanistic theories, which focus on self-actualization and fulfillment rather than disorders. Important figures included Maslow and Rogers.
- Trait theories, which describe personality in terms of patterns of behavior and traits that can be measured via self-reports. Factor analysis is used to identify core personality traits.
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PSIKOLOGI KAUNSELING teori teori klasik dalam kaunseling - frued, jung adler
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It is a part of classroom education which will teach us about abnormal psycho...
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Abnormal+Psychology+Module+1+Understanding+Abnormal+Behavior+PPT.pptx
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The study aimed to examine the thinking patterns of 255 male convicted offenders over 14 years. Interviews found that criminals have distinct thinking patterns compared to non-criminals, including feeling restless and irritable, seeing requests as impositions, wanting excitement at any cost, and lacking empathy. Criminals were also found to be poor decision-makers who deny responsibility. While most dropped out, only 9 changed after the program, suggesting criminals have ingrained cognitive processes leading to a distorted self-image and criminal choices.
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A study examined the effects of acupuncture treatment on 350 prisoners receiving drug addiction treatment. Prisoners received either standard treatment alone or standard treatment plus acupuncture delivered in group sessions by trained practitioners. Qualitative reports from prisoners found improvements in sleep, relaxation, coping skills, and cravings after acupuncture. Quantitatively, the study found a 70% reduction in drug incidents, 41% reduction in serious reports, and 42-33% reduction in positive drug tests from pre- to post-treatment periods. The researcher concluded acupuncture was an effective complementary therapy to standard drug treatment programs in prisons.
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Little Albert was a child used in a study by Watson and Raynor to induce and test a fear response through classical conditioning. They exposed Albert to a rat followed by a loud noise to condition him to fear the rat, then tested if this fear generalized to other similar objects like rabbits and fuzzy materials. The study aimed to see if fear could be induced, if it would transfer, how time affected the response, and how to remove the fear in the lab.
The cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a technique used by interviewers to help witnesses recall events more accurately. It was developed in the 1980s and combines insights from social and cognitive psychology. The cognitive interview uses multiple memory retrieval strategies, encourages witnesses to recreate the original context, and exploits the associative nature of human memory by using different starting points to access memories. It aims to reduce errors and confabulation by addressing how expectations can influence recall according to schema theory. More recent versions give more control to witnesses and encourage creating a mental image of the event.
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The document discusses the social approach in social psychology, which analyzes human behavior through the influence of others, groups, society, and culture. It examines key researchers like Milgram and methods like experiments, surveys, and observations. While the approach has demonstrated social influences and explained various phenomena, its weaknesses include oversimplifying individual differences and some research being considered unethical.
Sherman and strang
The document reviews the effectiveness of restorative justice (RJ) in preventing reoffending. It finds that RJ reduces reoffending for violence and property crimes, especially when there is a personal victim, and it is more effective if violence was part of the original crime. RJ also improves victims' mental health by reducing trauma symptoms and helping them process what happened. The conclusion is that there is strong evidence RJ works in some cases, especially for young offenders, and police forces are gaining expertise in RJ conferencing.
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Rotter reviewed six studies on internal versus external locus of control, finding that participants who felt in control of outcomes (internal locus) were more likely to engage in behaviors to cope with threats, versus those feeling outcomes were due to chance (external locus). Specifically, male smokers who successfully quit smoking had a higher internal locus than those who relapsed, though this difference was not significant for female smokers due to other factors like weight gain.
Pickel
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of judicial instructions to disregard inadmissible evidence presented in a mock trial. Specifically, it examined how juror credibility ratings of witnesses and verdicts were impacted when judges provided legal explanations for their instructions to ignore evidence versus no explanation. Results showed that witness credibility was the only statistically significant factor influencing juror decisions under the conditions tested. Further analysis confirmed confidence is a poor predictor of witness accuracy.
Nemeth and wachtler
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The document summarizes a study that investigated whether anger management courses are effective for young male offenders. It describes a study with 50 prisoners who completed an anger management course and a control group of 37 prisoners who did not. Measures of wing behavior, cognitive interviews, and self-reported anger were collected before and after for both groups. Results showed significant reductions in reported and observed anger and aggression for prisoners who took the course, but not the control group. However, the study did not collect long-term recidivism data.
Individual differences
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Gudjohnsson and bownes
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Controlled individuals reported less stress than those without control. Both perceived and actual control reduced stress reactions to unpleasant stimuli, though actual control had a greater impact. Providing individuals with some level of control over stressful events can help reduce physiological and psychological stress responses.
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Cutler et al
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Farrington et al
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Canter and heritage
The document summarizes research analyzing 66 cases of sexual assault to identify patterns in offender behavior. The analysis found five key variables that were central to most cases: vaginal intercourse, no reaction to the victim, impersonal language, surprise attack, and removal of the victim's clothing. This suggests the attacks were impersonal and sudden, with the victim's response being irrelevant. The researcher concluded this method can help understand how an offender's behavior changes across offenses or determine if multiple offenses were committed by the same person, establishing his 5-factor theory of offender profiling.
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Beck et al
- 1. Beck et al. Interviews with patients undergoing therapy for depression.
- 2. Aim... To understand cognitive distortions in patients with depression.
- 3. Methodology... Clinical interviews with patients who were undergoing therapy for depression.
- 4. Participants... 50 patients diagnosed with depression, 16 males and 34 females, aged 18 to 48 with a median age of 34. Most were judged to be middle or lower class and of at least average intelligence.
- 5. Design... Independent design as the patients were compared with a group of 31 non-depressed patients undergoing psychotherapy, matched for age, sex and social position.
- 6. Procedure... Face-to-face interviews with retrospective reports of patients’ thoughts before the session as well as spontaneous reports of thoughts during the session. Some patients kept diaries of their thoughts and bought these to the therapy sessions.
- 7. Findings... Certain themes appeared in the depressed patients that did not appear in the non-depressed patients. These were low-self esteem, self-blame, overwhelming responsibilities and desires to escape, anxiety caused by thoughts of personal danger, and paranoia and accusations against other people.