2. Psychological Disorder
•Problematic abnormal behavior
•It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that
is associated with distress or impairment in functioning
and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
5. Distress or Impairment
•behavior must be associated with distress to be
classified as a disorder
•Distress and suffering are a natural part of life and do
not in themselves constitute a psychological disorder.
6. Atypical or Not Culturally Expected
•Actions outside cultural norms
•Deviates from average
7. Psychopathology
•Scientific study of psychological disorders
•Study of the nature, symptomatology, development,
and treatment of psychological disorders
8. Challenges to the study of
Psychopathology
•Objectivity
•Avoiding preconceived notions
•Reducing stigma
9.
10. Clinical Description
• Presents – presenting problem of the client
• Clinical Description – Unique combination of behaviors,
thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorder
• Prevalence – How many people in the population as a whole
have the disorder.
• Incidence - how many new cases occur during a given
period, such as a year.
Onset
-Acute onset
-Insidious onset
11. Clinical Description
Course – Disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern
- Chronic course
- Episodic course
-Time-limited course
•Etiology – Origin
•Prognosis – Anticipated course of the disorder
15. Biomedical Model
The viewpoint that illness can be
explained on the basis of aberrant
somatic processes and that psychological
and social processes are largely
independent of the disease process; the
dominant model in medical practice until
recently.
Governed the thinking of most health
practitioners for the last 300 years.
16. Rise of the Biopsychosocial Model
Conversion Hysteria The
viewpoint, originally advanced
by Freud, that specific
unconscious conflicts can
produce physical disturbances
symbolic of the repressed
conflict; no longer a dominant
viewpoint in health psychology.
18. Development of Asylums
Asylum
- Establishment for the confinement and care of the
mentally ill
- Non – existent treatments
- More like prisons than hospitals
19. MoralTherapy
• As a system originated with the well-known French
psychiatrist Philippe Pinel and his close associate Jean-
Baptiste Pussin
• During the first half of the 19th century, a strong
psychosocial approach to mental disorders called moral
therapy became influential.
• Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in
a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social
interaction
• Relationships were carefully nurtured.
20. Asylum Reform and the Decline
of MoralTherapy
• After the mid-19th century, humane treatment declined because of a convergence
of factors:
1. Moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200
or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention
21. Dorothea Dix (1802–
1887) began the mental
hygiene movement
and spent much of her
life campaigning for
reform in the treatment
of the
mentally ill.
22. Asylum Reform and the Decline
of MoralTherapy
•After the mid-19th century, humane treatment declined
because of a convergence of factors:
1. Moral therapy worked best when the number of
patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for
a great deal of individual attention
2. The great crusader Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)
campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of
insanity
24. Structure of the mind
1. Id
• Unconscious
• Pleasure Principle
• Immediate gratification
• Libido
2. Ego
• Primarily conscious
• Reality Principle
• Attempt to satisfy ID’s demands within
reality’s constraints
3. Superego
• The conscience
• Develops as we incorporate
parental and societal
values
27. Defense Mechanisms
•Employed by the Ego
•Unconscious protective processes that keep primitive
emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the
ego can continue its coordinating function
•Conceptualized by Sigmund Freud but developed more
by Anna Freud
28. Defense Mechanisms
Denial: Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective
reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
Displacement:Transfers a feeling about, or a response
to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually
less-threatening, object or person
29. Defense Mechanisms
Projection: Falsely attributes own unacceptable
feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another
individual or object
Rationalization: Conceals the true motivations for
actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate
reassuring or self-serving but incorrect
explanations
30. Defense Mechanisms
Reaction formation: Substitutes behavior,
thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of
unacceptable ones
Repression: Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or
experiences from conscious awareness
Sublimation: Directs potentially maladaptive
feelings or impulses into socially acceptable
behavior
31. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage (birth – 18 mos.)
- Primary satisfaction from sucking and chewing
Anal Stage (18 mos. – 3)
- Pleasure derived from elimination
Phallic Stage (3 – 5 or 6)
32. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Latency Period (6 – 12)
- Id impulses not a factor
Genital Stage
- Heterosexual interests predominate
33. MajorTechniques of Psychoanalysis
Free Association - patients are instructed to say whatever comes
to mind without the usual socially required censoring
Dream Analysis - (still quite popular today), in which the therapist
interprets the content of dreams
Interpretation – Analyst points out to the patient the real meaning
of the patient’s certain behaviors
Analysis of transference –The patient responds to the analyst in
ways that the patient has previously responded to other important
figures is his or her life, and the analyst helps the patient
understand and interpret these responses