1. The study of psychopathology examines the nature, symptoms, development and treatment of psychological disorders. It has traditionally followed either a biomedical model which views disorders as biological issues, or a biopsychosocial model which sees biological, psychological and social factors as all contributing. 2. Early asylums provided little actual treatment and were more like prisons. Moral therapy, developed in the 1800s, treated patients humanely and encouraged social interaction but declined due to overcrowding. 3. Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud views behavior as determined by unconscious forces and psychopathology resulting from unconscious conflicts. It emphasizes defense mechanisms, psychosexual development and therapeutic techniques like free association and dream analysis

1. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
IN HISTORICAL
CONTEXT

2. Psychological Disorder
•Problematic abnormal behavior
•It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that
is associated with distress or impairment in functioning
and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

4. Psychological Dysfunction
•breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral
functioning

5. Distress or Impairment
•behavior must be associated with distress to be
classified as a disorder
•Distress and suffering are a natural part of life and do
not in themselves constitute a psychological disorder.

6. Atypical or Not Culturally Expected
•Actions outside cultural norms
•Deviates from average

7. Psychopathology
•Scientific study of psychological disorders
•Study of the nature, symptomatology, development,
and treatment of psychological disorders

8. Challenges to the study of
Psychopathology
•Objectivity
•Avoiding preconceived notions
•Reducing stigma

10. Clinical Description
• Presents – presenting problem of the client
• Clinical Description – Unique combination of behaviors,
thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorder
• Prevalence – How many people in the population as a whole
have the disorder.
• Incidence - how many new cases occur during a given
period, such as a year.
Onset
-Acute onset
-Insidious onset

11. Clinical Description
Course – Disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern
- Chronic course
- Episodic course
-Time-limited course
•Etiology – Origin
•Prognosis – Anticipated course of the disorder

12. Brief History

15. Biomedical Model
The viewpoint that illness can be
explained on the basis of aberrant
somatic processes and that psychological
and social processes are largely
independent of the disease process; the
dominant model in medical practice until
recently.
Governed the thinking of most health
practitioners for the last 300 years.

16. Rise of the Biopsychosocial Model
Conversion Hysteria The
viewpoint, originally advanced
by Freud, that specific
unconscious conflicts can
produce physical disturbances
symbolic of the repressed
conflict; no longer a dominant
viewpoint in health psychology.

17. Biopsychosocial Model
Biopsychosocial Model
The view that biological,
psychological, and social
factors are all involved in
any given state of health
or illness.

18. Development of Asylums
Asylum
- Establishment for the confinement and care of the
mentally ill
- Non – existent treatments
- More like prisons than hospitals

19. MoralTherapy
• As a system originated with the well-known French
psychiatrist Philippe Pinel and his close associate Jean-
Baptiste Pussin
• During the first half of the 19th century, a strong
psychosocial approach to mental disorders called moral
therapy became influential.
• Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in
a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social
interaction
• Relationships were carefully nurtured.

20. Asylum Reform and the Decline
of MoralTherapy
• After the mid-19th century, humane treatment declined because of a convergence
of factors:
1. Moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200
or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention

21. Dorothea Dix (1802–
1887) began the mental
hygiene movement
and spent much of her
life campaigning for
reform in the treatment
of the
mentally ill.

22. Asylum Reform and the Decline
of MoralTherapy
•After the mid-19th century, humane treatment declined
because of a convergence of factors:
1. Moral therapy worked best when the number of
patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for
a great deal of individual attention
2. The great crusader Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)
campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of
insanity

23. PsychoanalyticTheory
•Sigmund Freud
•Human behavior as determined by
unconscious forces
•Psychopathology results from conflicts
among these unconscious forces

24. Structure of the mind
1. Id
• Unconscious
• Pleasure Principle
• Immediate gratification
• Libido
2. Ego
• Primarily conscious
• Reality Principle
• Attempt to satisfy ID’s demands within
reality’s constraints
3. Superego
• The conscience
• Develops as we incorporate
parental and societal
values

26. Structure of the Mind

27. Defense Mechanisms
•Employed by the Ego
•Unconscious protective processes that keep primitive
emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the
ego can continue its coordinating function
•Conceptualized by Sigmund Freud but developed more
by Anna Freud

28. Defense Mechanisms
Denial: Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective
reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
Displacement:Transfers a feeling about, or a response
to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually
less-threatening, object or person

29. Defense Mechanisms
Projection: Falsely attributes own unacceptable
feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another
individual or object
Rationalization: Conceals the true motivations for
actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate
reassuring or self-serving but incorrect
explanations

30. Defense Mechanisms
Reaction formation: Substitutes behavior,
thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of
unacceptable ones
Repression: Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or
experiences from conscious awareness
Sublimation: Directs potentially maladaptive
feelings or impulses into socially acceptable
behavior

31. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage (birth – 18 mos.)
- Primary satisfaction from sucking and chewing
Anal Stage (18 mos. – 3)
- Pleasure derived from elimination
Phallic Stage (3 – 5 or 6)

32. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Latency Period (6 – 12)
- Id impulses not a factor
Genital Stage
- Heterosexual interests predominate

33. MajorTechniques of Psychoanalysis
Free Association - patients are instructed to say whatever comes
to mind without the usual socially required censoring
Dream Analysis - (still quite popular today), in which the therapist
interprets the content of dreams
Interpretation – Analyst points out to the patient the real meaning
of the patient’s certain behaviors
Analysis of transference –The patient responds to the analyst in
ways that the patient has previously responded to other important
figures is his or her life, and the analyst helps the patient
understand and interpret these responses

34. Neo-Freudians
•Carl Jung
•Alfred Adler
•Melanie Klein
•Erik Erikson
•Karen Horney

35. HumanisticTheory
•Reaching potential
•Free will
•Self-actualizing was the watchword for this
movement.The underlying assumption is
that all of us could reach our highest
potential, in all areas of functioning, if only
we had the freedom to grow.

36. HumanisticTheorists
•Abraham Maslow
•Carl Rogers

37. Behavioral Model
•Emphasis on Learning rather than innate
tendencies
•Focus on observable behavior

38. Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)
• Learning through association
• Elements of Learning
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Unconditioned response (UR)
- Conditioned Response (CR)

40. Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)
• Learning through consequences
• Law of Effect
-Positive Reinforcement
-Negative Reinforcement
-Positive Punishment
-Negative Punishment