Psychological therapies aim to treat psychological disorders through various methods. Major therapeutic approaches include psychoanalysis, which explores the unconscious mind; humanistic therapies like client-centered therapy which empower the client; behavioral therapies that aim to change behaviors; and cognitive therapies that aim to change irrational thoughts. Therapies have adapted over time and now often combine multiple approaches. Effectiveness varies depending on the disorder and therapy used. All therapies provide hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship to support healing.
The document discusses several major models of psychotherapy:
1) Psychodynamic model (Sigmund Freud), Cognitive-Behavioral model (Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck), Existential-Humanistic model (Carl Rogers, Rollo May), and Multicultural model.
2) Key techniques discussed include free association, dream analysis, cognitive restructuring, Socratic questioning, reflection, and confrontation used in therapies like psychoanalysis, CBT, person-centered therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy.
3) The cognitive-behavioral and rational emotive behavior therapy models make use of techniques like systematic desensitization, modeling, and disputing irrational beliefs through logical arguments.
The document discusses various psychotherapeutic approaches and treatment methods for psychological disorders. It covers psychoanalysis and its methods developed by Sigmund Freud to access the unconscious mind. It also discusses humanistic therapies focused on empowering clients, like Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy. Behavioral therapies aim to change behaviors through conditioning principles. Cognitive therapies seek to change thinking patterns, exemplified by Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Alternative therapies mentioned include light therapy and EMDR. Drug therapies involve various psychopharmacological medications to treat conditions like schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps clients change their irrational and self-defeating beliefs. It is based on the theory that people's emotional and behavioral problems are caused by their irrational beliefs, not external events. The ABC model is used to identify Activating events, irrational Beliefs, and the Consequences of those beliefs. Therapists help clients dispute their irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational and adaptive beliefs using techniques like the DE method of Disputing and developing new Effective responses. The goal of REBT is to help people accept themselves and others unconditionally in order to reduce emotional distress and improve well-being.
Therapy methods have evolved over time from institutionalization to community-based treatment. There are various forms of psychotherapy including psychoanalysis, humanistic, behavior, and cognitive therapies. Psychotherapy involves interaction with a trained professional to understand and change behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions. Current therapies also include biomedical approaches using medications and procedures, as well as combining therapies to fit each client's specific needs.
PPT presentation based on editors Messer & Gurman’s Essential Psychotherapies, Theory and Practice, Third Edition | Guilford Press, 2011, created by Luba Rascheff, MDiv Harvard University, for the Psycho-Spiritual Care and Therapy Practicum, Supervised Pastoral Education (SPE Basic I): Integrative Theory and Practice (EMP3551Y), taken in the Winter term of 2020 at the University of Toronto which explains Cognitive & Behavior Therapy (CBT).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) uses a combination of behavioral and cognitive techniques to address dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. CBT aims to teach people that they can control their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Through challenging automatic beliefs and using practical strategies, CBT helps patients modify their behavior and thoughts, leading to more positive feelings and a learning process. CBT is effective for treating conditions like phobias, addictions, schizophrenia, and depression.
This document provides an overview of research methods in psychology. It discusses why research is important in psychology to obtain objective data rather than just relying on self-reports. It also discusses potential biases like hindsight bias, overconfidence, and the Barnum effect that can skew perceptions. The document defines key terminology used in research methods like applied vs basic research, control vs experimental groups, sampling, random assignment, hypotheses, and discusses an example of the Clever Hans effect where subtle cues can influence results.
The behavioural approach views all behaviours as learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or social learning. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviours. Therapies aim to change maladaptive learned responses through techniques like systematic desensitization, which uses counterconditioning to teach new adaptive responses by pairing relaxation with feared stimuli. While behavioural therapies can effectively treat some phobias, they may raise ethical issues by exposing clients to feared scenarios and are not effective for complex phobias with underlying survival components.
The document discusses several major models of psychotherapy:
1) Psychodynamic model (Sigmund Freud), Cognitive-Behavioral model (Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck), Existential-Humanistic model (Carl Rogers, Rollo May), and Multicultural model.
2) Key techniques discussed include free association, dream analysis, cognitive restructuring, Socratic questioning, reflection, and confrontation used in therapies like psychoanalysis, CBT, person-centered therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy.
3) The cognitive-behavioral and rational emotive behavior therapy models make use of techniques like systematic desensitization, modeling, and disputing irrational beliefs through logical arguments.
The document discusses various psychotherapeutic approaches and treatment methods for psychological disorders. It covers psychoanalysis and its methods developed by Sigmund Freud to access the unconscious mind. It also discusses humanistic therapies focused on empowering clients, like Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy. Behavioral therapies aim to change behaviors through conditioning principles. Cognitive therapies seek to change thinking patterns, exemplified by Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Alternative therapies mentioned include light therapy and EMDR. Drug therapies involve various psychopharmacological medications to treat conditions like schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps clients change their irrational and self-defeating beliefs. It is based on the theory that people's emotional and behavioral problems are caused by their irrational beliefs, not external events. The ABC model is used to identify Activating events, irrational Beliefs, and the Consequences of those beliefs. Therapists help clients dispute their irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational and adaptive beliefs using techniques like the DE method of Disputing and developing new Effective responses. The goal of REBT is to help people accept themselves and others unconditionally in order to reduce emotional distress and improve well-being.
Therapy methods have evolved over time from institutionalization to community-based treatment. There are various forms of psychotherapy including psychoanalysis, humanistic, behavior, and cognitive therapies. Psychotherapy involves interaction with a trained professional to understand and change behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions. Current therapies also include biomedical approaches using medications and procedures, as well as combining therapies to fit each client's specific needs.
PPT presentation based on editors Messer & Gurman’s Essential Psychotherapies, Theory and Practice, Third Edition | Guilford Press, 2011, created by Luba Rascheff, MDiv Harvard University, for the Psycho-Spiritual Care and Therapy Practicum, Supervised Pastoral Education (SPE Basic I): Integrative Theory and Practice (EMP3551Y), taken in the Winter term of 2020 at the University of Toronto which explains Cognitive & Behavior Therapy (CBT).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) uses a combination of behavioral and cognitive techniques to address dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. CBT aims to teach people that they can control their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Through challenging automatic beliefs and using practical strategies, CBT helps patients modify their behavior and thoughts, leading to more positive feelings and a learning process. CBT is effective for treating conditions like phobias, addictions, schizophrenia, and depression.
This document provides an overview of research methods in psychology. It discusses why research is important in psychology to obtain objective data rather than just relying on self-reports. It also discusses potential biases like hindsight bias, overconfidence, and the Barnum effect that can skew perceptions. The document defines key terminology used in research methods like applied vs basic research, control vs experimental groups, sampling, random assignment, hypotheses, and discusses an example of the Clever Hans effect where subtle cues can influence results.
The behavioural approach views all behaviours as learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or social learning. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviours. Therapies aim to change maladaptive learned responses through techniques like systematic desensitization, which uses counterconditioning to teach new adaptive responses by pairing relaxation with feared stimuli. While behavioural therapies can effectively treat some phobias, they may raise ethical issues by exposing clients to feared scenarios and are not effective for complex phobias with underlying survival components.
This document discusses various techniques of behavior therapy. It defines behavior therapy as focusing on modifying behaviors rather than exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings. It then describes several behavior therapy techniques including behavioral modification, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, assertiveness training, cognitive behavior therapy, implosive therapy, and positive reinforcement techniques like response shaping, modeling, and token economies. Positive reinforcement techniques aim to increase desired behaviors by rewarding them. The document provides examples to illustrate how each technique can be applied.
The document summarizes Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) techniques. It discusses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques used in REBT. The cognitive techniques aim to dispute irrational beliefs through rational analysis, changing language from "musts" and "oughts" to preferences, and reframing negative events. Emotive techniques help clients develop unconditional self-acceptance through rational-emotive imagery, role playing, and exercises to reduce shame. Behavioral techniques encourage clients to modify beliefs through exposure, risk-taking, paradoxical behavior, and postponing gratification.
Psychotherapy involves a trained professional using psychological methods to help clients with psychological problems, without medical treatment. It involves a unique relationship and disclosure of highly personal information. Key aspects of therapies discussed in the document include establishing ethical standards in psychotherapy, psychoanalysis which aims to resolve unconscious conflicts, techniques used in psychoanalysis like free association and dream interpretation, and interpersonal psychotherapy for depression which focuses on social relationships and communication of feelings.
Behavior therapy is a psychological treatment based on experimental psychology that aims to change symptoms and behavior. It originated in the 1950s with the work of B.F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe, who developed techniques like systematic desensitization to treat phobias. Behavior therapy identifies maladaptive behaviors and seeks to correct them by applying principles of learning from classical and operant conditioning theories. Common behavior therapy techniques include shaping, modeling, contingency contracting, time out, and systematic desensitization which works to gradually expose patients to anxiety-provoking stimuli. However, behavior therapy has limitations in that it may change behaviors but not underlying feelings, and does not fully address the emotional process or importance of the client-therapist relationship.
Cognitive therapy attempts to change problematic thoughts and behaviors by addressing faulty or unhelpful thinking patterns. Therapists help clients identify irrational beliefs and replace them with more realistic perspectives. Cognitive therapy aims to correct automatic negative thoughts that perpetuate issues like depression. It uses tactics like challenging assumptions, evaluating evidence, and discussing alternative solutions. Rational emotive therapy similarly seeks to transform irrational beliefs that cause strong emotions by teaching clients to recognize and dispute unhelpful "should" statements. Cognitive behavioral therapy combines cognitive and behavioral methods, emphasizing the discovery and modification of thinking that leads to dysfunctional behaviors.
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathologyPhi Lo
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for psychopathology according to research. Meta-analyses show large effect sizes for CBT in treating various disorders like depression and anxiety. CBT is more cost-effective than medication and lowers relapse risk after treatment ends compared to antidepressants alone. While medication and CBT are both effective, combining the two may produce the best outcomes for severe depression.
Cognitive behavioral approaches combine cognitive and behavioral principles in short-term therapy. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) emphasizes challenging irrational beliefs, though some cultures value interdependence over independence. When using REBT cross-culturally, therapists should modify how they assess and dispute clients' irrational beliefs based on their cultural backgrounds. Cognitive behavioral group therapy is structured and focuses on teaching clients cognitive strategies through homework and in-session exercises led by the directive therapist. The cognitive model posits that automatic thoughts influence reactions, and cognitive techniques aim to replace dysfunctional thoughts with more adaptive alternatives.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed from two approaches - rational emotive behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. CBT aims to identify and change unhelpful cognitive patterns and behaviors. The ABC model in CBT examines the relationship between activating events, beliefs, and consequences. Core beliefs underlie automatic thoughts and influence information processing. CBT helps patients identify cognitive distortions like black and white thinking and teaches new behaviors through exposure exercises to improve functioning.
Psychoanalysis is a lengthy insight therapy developed by Freud that aims to uncover unconscious conflicts through techniques like free association and dream analysis. It views human behavior as resulting from interactions between the id, ego, and superego. The goal of psychoanalysis is to help patients understand their unconscious motivations by becoming aware of unresolved conflicts driving their behaviors. Techniques include free association, dream analysis, and interpretation by the therapist to provide insight and allow new ways of coping with anxiety and guilt.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for non-specialistsPooky Knightsmith
This slideset goes with the webinar (recording after slide 1) which is aimed at adults supporting young people with mental health or emotional wellbeing issues. Parents, teachers or other staff will learn the basics of what CBT is and how they can use the basic principles to enable them to support a young person in questioning negative thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
The document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness. It provides objectives and content for a presentation on these topics, including definitions of CBT and mindfulness, models like ABCDE that are used in CBT, and techniques involved. The role of mindfulness in developing acceptance is explained. Examples are given of how to apply CBT models to specific situations. Core beliefs and developing new beliefs are also addressed.
An attitude is a negative or positive evaluation of an object that influences behavior toward that object. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component involves facts and knowledge about an object, the affective component involves feelings like liking or disliking, and the behavioral component involves tendencies to act in certain ways toward the object based on the other two components. Attitudes are learned, relatively stable, have objects, and can influence behavior. There are four types of attitudes - positive, negative, neutral, and sikken. Positive attitudes include confidence and happiness, while negative attitudes include anger and frustration.
Person-centered therapy is a humanistic approach based on the ideas of self-actualization and empowerment. The primary determinants of therapy outcomes are the attitudes and characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship. The goal of counseling is to help clients engage in self-exploration and focus on their strengths to move forward positively. The therapist creates an accepting environment and acts as a facilitator through empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
The document provides an overview of various psychotherapy approaches and techniques. It discusses psychoanalytic therapy, person-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, behavior therapies including applied behavior analysis and cognitive-behavioral therapy. It also briefly describes questionable therapies like primal therapy and subliminal tapes. Key figures mentioned include Freud, Rogers, Perls, Ellis, and Beck. The document compares percentages of time spent on different activities between counselors and psychotherapists.
This document discusses various psychotherapies and behavioral therapies used to treat psychiatric disorders. It describes psychotherapy as deliberately establishing a relationship between therapist and patient to modify symptoms, behaviors, and promote growth. Approaches discussed include psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and behavioral therapies. Behavioral therapy aims to modify maladaptive behaviors through conditioning, using techniques like systematic desensitization, flooding, positive/negative reinforcement, and punishment. Cognitive behavioral therapy combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to change negative thoughts and behaviors. Exposure and response prevention is also discussed as a type of CBT used for anxiety disorders like OCD.
The psychodynamic approach to counseling originated from Sigmund Freud's ideas of psychoanalysis. It focuses on helping clients gain insight into the underlying reasons for their problems and develop the ability to cope with future difficulties. Key concepts include the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and psychosexual stages of development. Techniques include transference, free association, dream analysis, and interpretation. The approach has evolved with object relations theory, attachment theory, and consideration of multicultural issues.
1. The document discusses anxiety disorders and how they differ from ordinary worries and fears. It defines anxiety and lists some common physical symptoms.
2. Specific anxiety disorders discussed include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The causes and symptoms of each disorder are described.
3. Psychologists believe anxiety disorders may be caused by biological, cognitive, and behavioral/learning factors like classical and operant conditioning which can lead to the conditioning of anxiety responses.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli. Ivan Pavlov, a famous Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments. He found that a dog could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, like a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, which elicits an unconditioned response, like salivation. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus alone could elicit the conditioned response of salivation. Pavlov's experiments demonstrated key concepts of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and discrimination. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to areas like teaching and advertising.
Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behaviors that can be conditioned through stimuli. It was introduced by Ivan Pavlov and further developed by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning by associating a stimulus with food, while Watson performed experiments like Little Albert to prove classical conditioning in humans. Skinner introduced operant conditioning through experiments with rats and pigeons showing that behaviors are influenced by reinforcement and punishment.
This document discusses various techniques of behavior therapy. It defines behavior therapy as focusing on modifying behaviors rather than exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings. It then describes several behavior therapy techniques including behavioral modification, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, assertiveness training, cognitive behavior therapy, implosive therapy, and positive reinforcement techniques like response shaping, modeling, and token economies. Positive reinforcement techniques aim to increase desired behaviors by rewarding them. The document provides examples to illustrate how each technique can be applied.
The document summarizes Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) techniques. It discusses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques used in REBT. The cognitive techniques aim to dispute irrational beliefs through rational analysis, changing language from "musts" and "oughts" to preferences, and reframing negative events. Emotive techniques help clients develop unconditional self-acceptance through rational-emotive imagery, role playing, and exercises to reduce shame. Behavioral techniques encourage clients to modify beliefs through exposure, risk-taking, paradoxical behavior, and postponing gratification.
Psychotherapy involves a trained professional using psychological methods to help clients with psychological problems, without medical treatment. It involves a unique relationship and disclosure of highly personal information. Key aspects of therapies discussed in the document include establishing ethical standards in psychotherapy, psychoanalysis which aims to resolve unconscious conflicts, techniques used in psychoanalysis like free association and dream interpretation, and interpersonal psychotherapy for depression which focuses on social relationships and communication of feelings.
Behavior therapy is a psychological treatment based on experimental psychology that aims to change symptoms and behavior. It originated in the 1950s with the work of B.F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe, who developed techniques like systematic desensitization to treat phobias. Behavior therapy identifies maladaptive behaviors and seeks to correct them by applying principles of learning from classical and operant conditioning theories. Common behavior therapy techniques include shaping, modeling, contingency contracting, time out, and systematic desensitization which works to gradually expose patients to anxiety-provoking stimuli. However, behavior therapy has limitations in that it may change behaviors but not underlying feelings, and does not fully address the emotional process or importance of the client-therapist relationship.
Cognitive therapy attempts to change problematic thoughts and behaviors by addressing faulty or unhelpful thinking patterns. Therapists help clients identify irrational beliefs and replace them with more realistic perspectives. Cognitive therapy aims to correct automatic negative thoughts that perpetuate issues like depression. It uses tactics like challenging assumptions, evaluating evidence, and discussing alternative solutions. Rational emotive therapy similarly seeks to transform irrational beliefs that cause strong emotions by teaching clients to recognize and dispute unhelpful "should" statements. Cognitive behavioral therapy combines cognitive and behavioral methods, emphasizing the discovery and modification of thinking that leads to dysfunctional behaviors.
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathologyPhi Lo
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for psychopathology according to research. Meta-analyses show large effect sizes for CBT in treating various disorders like depression and anxiety. CBT is more cost-effective than medication and lowers relapse risk after treatment ends compared to antidepressants alone. While medication and CBT are both effective, combining the two may produce the best outcomes for severe depression.
Cognitive behavioral approaches combine cognitive and behavioral principles in short-term therapy. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) emphasizes challenging irrational beliefs, though some cultures value interdependence over independence. When using REBT cross-culturally, therapists should modify how they assess and dispute clients' irrational beliefs based on their cultural backgrounds. Cognitive behavioral group therapy is structured and focuses on teaching clients cognitive strategies through homework and in-session exercises led by the directive therapist. The cognitive model posits that automatic thoughts influence reactions, and cognitive techniques aim to replace dysfunctional thoughts with more adaptive alternatives.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed from two approaches - rational emotive behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. CBT aims to identify and change unhelpful cognitive patterns and behaviors. The ABC model in CBT examines the relationship between activating events, beliefs, and consequences. Core beliefs underlie automatic thoughts and influence information processing. CBT helps patients identify cognitive distortions like black and white thinking and teaches new behaviors through exposure exercises to improve functioning.
Psychoanalysis is a lengthy insight therapy developed by Freud that aims to uncover unconscious conflicts through techniques like free association and dream analysis. It views human behavior as resulting from interactions between the id, ego, and superego. The goal of psychoanalysis is to help patients understand their unconscious motivations by becoming aware of unresolved conflicts driving their behaviors. Techniques include free association, dream analysis, and interpretation by the therapist to provide insight and allow new ways of coping with anxiety and guilt.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for non-specialistsPooky Knightsmith
This slideset goes with the webinar (recording after slide 1) which is aimed at adults supporting young people with mental health or emotional wellbeing issues. Parents, teachers or other staff will learn the basics of what CBT is and how they can use the basic principles to enable them to support a young person in questioning negative thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
The document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness. It provides objectives and content for a presentation on these topics, including definitions of CBT and mindfulness, models like ABCDE that are used in CBT, and techniques involved. The role of mindfulness in developing acceptance is explained. Examples are given of how to apply CBT models to specific situations. Core beliefs and developing new beliefs are also addressed.
An attitude is a negative or positive evaluation of an object that influences behavior toward that object. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component involves facts and knowledge about an object, the affective component involves feelings like liking or disliking, and the behavioral component involves tendencies to act in certain ways toward the object based on the other two components. Attitudes are learned, relatively stable, have objects, and can influence behavior. There are four types of attitudes - positive, negative, neutral, and sikken. Positive attitudes include confidence and happiness, while negative attitudes include anger and frustration.
Person-centered therapy is a humanistic approach based on the ideas of self-actualization and empowerment. The primary determinants of therapy outcomes are the attitudes and characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship. The goal of counseling is to help clients engage in self-exploration and focus on their strengths to move forward positively. The therapist creates an accepting environment and acts as a facilitator through empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
The document provides an overview of various psychotherapy approaches and techniques. It discusses psychoanalytic therapy, person-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, behavior therapies including applied behavior analysis and cognitive-behavioral therapy. It also briefly describes questionable therapies like primal therapy and subliminal tapes. Key figures mentioned include Freud, Rogers, Perls, Ellis, and Beck. The document compares percentages of time spent on different activities between counselors and psychotherapists.
This document discusses various psychotherapies and behavioral therapies used to treat psychiatric disorders. It describes psychotherapy as deliberately establishing a relationship between therapist and patient to modify symptoms, behaviors, and promote growth. Approaches discussed include psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and behavioral therapies. Behavioral therapy aims to modify maladaptive behaviors through conditioning, using techniques like systematic desensitization, flooding, positive/negative reinforcement, and punishment. Cognitive behavioral therapy combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to change negative thoughts and behaviors. Exposure and response prevention is also discussed as a type of CBT used for anxiety disorders like OCD.
The psychodynamic approach to counseling originated from Sigmund Freud's ideas of psychoanalysis. It focuses on helping clients gain insight into the underlying reasons for their problems and develop the ability to cope with future difficulties. Key concepts include the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and psychosexual stages of development. Techniques include transference, free association, dream analysis, and interpretation. The approach has evolved with object relations theory, attachment theory, and consideration of multicultural issues.
1. The document discusses anxiety disorders and how they differ from ordinary worries and fears. It defines anxiety and lists some common physical symptoms.
2. Specific anxiety disorders discussed include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The causes and symptoms of each disorder are described.
3. Psychologists believe anxiety disorders may be caused by biological, cognitive, and behavioral/learning factors like classical and operant conditioning which can lead to the conditioning of anxiety responses.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli. Ivan Pavlov, a famous Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments. He found that a dog could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, like a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, which elicits an unconditioned response, like salivation. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus alone could elicit the conditioned response of salivation. Pavlov's experiments demonstrated key concepts of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and discrimination. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to areas like teaching and advertising.
Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behaviors that can be conditioned through stimuli. It was introduced by Ivan Pavlov and further developed by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning by associating a stimulus with food, while Watson performed experiments like Little Albert to prove classical conditioning in humans. Skinner introduced operant conditioning through experiments with rats and pigeons showing that behaviors are influenced by reinforcement and punishment.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
The document discusses several major theories of human development including psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, cognitive theory, sociocultural theory, and epigenetic theory. It provides an overview of the key people and ideas associated with each theory. For example, it describes Freud's ideas about stages of psychosexual development in psychoanalytic theory and Watson's views on learned behavior in behaviorism. The document also notes how each theory has contributed to understanding development and advocates an eclectic approach using different aspects of the various theories.
This document discusses several behavioral therapy techniques including operant conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement as well as extinction and punishment. It also covers relaxation training, systematic desensitization, in vivo and flooding exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and social skills training. EMDR involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and rapid eye movements to process traumatic memories. Social skills training teaches modeling, reinforcement, and role playing to improve psychosocial skills like anger management and assertion.
Classical conditioning was elucidated by Ivan Pavlov through his famous dog experiments. Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. For example, Pavlov paired the sound of a tone (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused dogs to salivate (unconditioned response). After conditioning, the dogs learned to salivate to the tone alone (conditioned response). Pavlov's work provided the basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
The document discusses two types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, as in Pavlov's dog experiment. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors. Reinforcers increase behaviors and punishments decrease them. Examples are given of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning.
Behaviour therapy aims to help clients acquire new coping skills or break bad habits through a collaborative process between therapist and client. It focuses on interpreting a client's behavior and applying principles of learning and conditioning to assess and address their needs. Some key concepts include classical and operant conditioning, which posit that behaviors are learned through responses to stimuli and their consequences. Therapists use techniques like reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control to modify behaviors.
This document provides an overview of various psychotherapies used to treat mental illness. It discusses therapies such as psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, aversion therapy, humanistic therapy, and systemic desensitization. It also covers different types of group therapies, couple therapy, and creative therapies. The document describes how each therapy works, what problems it aims to treat, and its potential benefits. It provides examples to illustrate techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy and systemic desensitization.
This document provides an overview of different therapies used to treat psychological disorders and personal problems. It discusses biomedical therapies that use medication and electroconvulsive therapy, as well as various types of psychotherapy including psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and group/family therapies. Key figures and approaches within each therapy type are outlined, along with factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy and considerations for cultural differences.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to psychotherapy and therapy, including psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, cognitive therapies, behavior therapies, and biological approaches. It discusses key concepts for different therapeutic approaches such as transference, dream analysis, cognitive restructuring, systematic desensitization, and drug therapies. It also examines what makes an effective therapist and different types of therapies such as group therapy.
This document provides an overview of different types of psychotherapy. It discusses that psychotherapy involves providing new interpersonal experiences for patients to help manage distress. It can enhance self-acceptance and ability to cope with environment. Psychotherapies are classified based on who is involved (individual, group, family) and methods used (analytic, cognitive-behavioral). Common characteristics include using relationship and communication as healing elements based on a conceptual structure to understand problems. Specific techniques discussed include relaxation training, systematic desensitization, flooding, and cognitive restructuring to change behaviors and thoughts.
The document discusses various psychological treatments for mental disorders. It covers different types of psychotherapy like psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It also discusses biological therapies using psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. Specific treatments are most effective for certain disorders: cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety/OCD, many options for depression, lithium/antipsychotics for bipolar disorder, and antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
Individual therapy involves regularly scheduled talks between a client and a mental health professional such as a psychologist. The goals of individual therapy are to increase well-being, modify maladaptive behaviors, and improve relationships. Therapy works by examining thoughts, feelings, experiences, and patterns to gain greater self-understanding. Key aspects of effective individual therapy include developing a strong therapeutic relationship, helping the client gain insights and set goals, and teaching new coping strategies.
This document discusses various counseling interventions and techniques, including person-centered counseling developed by Carl Rogers, cognitive behavioral therapy, and behavioral therapy. Person-centered counseling focuses on the client's responsibility and capability to cope with problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to change thought patterns and behaviors by identifying cognitive distortions. Behavioral therapy is based on learned behaviors and uses techniques like conditioning and reinforcement to modify unhealthy behaviors.
This document provides an overview of modern psychotherapies, including traditional therapies from the past as well as current approaches used in Pakistan. It discusses Muslim spiritual healing methods, rituals of black magic, and various modern psychotherapy techniques including psychodynamic therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and humanistic approaches. Key aspects like transference, countertransference, exposure therapy, and ethical issues are summarized.
MENTAL HEALTH NURSING-PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIESAkila anbalagan
This document provides an overview of psychological therapies. It begins by defining psychotherapy and explaining its historical origins and current definitions. It then describes the main types and stages of psychotherapy. The stages include an introductory stage where the client and therapist meet and assess the problem, a working stage where deeper exploration occurs, and a termination stage to end the relationship. It also outlines several approaches to individual psychotherapy like psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and supportive therapies. A key part of the document focuses on psychoanalytic therapy, describing Freud's psychodynamic theories of the mind, techniques like free association and dream analysis, and the typical therapy process.
This document summarizes various psychotherapy approaches and interventions. It discusses outcome research showing that on average, psychotherapy has an effect size of 0.85 and 50% of clients show marked improvement after 8 sessions. Longer treatment is associated with better outcomes, with 75% improved after 26 sessions and 85% after 52 sessions. Common therapy approaches described include cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic/existential therapy, and others. Key concepts and techniques from different theories are outlined.
COUNSELLING APPROACHES Report no. 25 Marion A. Piczon.pptxMarionAgarpaoPiczon
The document discusses various counseling approaches including psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive behavioral, rational emotive behavioral therapy, transactional analysis, and humanistic approaches. It provides descriptions of each approach's founding theorists, key philosophies and techniques, goals of therapy, and applications. Counseling approaches are differentiated based on how therapists interact with clients and are guided by theory and research.
The document discusses several counselling theories and approaches including psychoanalytical, psychodynamic, person-centered, and eclectic approaches. The psychoanalytical approach developed by Sigmund Freud focuses on the unconscious mind and uses techniques like free association, dream analysis, and analysis of transference. The psychodynamic approach is based on unconscious thoughts and perceptions from childhood that influence present behavior. The person-centered approach developed by Carl Rogers views people as essentially good and focuses on unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence. The eclectic approach combines both directive and non-directive counseling techniques selectively based on the client's needs.
The document discusses several counselling theories and approaches including psychoanalytical, psychodynamic, person-centered, and eclectic approaches. The psychoanalytical approach developed by Sigmund Freud focuses on the unconscious mind and uses techniques like free association, dream analysis, and analysis of transference. The psychodynamic approach is based on unconscious thoughts and perceptions from childhood that influence present behavior. The person-centered approach developed by Carl Rogers views people as essentially good and focuses on unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence. The eclectic approach combines both directive and non-directive counseling techniques selectively based on the client's needs.
Counseling and psychotherapy both aim to help individuals with mental health issues, but they differ in key ways. Counseling typically provides short-term assistance for present issues like stress, relationships or decision-making. Psychotherapy focuses on longer-term treatment to address deeper psychological causes of problems by examining a person's history and helping them gain insight. While counseling helps process emotions and improve skills, psychotherapy facilitates more profound changes through exploring root causes from a person's past.
This document provides an overview of different therapies used to treat psychological disorders and problems. It discusses reasons for seeking therapy, types of psychotherapy including psychoanalysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, humanistic therapies, and behavior therapy. It also covers biomedical therapies like antipsychotic medications, antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy, and factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Graphs show psychotherapy is more effective than no treatment in improving psychological problems.
The document discusses eclecticism in psychotherapies. It defines eclecticism as drawing on multiple theories and techniques to gain insights or apply different approaches to particular cases. Eclectic therapy incorporates a variety of principles to create tailored treatment plans. Eclectic therapists employ elements from various techniques to establish personalized programs. The document outlines different types of eclectic approaches and provides examples of how eclecticism is used to treat disorders like substance abuse, eating disorders, and bipolar disorder. It discusses advantages and limitations of eclecticism and various therapies used within an eclectic framework.
Individual therapy is a psychotherapy process where a trained therapist works one-on-one with a client to address problems, explore feelings and behaviors, and set personal goals. The document outlines several types of individual therapy including psychoanalysis, hypnosis, abreaction, reality therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goal of individual therapy is for clients to gain insight into themselves, develop coping strategies, rearrange priorities, and focus on their strengths and meaningful pursuits.
This chapter discusses various types of psychotherapy and therapies. It describes psychoanalysis founded by Freud which uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to understand unconscious conflicts. It also discusses humanistic therapies like client-centered therapy developed by Rogers which uses unconditional positive regard, empathy and reflection. Behavior therapy aims to directly change behaviors using principles of conditioning. Cognitive therapy helps clients change unhelpful thinking patterns. The chapter outlines different therapies like group therapy, family therapy, and evaluates the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
W7 psychotherapies and other modes of treatment lecturessuserd72fc5
This document defines psychotherapy and discusses various types of psychotherapy treatments. It begins by defining psychotherapy as a treatment involving an intimate relationship between client and therapist to explore and modify client behavior. It then discusses several types of psychotherapy including supportive therapy, psychodynamic therapy, behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and marital therapy. The document provides details on techniques, indications, and goals for each type of psychotherapy.
The document describes 16 personality types based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment. It provides brief summaries of each personality type, focusing on their key characteristics, preferences, and behaviors. The 16 types are ESTJ, ISTJ, ENTJ, INTJ, ESTP, ISTP, ENTP, INTP, ESFJ, ISFJ, ENFJ, INFJ, ENFP, INFP, ESFP, ISFP. Each summary is 1-3 sentences highlighting what defines that personality.
A meme is like a knock knock joke that uses famous images as the basis to create new jokes. Students are instructed to go to memegenerator.net or imgflip.com to select an existing meme image or add their own, and generate an AP Psychology related caption that is funny but also relevant to the course material. Examples and rules are provided to help students create their own memes for extra credit.
Aguiar ap intelligence and testing 2015 ssMrAguiar
Intelligence tests were first created in the early 20th century to identify students' reasoning abilities and place them in appropriate classes. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon designed the first modern intelligence test in France. Their test measured "mental age" through reasoning tasks. Lewis Terman later modified the Binet test for American students and created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He used the test to study gifted individuals. William Stern coined the term "intelligence quotient" or IQ to quantify intelligence scores.
Psychologists describe the human memory system using information processing models, such as the three-stage model of memory and the working memory model. Information can be encoded automatically or effortfully, and distributing practice over time aids retention better than cramming. Effortful encoding methods like mnemonic devices, chunking, and relating information to ourselves can help form stronger memories.
Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors learned through association. Pavlov's work with dogs demonstrated that a neutral stimulus could become a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an innate response. Key terms in classical conditioning include unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Cognitive processes and biological constraints can influence classical conditioning. Processes like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination further describe classical conditioning.
Aguiar ap consciousness sleep and dreams 2014 2015MrAguiar
Biological rhythms influence our daily functioning through circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle. The circadian rhythm is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which influences hormones like melatonin to make us feel sleepy. The sleep cycle consists of REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep stages that repeat about every 90 minutes. Sleep is important for restoration, recovery of the body, and processing memories from the previous day.
The document discusses key concepts related to sensation and perception. It begins by outlining three learning goals: 1) defining sensation and perception, 2) explaining bottom-up and top-down processing, and 3) examining selective attention. It then provides information on various topics within these goals, including absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation, and examples of selective attention like change blindness. Diagrams and examples are used throughout to illustrate concepts like the sensation-to-perception process and dual processing models.
Researchers explore infants' mental abilities through tests of habituation, where they measure infants' decreased interest in repeated stimuli over time. This allows researchers to determine what infants prefer to look at, like human faces over other images. Infant brain and motor development occurs rapidly during the first years of life. The brain grows dramatically as new neural connections are formed. Infants develop motor skills like grasping, stepping, and balance. Early experiences and maturation enable new cognitive and physical abilities during this critical period of development.
The human brain is an amazing organ capable of incredible feats of memory and learning. While we still have much to learn about how memory works in the brain, researchers have discovered some interesting things. New devices are being developed to help enhance memory and recall by interacting directly with the brain in novel ways.
The brainstem located at the base of the brain controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It includes the medulla, pons, and reticular formation. The limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus controls emotion, learning, memory and motivation. The cortex has four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and is highly folded to fit its large surface area inside the skull.
The correct answer is B. Foot-in-the-door. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
Social structure and interaction chpt 4 ssMrAguiar
This document discusses macro and micro sociology approaches. Macrosociology examines broader social structures like culture, social class, institutions and how they influence large groups. Microsociology focuses on smaller scale face-to-face interactions and how symbols and definitions shape behavior. Both are needed to understand how social forces at a broad, societal level and interpersonal level jointly influence human behavior.
1. Anxiety disorders involve excessive and persistent worries or fears that interfere with daily functioning, unlike ordinary worries or fears.
2. Common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
3. Proposed causes of anxiety disorders include biological factors like abnormal neurotransmitter levels or brain structures, as well as psychological factors like repressed urges, conditioning, or traumatic experiences.
This document contains answers to an IQ test. While it does not provide any context around the test itself such as the types of questions asked, it seems to list out responses to the questions from IQ Test 1. The brevity of the title suggests it is intended to be a concise reference for someone who has already taken the test and is now checking their answers.
The document discusses various theories of intelligence. It begins by outlining three learning goals regarding arguments for general vs. multiple intelligences, differences between Gardner's and Sternberg's theories, and what comprises emotional intelligence. It then covers several influential intelligence theorists including Spearman and his general factor theory, Thurstone and his theory of seven primary abilities, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Mayer and Salovey's theory of emotional intelligence. It also discusses research on the relationship between intelligence and brain anatomy/functioning as well as the distinction between intelligence and creativity.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory viewed personality as being formed by unconscious drives and instincts, divided into the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed personality develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. His followers like Jung, Adler, and Horney accepted or modified some of Freud's ideas. Contemporary psychologists are more skeptical of Freud's theories and the existence of the unconscious. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test aim to assess personality through people's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli, attempting to reveal aspects of the unconscious.
The document discusses emotions and related topics. It defines emotions and explores theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Two-Factor theory. It examines the biological, behavioral, and cognitive components of emotions. Additionally, it covers nonverbal communication of emotions, facial expressions and their influence on feelings, and stress and its relationship to health outcomes. Learning goals focus on the components of emotions, theories of emotion, the links between arousal and physiology, nonverbal communication of emotions, and causes and consequences of specific emotions.
The document discusses motivation and different theories of what motivates human behavior from an psychological perspective. It covers instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. It examines how each theory views motivated behavior and provides examples.
The document discusses various aspects of memory including the three types of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term), models of memory (information processing and working memory), processes of encoding, storage and retrieval, factors that influence memory such as context and mood, types of forgetting, and conditions like amnesia. It provides an overview of key memory concepts and compares different theories related to how memory works.
This document discusses language development and structure. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to describe language structure and its flaws, identify stages of language development, and distinguish between Chomsky and Skinner's views of language development. It then defines key parts of language structure, such as phonemes, morphemes, grammar, and discusses Chomsky's views on surface structure and deep structure. The document also outlines flaws in language semantics, syntax, and developmental stages of language learning in children. It concludes by contrasting Chomsky and Skinner's theories of language development.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Treatment of Psychological Disorders:1
• Learning Goals:
• What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic
therapy?
• What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy, such as Roger’s client-centered therapy?
• What are the assumptions and techniques of behavioral therapies?
• What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies?
2
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach someone
else about the characteristics of psychotherapeutic
intervention and can analyze the majority of treatment
orientations used in therapy
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can analyze the characteristics of psychotherapeutic
intervention and can analyze the majority of treatment
orientations used in therapy
2.0
Developing
I can explain some of the characteristic of
psychotherapeutic intervention and can describe some
of the treatments orientations used in therapy but I
need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0 I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in level 2.
3. From Brutal to Humane Treatments
• In the 1800’s,
• Philippe Pinel
• Dorothea Dix
• helped restructure
mental institutions
from brutal asylums to
humane hospitals that
operate in the medical
model.
3
4. Therapy Methods Overview
• Two Basic Types of Therapy
1. Psychotherapy
1. Any type of therapy that involves talking
2. Examples: Psychodynamic or Cognitive
2. Biomedical Therapy
1. Any type of therapy that involves medication or medical
procedures
2. Examples: Antidepressants or Prefrontal Lobotomy
* Today most psychologists practice Eclectic therapy, which
combines different methods of various types of therapies
4
5. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Therapies
• Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
– Seeks to explore the unconscious to the patient
may gain a better understanding of their problems.
– Assumes most disorders stem from repressed
impulses and conflicts the originated from their
childhood experiences.
5
6. Psychoanalysis Methods
These methods were used to get into a person’s
unconscious mind:
–Free Association: Saying what ever comes to
mind while relaxed
–Resistance: patient abruptly ends the free
association session (headache or stuttering)
–Transference: projects feelings onto therapist
(attends to positive and negative feelings towards
the client)
–Countertransference: therapist projects feelings
onto the client
–Hypnosis: Alternative way to enter the
unconscious mind
–Dream interpretation: Manifest vs. Latent Content
6
Sigmund Freud
7. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Therapies
• Psychodynamic Therapy
– A short, more modern version of Psychoanalysis
– Interpersonal psychotherapy is a sub-version of
psychodynamic therapy that focuses on gaining
insight to problems while relieving the symptoms.
• Psychoanalysis is still used, although rarely because:
1.Very time consuming
2.Very expensive
7
8. Humanistic Therapy
• Psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies are
referred to as Insight therapies, but for
different reasons.
• Humanistic therapies differ from
Psychoanalysis by:
– Exploring the present and future more than the
past.
– Developing conscious thoughts, not unconscious
awareness
– Taking responsibility for their own feelings
– Assumes that the person is striving to reach their
full potential and while experiencing mental
growth
– Empowers the client, giving them control over the
therapy sessions (opposite of psychoanalysis)
8
9. Humanistic Therapy
• Client/Person-Centered Therapy was
created by Carl Rogers
• Nondirective therapy where the client
is in control
• Therapist exhibits genuineness,
acceptance and empathy
9
Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)
Investigates a person’s perception of
reality and Looks at body language of
people
10. Humanistic Therapy
• Humanistic Techniques:
– Active Listening
• Paraphrasing what the client says to show
understanding
– Unconditional Positive Regard
• Nonjudgmental when the client speaks
10
11. Behavior Therapies
• Therapy that applies learning principles to
the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
•The behaviors are the problems- so we must
change the behaviors.
12. Behavioral Therapies
• Classical Conditioning Methods
– Derived from the principles of Ivan Pavlov's early
experiments in conditioning.
– Mowrer’s bell and pad method helped children
learn to stop wetting the bed through classical
conditioning.
– Counterconditioning
• Exposure therapy, Systematic Desensitization
& Aversive therapy
• Seek to stop an unwanted responses
12
13. Behavioral Therapies
• Mary Cover Jones
– A Student of John B. Watson’s
– Researched learned phobias
– Famous experiment: “Peter and
the Rabbit”
– Peter was afraid of rabbits, but
she would have Peter eat a food
he found pleasurable and slowly
bring the rabbit closer to him at
the same time. Eventually Peter
became less afraid of the rabbit
through Mary’s process of
counterconditioning.
13
14. Behavioral Therapies
• Types of Exposure Therapies
• Flooding
– Doing it over and Over again until
you are no longer afraid (i.e. riding
a rollercoaster)
• Systematic Desensitization
– Created by Joseph Wolpe
– Looks at hierarchies of fears
– Slowly pair relaxation with fears
– Example: Reduce fear of specific
animal or social phobia slowly
14
(Classical Conditioning)
16. Systematic Desensitization: Fear of Heights
16
• Step 1: Teach Relaxation
Technique
(Breathing/Visualization)
• Step 2: Write the word
height and relax
• Step 3: Enter bottom floor
of tall building and relax
• Step 4: Progress to a
higher floor and relax
• Step 5: Progress to an
even higher floor and relax
18. Behavioral Therapies
• Aversive Therapies
(Classical Conditioning)
• A type of
counterconditioning
that associates an
unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior.
With this technique,
temporary conditioned
aversion to alcohol has
been reported.
18
20. Behavioral Therapies
• Operant Conditioning Methods
– Behavior Modification Techniques
• Token Economy (positive
reinforcement)
– Earn coins or tokens that can
be traded in for rewards later
– Works well with kids, those
with low IQs, jail inmates or
mental hospital patients
• Critics to behavior modification
argue:
– Is it right to control another’s
behavior?
– What happens when the
reinforcers stop?
20
21. Cognitive Therapy Methods
• Cognitive Therapy
involves changing the
way a person thinks to
change their behavior.
• Can be completed in a
short amount of time
• Most effective for
patients suffering
depression (feeling
worthlessness and
hopelessness)
21
Dr. Phil practices cognitive therapy
22. Cognitive Therapy Methods
• Two Main Types
– Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
• Through gentle questioning, Beck seeks to reveal
irrational thoughts and persuade people to think
differently about negative events
• Seeks to change Attribution Style and Negative
Thinking
• Example “Why are you thinking that way?”
• Stop catastrophizing everything
– Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
• Uses ABC strategy to change thinking
• Seeks to change not just thinking, but life
philosophy
22
23. 23
Stress Inoculation Training
Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) trained
people to restructure their thinking in
stressful situations.
“Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will
be hard for everyone else too. I studied
harder than most people. Besides, I don’t
need a perfect score to get a good
grade.”
24. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• CBT seeks to:
1. Make people aware of their irrational thinking
2. Replace negative thinking with rational or positive
thoughts
3. Practice the new thoughts/behaviors in everyday life
• Useful for people suffering from depression and anxiety
24
25. • What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and how have they been
adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
• What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy, such as Roger’s client-centered
therapy?
• What are the assumptions and techniques of behavioral therapies?
• What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies?
25
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach someone
else about the characteristics of psychotherapeutic
intervention and can analyze the majority of treatment
orientations used in therapy
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can analyze the characteristics of psychotherapeutic
intervention and can analyze the majority of treatment
orientations used in therapy
2.0
Developing
I can explain some of the characteristic of
psychotherapeutic intervention and can describe some
of the treatments orientations used in therapy but I
need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in level 2.
26. Treatment of Psychological Disorders: 2
• Learning Goals:
• Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?
• Are some therapies more effective than others?
• How do alternative therapies (light exposure & EMDR) fare under scientific scrutiny?
• What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
26
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach
someone else about different treatment
formats, summarize their effectiveness,
and discuss the ethic context that
influences treatment choice.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can compare and contrast different
treatment formats, summarize their
effectiveness, and discuss the ethic context
that influences treatment choice.
2.0
Developing
I can explain different treatment formats,
summarize their effectiveness, and discuss the
ethic context that influences treatment choice
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0 I need more prompting and/or support to
27. 27
The Relative Effectiveness of Different
Therapies
Which psychotherapy would be most effective
for treating a particular problem?
Disorder Therapy
Depression Behavior, Cognition, Interpersonal
Anxiety Cognition, Exposure, Stress Inoculation
Bulimia Cognitive-behavior
Phobia Behavior
Bed Wetting Behavior Modification
28. Family, Group & Encounter Therapy
• Family
– Assumes that no person is an island
– Helps family members with coping
strategies
– Seeks to find if others in the family are
contributing to the problem.
• Self-Help Groups
– People with the same disorders meet
weekly
– Allow people to talk about their struggles
and take advantage of others’ coping tips
– 12-step program by Alcoholics
Anonymous
• Encounter Groups
– People with different disorders meet
weekly
– Shows that people are not alone
28
31. Other Therapy Considerations
• Placebo Effect
– The belief that the mere expectation of the therapy or
medication will work, so the person feels better
• A Focus on Prevention
– National, psychology is switching from treating
disorders to preventing disorders before they start
31
32. Modern Alternative Therapies
• EMDR
– Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
– Used to Treat PTSD and Depression
– The client recalls a bad memory while moving eyes
back and forth while following finger or light bar
32
Many scientists say that any
success of EMDR is nothing
more than placebo effect
combined with exposure
therapy after telling the
traumatic story over and over
again in a safe environment.
35. Modern Alternative Therapies
• Light Exposure Therapy
– Clients use special lights 30 minutes a day to
simulate the sun and reset circadian rhythms.
– Used to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder
(A type of depression associated with wintertime)
35
39. 39
Therapists & Their Training
Clinical psychologists: They have PhDs
mostly. They are experts in research,
assessment, and therapy, all of which is
verified through a supervised internship.
Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker: They have a
Masters of Social Work. Postgraduate supervision
prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy,
mostly to people with everyday personal and family
problems.
40. 40
Therapists & Their Training
Counselors: Pastoral counselors or abuse counselors
work with problems arising from family relations,
spouse and child abusers and their victims, and
substance abusers.
Psychiatrists: They are physicians who specialize in the
treatment of psychological disorders. Not all
psychiatrists have extensive training in psychotherapy,
but as MDs they can prescribe medications.
41. • Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?
• Are some therapies more effective than others?
• How do alternative therapies (light exposure & EMDR) fare under scientific scrutiny?
• What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
41
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach
someone else about different treatment
formats, summarize their effectiveness,
and discuss the ethic context that
influences treatment choice.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can compare and contrast different
treatment formats, summarize their
effectiveness, and discuss the ethic context
that influences treatment choice.
2.0
Developing
I can explain different treatment formats,
summarize their effectiveness, and discuss the
ethic context that influences treatment choice
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to
identify the concepts stated in level 2.
42. Treatment of Psychological Disorders: 3
• Learning Goals:
• How do culture and values influence the therapist-client relationship?
• What are the drug therapies? What criticisms have been leveled against drug therapies?
• How effective is electroconvulsive therapy, and what other brain-stimulation options may offer
relief from severe depression?
• What is psychosurgery?
42
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach someone
else about the prevention strategies that build
resilience and promote competence, and identify
some of the major figures in psychological treatment
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can analyze the characteristics of the prevention
strategies that build resilience and promote
competence, and identify some of the major figures in
psychological treatment
2.0
Developing
I can explain some of the prevention strategies that
build resilience and promote competence, and identify
some of the major figures in psychological treatment
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0 I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
43. Culture and Values in Therapy
• For better therapeutic results, clients and
their therapists should be matched on
their culture and religious values they
have in common
– Example: Asian-Americans should be
matched with a collectivistic therapists,
whereas Western Europeans should be
matched with individualistic therapists
• Clients will sometimes take on the values
of their therapists
43
45. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics
– Treats Schizophrenia by blocking dopamine,
henceforth decreasing hallucinations
– Example: Thorazine (Chlorpromazine), Clozapine
– One major side effect of the D2-Neuroleptics after
long-term use is Tardive Dyskinesia which results
in involuntary muscle control of the face.
45
46. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Antianxiety Meds
– Treats Anxiety by depressing
the central nervous system
– Sometimes called Tranquilizers,
Benzodiazepines
– Increases neurotransmitter
GABA to reduce anxiety
– NEWER DRUG: D-cycloserine
helps with PTSD and OCD
– Typical Examples: Xanax,
Valium, Ativan
46
47. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Antidepressants
– Treats Depression and
Some Anxiety
– SSRIs, MAOIs, Tricyclic
– Works on elevating levels
of serotonin
– Examples: Paxil, Prozac,
Lexapro, Zoloft
– Aerobic exercise has been
shown to be just as
effective as antidepressant
drugs in some cases
47
51. Biomedical: Other Treatments
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
– Puts major electroshocks into
clients head while they are
sedated
– Treats Depression that doesn’t
respond to drugs
– We think it helps by either
resetting cells or creating new
brain cells
– Side Effect: Short-term
memory loss.
51
52. Biomedical: Other Treatments
• Repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
– Sometimes referred to as deep brain stimulation
– Treats the disorder of Depression
52
54. Biomedical: Other Treatments
• Deep-brain stimulation
– Implanting a pacemaker in the brain that
stimulates inhibitory neurons to reduce
depression, Parkinson's tremors or OCD
thoughts.
54
55. Biomedical: Other Treatments
• Prefrontal Lobotomy (Developed by Moniz and
Freeman)
– Surgically removes part of the frontal lobe
– Treats violent schizophrenia that doesn’t respond
to drugs
55
57. • How do culture and values influence the therapist-client relationship?
• What are the drug therapies? What criticisms have been leveled against
drug therapies?
• How effective is electroconvulsive therapy, and what other brain-
stimulation options may offer relief from severe depression?
• What is psychosurgery?
57
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Editor's Notes
In psychotherapy, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth.
The biomedical therapies are prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system.
Half of all psychotherapists describe themselves as taking an eclectic approach in which they use techniques from various forms of therapy, depending on the client’s problem. Psychotherapy integration combines a selection of assorted techniques into a single, coherent system.
Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic approach of using the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference, and the therapist’s interpretations of them, to help the person release repressed feelings and gain self-insight.
The goal of psychoanalysis is to help people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorders, to work through the accompanying feelings, and to take responsibility for their own growth.
Classic Psychotherapy’s goal is for the person to gain insight into their own unconscious and then work through the problems. It would take 3-5 sessions per week for several years. The main focus was childhood problems.
Psychoanalysts draw on techniques such as free association (saying aloud anything that comes to mind), resistances (the defensive blocking from awareness of anxiety-laden material) and their interpretation, and other behaviors such as transference (transferring to the therapist of long- repressed feelings). Freud also believed that the latent content of dreams was another clue to unconscious conflicts. Like the psychoanalytic perspective on personality, psychoanalysis is criticized because its interpretations are hard to prove or disprove and because it is time-consuming and costly.
Transference- expressing love, hostility or dependency toward Freud himself. By allowing this projection of emotions, Freud would become a surrogate to which the unconscious feelings could be brought out in a safe environment. Examples: A patient who struggles with anger issues becomes angry towards the therapist. A patient who struggles with rejection becomes overly worried about the Therapist leaving them
Countertransference- Freud called this a dangerous problem associated with being human and a therapist. The therapist starts to play the role of the father or mother to a patient and becomes locked into the patients script.
Psychoanalysts draw on techniques such as free association (saying aloud anything that comes to mind), resistances (the defensive blocking from awareness of anxiety-laden material) and their interpretation, and other behaviors such as transference (transferring to the therapist of long- repressed feelings). Freud also believed that the latent content of dreams was another clue to unconscious conflicts. Like the psychoanalytic perspective on personality, psychoanalysis is criticized because its interpretations are hard to prove or disprove and because it is time-consuming and costly.
Influenced by Freud, psychodynamic therapists try to understand patients’ current symptoms by exploring their childhood experiences and the therapist-patient relationship. They may also help the person explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings.
However, they talk with the patient face-to-face, once a week, and for only a few weeks or months.
Interpersonal psychotherapy, a brief variation of psychodynamic therapy, emphasizes symptom relief in the present, not overall personality change. The therapist also focuses on current relationships and the mastery of relationship skills. It has been found effective with depressed patients.
Both psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are referred to as insight therapies, which attempt to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses. However, in contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on the present and the future more than the past, on clients’ conscious feelings, and taking immediate responsibility for their feelings and actions. In emphasizing people’s inherent potential for self-fulfillment, they aim to promote growth rather than to cure illness.
The main focus
n his nondirective client-centered therapy, Rogers used active listening to express genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. This technique, he believed, would help clients to increase their self-awareness and self-acceptance. The therapist interrupts only to restate and confirm the client’s feelings, to accept what the client is expressing, or to seek clarification. The client-centered counselor seeks to provide a psychological mirror that helps clients see themselves more clearly. In a therapeutic environment that provides unconditional positive regard, clients may come to accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole.
Example of active listening: Client- “This has been such a bad day. I have felt ready to cry any minute, and I’m not even sure what is wrong!”
Therapist: “You really do feel so bad. The tears just seem to well up inside, and I wonder if it’s a little scary to not even know why you feel this way.” Although it doesn’t seem like it is doing much for the client, active listening helps clarify the client’s feelings and also promotes self-understanding and self-awareness. Hearing the therapist say this back to you might help you understand your feelings much better, sort of like a sounding board.
Gestalt Therapy developed by Fritz Perls is a subtype of humanistic therapy. Gestalt therapy is based on the idea that we create our own perceptions of reality and when those perceptions are unclear or unrealistic, we feel anxiety. Their goal is again for people to become self-aware of their incongruence of perspective, but unlike Roger’s method of letting the cleint move at their own pace, Gestalt therapists prod the client along, asking probing questions and trying to bring self awareness quicker to the client. They may even address body language of the client and hold hypothetical conversations with the client.
The downfall to Humanistic therapy is that you need to be very intelligent and self aware to engage with the therapist. Over the years it has declined in popularity, although many of its techniques have been adapted into other therapies.
behavior therapists question the therapeutic power of increased self-awareness. They assume problem behaviors are the problems and thus do not look for inner causes. Instead, they apply learning principles to eliminate a troubling behavior.
Counterconditioning is a behavior therapy procedure, based on classical conditioning, that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. Exposure therapies treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
Don’t care about underlying causes, just with removing specific symptoms. (opposite of psychoanalysis)
In systematic desensitization, a prime example of exposure therapy, a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. This procedure is commonly used to treat phobias
Flooding
SD is a form of counterconditioning
In systematic desensitization, a prime example of exposure therapy, a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. This procedure is commonly used to treat phobias
Flooding
SD is a form of counterconditioning
In systematic desensitization, a prime example of exposure therapy, a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. This procedure is commonly used to treat phobias
Flooding
SD is a form of counterconditioning
n aversive conditioning, an unpleasant state (such as nausea) is associated with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). This method works in the short run, but for long-term effectiveness it is combined with other methods.
n aversive conditioning, an unpleasant state (such as nausea) is associated with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). This method works in the short run, but for long-term effectiveness it is combined with other methods.
Operant conditioning therapies are based on the premise that voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences. Behavior therapists apply operant conditioning principles in behavior modification. They reinforce desired behaviors and withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors or punish them. The rewards used to modify behavior vary from attention or praise to more concrete rewards such as food.
In institutional settings, therapists may create a token economy in which a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.
Critics express two concerns: First, what happens when the reinforcers stop? Might the person have become so dependent upon the extrinsic rewards that the appropriate behaviors quickly disap- pear? Second, is it ethical for one person to control another’s behavior?
Cognitive therapists assume that our thinking colors our feelings, and so they try to teach people who suffer psychological disorders new, more constructive ways of thinking.
Cognitive-behavioral therapists combine the reversal of self-defeating thinking with efforts to modify behavior. They aim to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking, to replace it with new ways of thinking and talking, and to practice the more positive approach in everyday settings.
ABC- A-Activating Event, B-Belief, C- Consequence of behavior
In treating depression, Aaron Beck seeks to reverse clients’ catastrophizing beliefs about them- selves, their situations, and their futures. His technique is a gentle questioning that aims to help people discover their irrationalities. In stress inoculation training, people suffering from depression learn to dispute their negative thoughts and to restructure their thinking in stressful situations.
ABC- A-Activating Event, B-Belief, C- Consequence of behavior
OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the findings on which psychotherapies are most effective for specific disorders.
The social context provided by group therapy allows people to discover that others have problems similar to their own and to try out new ways of behaving. Receiving honest feedback can be very helpful, and it can be reassuring to find that you are not alone. Family therapy assumes that we live and grow in relation to others, especially our families. It views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members. In an effort to heal relationships, therapists attempt to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.
The social context provided by group therapy allows people to discover that others have problems similar to their own and to try out new ways of behaving. Receiving honest feedback can be very helpful, and it can be reassuring to find that you are not alone. Family therapy assumes that we live and grow in relation to others, especially our families. It views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members. In an effort to heal relationships, therapists attempt to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.
Randomized clinical trials assign people on a waiting list to therapy or no therapy. The results of many such studies are then digested by meta-analysis, a statistical procedure that combines the conclusions of a large number of different studies. The results reveal that (1) people who remain untreated often improve; (2) those who receive psychotherapy are more likely to improve; and (3) when people seek psychological treatment, their search for other medical treatment declines.
In EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy, the therapist waves a finger in front of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen trauma memories. Con- trolled studies have not supported the effectiveness of EMDR; belief in its effectiveness may be explained in terms of the combination of exposure therapy—repeatedly reliving traumatic memo- ries in a reassuring environment—and a robust placebo effect.
In EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy, the therapist waves a finger in front of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen trauma memories. Con- trolled studies have not supported the effectiveness of EMDR; belief in its effectiveness may be explained in terms of the combination of exposure therapy—repeatedly reliving traumatic memo- ries in a reassuring environment—and a robust placebo effect.
In EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy, the therapist waves a finger in front of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen trauma memories. Con- trolled studies have not supported the effectiveness of EMDR; belief in its effectiveness may be explained in terms of the combination of exposure therapy—repeatedly reliving traumatic memo- ries in a reassuring environment—and a robust placebo effect.
. In contrast, light exposure therapy (exposure to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light) has proven effective in treating people with seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression linked to periods of decreased sunlight
. In contrast, light exposure therapy (exposure to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light) has proven effective in treating people with seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression linked to periods of decreased sunlight
OBJECTIVE 16| Describe the three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies.
OBJECTIVE 16| Describe the three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies.
sychotherapists’ personal beliefs and values influence their therapy. While nearly all agree on the importance of encouraging clients’ sensitivity, openness, and personal responsibility, they differ sharply on the pursuit of self-gratification, self-sacrifice, and interpersonal commitment. Value differences also become important when a client from one culture meets a therapist from another. For example, clients from a culture where people are mindful of others’ expectations may have difficulty with a therapist who gives priority to personal desires and identity. Such differences may help explain the reluctance of some minorities to use mental health services. Some psychologists believe that therapists should divulge their values more openly.
Another area of potential value conflict is religion. Highly religious people may prefer and benefit from religiously similar therapists. They may have trouble establishing an emotional bond with a therapist who does not share their values.
With a few exceptions, only psychiatrists (as medical doctors) offer biomedical therapies. Psychopharmacology, the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior, has revolutionized the treatment of people with severe disorders. To evaluate the effects of any new drug, researchers use the double-blind technique, in which half the patients receive the drug while the other half receive a placebo. Because neither staff nor patients know who gets which, this research strategy eliminates bias that results from therapists’ and patients’ expectations of improvement. Using this approach, several types of drugs have proven effective in treating psychological disorders.
Antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine (sold as Thorazine), provide help to people experiencing the positive symptoms of auditory hallucinations and paranoia by dampening their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Newer atypical antipsychotics, such as clozapine (sold as Clozaril), help reanimate schizophrenia patients with the negative symptoms of apathy and withdrawal. Long-term use of some of these drugs block dopamine receptors and can produce tardive dyskinesia, which is marked by involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. Many of the newer antipsychotics have fewer such side effects, but they may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes.
Antianxiety drugs, such as Xanax and Ativan, depress central nervous system activity. A new antianxiety drug, the antibiotic D-cycloserine, acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction of learned fears. Used in combination with other therapy, antianxiety drugs can help people learn to cope with frightening stimuli. However, they can produce both psychological and physiological dependence.
Antidepressant drugs aim to lift people up, typically by increasing the availability of the neuro- transmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. For example, fluoxetine (Prozac) partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from the synapses, and so Prozac and its cousins Zoloft and Paxil are called selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs). They also are increasingly being used to treat anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Other dual-action antide- pressants work by blocking the reabsorption or breakdown of both norepinephrine and serotonin. Although no less effective, these dual-action drugs have more potential side effects, such as dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizzy spells. Administering them by means of a patch helps reduce such side effects. Although antidepressants influence neurotransmitter systems almost immediately, their full psychological effects may take weeks. The delay may occur because increased serotonin seems to promote neurogenesis. The risk of suicide for those taking these drugs has probably been overestimated.
Antidepressant drugs aim to lift people up, typically by increasing the availability of the neuro- transmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. For example, fluoxetine (Prozac) partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from the synapses, and so Prozac and its cousins Zoloft and Paxil are called selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs). They also are increasingly being used to treat anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Other dual-action antide- pressants work by blocking the reabsorption or breakdown of both norepinephrine and serotonin. Although no less effective, these dual-action drugs have more potential side effects, such as dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizzy spells. Administering them by means of a patch helps reduce such side effects. Although antidepressants influence neurotransmitter systems almost immediately, their full psychological effects may take weeks. The delay may occur because increased serotonin seems to promote neurogenesis. The risk of suicide for those taking these drugs has probably been overestimated.
The simple salt lithium is often an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder. Although lithium significantly lowers the risk of suicide, we do not fully understand how it works.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock treatment, is used for severely depressed patients. A brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. Although ECT is credited with saving many from suicide, no one knows for sure how it works. Some patients with chronic depression have found relief through a chest implant that intermittently stimulates the vagus nerve, which sends signals to the brain’s mood-related limbic system.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is performed on wide-awake patients. Magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain’s surface (although tests are under way with a higher energy field that penetrates more deeply). Unlike ECT, the rTMS procedure produces no seizures, memory loss, or other side effects. Several recent studies have confirmed its therapeutic effect. Deep brain stimulation has shown potential in calming a brain area that appears active in people who are depressed or sad.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is performed on wide-awake patients. Magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain’s surface (although tests are under way with a higher energy field that penetrates more deeply). Unlike ECT, the rTMS procedure produces no seizures, memory loss, or other side effects. Several recent studies have confirmed its therapeutic effect. Deep brain stimulation has shown potential in calming a brain area that appears active in people who are depressed or sad.
Psychosurgery removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. For example, the lobotomy was once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain are cut. The lobotomy usually produced a permanently lethargic, immature, impulsive personality. Because of these effects and the introduction of drug treatments in the 1950s, the procedure has been abandoned. Other psychosurgery is used only in extreme cases. For example, for patients who suffer uncontrollable seizures, surgeons may deactivate the specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. MRI-guided precision surgery may also be used to cut the circuits involved in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Psychosurgery removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. For example, the lobotomy was once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain are cut. The lobotomy usually produced a permanently lethargic, immature, impulsive personality. Because of these effects and the introduction of drug treatments in the 1950s, the procedure has been abandoned. Other psychosurgery is used only in extreme cases. For example, for patients who suffer uncontrollable seizures, surgeons may deactivate the specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. MRI-guided precision surgery may also be used to cut the circuits involved in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.