MrAguiar, profile picture
Uploaded byMrAguiar
PPT, PDF1,433 views

Aguiar AP Abnormal 2017

1. The document discusses anxiety disorders and how they differ from ordinary worries and fears. It defines anxiety and lists some common physical symptoms. 2. Specific anxiety disorders discussed include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The causes and symptoms of each disorder are described. 3. Psychologists believe anxiety disorders may be caused by biological, cognitive, and behavioral/learning factors like classical and operant conditioning which can lead to the conditioning of anxiety responses.

Embed presentation

Download to read offline
1 / 139
2 / 139
3 / 139
4 / 139
5 / 139
6 / 139
7 / 139
8 / 139
9 / 139
10 / 139
11 / 139
12 / 139
13 / 139
14 / 139
15 / 139
16 / 139
17 / 139
18 / 139
19 / 139
20 / 139
21 / 139
22 / 139
23 / 139
24 / 139
25 / 139
26 / 139
27 / 139
28 / 139
29 / 139
30 / 139
31 / 139
32 / 139
33 / 139
34 / 139
35 / 139
36 / 139
37 / 139
38 / 139
39 / 139
40 / 139
41 / 139
42 / 139
43 / 139
44 / 139
45 / 139
46 / 139
47 / 139
48 / 139
49 / 139
50 / 139
51 / 139
52 / 139
53 / 139
54 / 139
55 / 139
56 / 139
57 / 139
58 / 139
59 / 139
60 / 139
61 / 139
62 / 139
63 / 139
64 / 139
65 / 139
66 / 139
67 / 139
68 / 139
69 / 139
70 / 139
71 / 139
72 / 139
73 / 139
74 / 139
75 / 139
76 / 139
77 / 139
78 / 139
79 / 139
80 / 139
81 / 139
82 / 139
83 / 139
84 / 139
85 / 139
86 / 139
87 / 139
88 / 139
89 / 139
90 / 139
91 / 139
92 / 139
93 / 139
94 / 139
95 / 139
96 / 139
97 / 139
98 / 139
99 / 139
100 / 139
101 / 139
102 / 139
103 / 139
104 / 139
105 / 139
106 / 139
107 / 139
108 / 139
109 / 139
110 / 139
111 / 139
112 / 139
113 / 139
114 / 139
115 / 139
116 / 139
117 / 139
118 / 139
119 / 139
120 / 139
121 / 139
122 / 139
123 / 139
124 / 139
125 / 139
126 / 139
127 / 139
128 / 139
129 / 139
130 / 139
131 / 139
132 / 139
133 / 139
134 / 139
135 / 139
136 / 139
137 / 139
138 / 139
139 / 139
What Is Abnormality?What Is Abnormality?
Abnormal Psych: Intro ($h!t’s about to get weird) • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder? 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders? 2 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can explain, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders with no major errors or omissions. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Fact of Falsehood • 1. In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. • 2. The more contact people have with individuals with disorders, the less accepting their attitudes are. • 3.About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. • 4.Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country’s hospitals. • 5.Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop similar phobias. • 6. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia. • 7. In North America, today’s young adults are three times more likely than their grandparents to report having suffered depression. • 8. White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as Black Americans do. • 9. There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. • 10 Twenty-six percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. 3
The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors Psychopathology Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
Early Theories • Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. • Trephining was often used. • Another theory was to make the body extremely uncomfortable
Early Explanations of Mental Illness • Hippocrates – mental illness from imbalance of body’s four humors • Middle Ages – mentally ill labeled witches LO 12.1 How has mental illness been explained? How is abnormality defined?
Some people still think mental illness is demonology
What Is Abnormal? Inability to Function Statistically Rare Social Norm Deviance Danger to Self/Others Subjective Discomfort
Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.
What is a psychological disorder? • Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life. • Three main components: – Deviant (being different) – Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) – Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) • About 1 in 7 adults in the United States have experienced a psychological disorder. 26% in the last year. *Note: Not all deviant behavior is considered a disorder, as sometimes it is just a cultural, situational or generational norm. (e.g. killing in war, dressing differently, praying loudly etc…) 10
Case Study: The Three D’s: ADHD • ADHD • A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity • 4% of children, though 10% are being medicated for it • Diagnosed 2-3 times more in boys than girls • Correlated to watching more TV before age 7 • Brain appears to be about three years behind on thinning of cortex and pruning • Medications help, but benefits may disappear after three years • FDA just approved an EEG brain wave method for diagnosing ADHD 11
ADHD Setting the Record Straight
Biopsychosocial Approach to Explaining Disorders 13
Section 1: Test Your Knowledge Is this a psychological disorder? Why or Why Not? During most of her life, Mary has been inclined to keep to herself. She has few friends but no close friends. Her feelings are easily hurt, and she seldom participates in any social activities. As a child, she did nearly average work in school but never took part in school activities. She eventually dropped out of school and got a job. She rarely talks with the other employees and prefers to eat her lunch alone. She prefers to keep to herself and quietly talks to herself, even when customers are around. At times she refuses to eat certain foods for fear of being poisoned. Most of the time Mary refuses to attend to her personal hygiene and prefers to be left alone quietly muttering to herself. She leaves the house only for food and work. 14
1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder? 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders? 15 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can explain, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders with no major errors or omissions. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Abnormal Psych: Classification and Labeling• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders? 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? 16 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
How do psychologists explain disorders? • The Medical Model (Pinel): – Mental illness is a sickness – Noticed people would become crazy due to syphilis (psychopathology) – Under the medical model, we seek to: • Diagnosis • Understand the Symptoms • Provide Treatment • And use psychiatric hospitals only when necessary Dorothea Dix advocates for humane treatment in mental hospitals in America Elizabeth Cochrane (Nellie Bly) 17
How do Psychologists classify disorders? • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V ©2013) Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) • Closely follows World Heath Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) • The DSM is revised every few years – Contains over 400 disorder categories – DSM III included homosexuality as a disorder (1973), – Critics say the DSM is too broad and anyone can be classified with a disorder. People can be diagnosed falsely with diagnostic labels. • Goals of the DSM: 1. Identify and classify disorders 2. Determine prevalence (not treatment) 19
Two Major Disorder Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders • Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy
Group-think Share…. Neurotic or Psychotic and why? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Layout of DSM Disorder Profiles I. Disorder Name II. Diagnostic features (this is complete description of the disorder) III. Associated features ( these are the features that accompany the disorder) IV. Development and Course (this is how the disorder can develop and how it could possibly affect the life course) V. Differential Diagnosis (other possible names or similar disorders)
DSM & Reliability • If two different psychologists interview the same patient, will they come up with the same diagnosis according to the DSM? • 83% of opinions agreed in one study based on criteria in the DSM (It supposedly has high validity and reliability) 23
Is There Danger in Labeling People? What would you diagnose these people with? 24
Is There Danger in Labeling People? • The Rosenhan Study (1973) – Faked a disorder to get into a mental institution – After arriving into the institution, the ‘pseudopatient’ stopped being symptomatic – On average it took 19 days before ‘pseudopatients’ were released, even though they were not experiencing symptoms – Conclusion: Labeling causes Doctors to see people as ‘insane’ even when they are ‘sane’ 25
Is There Danger in Labeling People? 26
Is There Danger in Labeling People? • Pros of Labeling – Communicate disorders – Discern Treatment – Comprehend underlying causes • Cons of Labeling – Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy for both patient and others – Creates a stigma that follows a person Operational Defiant Disorder 27
Section 2: Test Your Knowledge • A man is feeling depressed about his inability to support his family after losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)? (A) Axis I (B) Axis II (C) Axis III (D) Axis IV (E) Axis V • The medical model views mental illness as: (A) A character defect (B) A disease or illness (C) An interaction of biological, cognitive, behavioral, social and cultural factors (D) Normal behavior in an abnormal context (E) Maladaptive contingencies of reinforcement 29
3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders? 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? 30 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Section 2: Product Assessment • In groups of 3 to 4 people, you are to create a poster for a new disorder using the “Layout of DSM Disorder Profiles” (I-Name, II-Diagnostic, III- Associated Features, IV-Development, V- Differential Diagnosis) • A rationale as to why a disorder profile is needed for this disorder (included the three D’s from the prior lesson) • An illustration to go along with this disorder • Example: Senioritis 31
Abnormal Psych: Anxiety Disorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? 32 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety: General State of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger. • Also, nervousness, inability to relax, concern about losing control • Physical Symptoms caused by over active sympathetic nervous system: – Trembling, Sweating, Rapid Heart Rate, Shortness of Breath, Increased Blood Pressure, Flushed Face, Feelings of Light-headedness 33
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances lasting for at least six months – Financial Issues, Work, Relationships • Hard to Treat and Diagnosis • affects more Women and African Americans 34
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder Panic Disorder- an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack. 36
Panic Disorder
Phobias- “Fear Disorder” • Phobia an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. – Examples: Public speaking, eating in public or dating – Happens in women 2-1 – Animal, Situational, Injection – Irrational fear of a particular object or situation 38
Phobias- “Pickles”
Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder- intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions: Unwanted thoughts, ideas or mental images that occur over and over again • Compulsions: Repetitive ritual behaviors involving checking or cleaning (helps to reduce anxiety from obsessions) • 55% of OCD clients obsess over dirt or contamination • May be caused by frontal lobe glucose metabolism or wired into brain 41 A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
Figure 66.2 An obsessive-compulsive brain David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers Neuroscientists Nicholas Maltby, David Tolin, and their colleagues (2005) used functional MRI scans to compare the brains of those with and without OCD as they engaged in a challenging cognitive task. The scans of those with OCD showed elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the brain’s frontal area (indicated by the yellow area on the far right).
Agoraphobia Agoraphobia-fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
Agoraphobia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 45
The Hoarding Debate…
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder • Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by a traumatic experience • Added to the DSM after the Vietnam War • Previously called “shell shock” and “battle fatigue” • Events that lead to PTSD: – Rape, Child Abuse, Assault, Severe Accidents, Natural Disasters, War – Lower than average cortisol levels may predispose people to PTSD • Symptoms: – Flashbacks & Nightmares – Tension & Aggression – Avoidance Behavior & Substance Abuse • Treatments: – Prolonged CBT – Virtual Therapy- reliving the event – EMDR 47
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 1 48
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 49
Post-Traumatic Growth Post-Traumatic Growth-positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
What Causes Anxiety Disorders? • Behavioral (Learning) Perspective: Conditioned through classical conditioning or operant conditioning to experience anxiety 51 The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears
What Causes Anxiety Disorders? • Biological Perspective: Too much or too little of certain neurotransmitters or brain abnormality; sensitive amygdala 52 The biological perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, phobias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity predisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD.
Big Bang Theory
Check Your Understanding: Anxiety Disorders • Which of the following is NOT considered an anxiety disorder? A) Ben, who goes home several times a day to check to see if the stove is off. B) Denise, who is terrorified of eating in public. C) Mary, who worries excessively about an upcoming job interview weeks before it happens. D) Kent, a solider who has experienced sudden blindness after seeing his buddies killed in war. E) Sara, who without reason, starts to hyperventalate and cry, while complaining that she thinks she will die. 54
Anxiety Disorder Review • Create a visual graphic organizer to help remember the different types of anxiety disorders 55 Anxiety Disorders
5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? Mr. Burnes 56 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Abnormal Psych: Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 7: What are somatoform disorders? 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial? 57 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders are not true disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders, there symptoms and explain the possible causes of both types of disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Somatic Sympton Disorder • Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem (depression) through a physiological symptom (paralysis). • Two types……
Somatic Symptom Disorder • Type I: Conversion Disorder – People experience a loss or change of physical functioning – No medical explanation – Examples: Sudden blindness, paralysis, glove anesthesia – Not faking it! – Women twice as likely to be diagnosed 59
Somatoform Disorders 60
Somatoform Disorders 61
Somatic Symptom Disorder • Type II: Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis) – Unrealistic preoccupation with serious diseases – Will visit multiple doctors to be treated – Affects men and women equally – Caused by suppressed emotions that emerge as physical symptoms 62
Dissociative Disorders • Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity (memory issues) • Explained by having unacceptable urges or protection from anxiety (psychoanalytic) • Three Types 63
1. Psychogenic Amnesia • Also called “Dissociative Amnesia” • A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. • Retrograde Amnesia • NOT organic amnesia. • Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde.
Psychogenic Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue • People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.
Dissociative Fugue
2. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder • Persistent and recurring feeling of being estranged from oneself. • Being a spectator in one’s own life • Detachment from one’s own mental processes
3. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • A person has several rather than one integrated personality. • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.
3. Dissociative Identity Disorder
DID – Considered extremely rare – The personalities alternate, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s) – Accompanied with the inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be accounted for by ordinary forgetfulness – Dominant hand shifting – Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. (role playing?) 71
DID- The faces of Eve 72
DID Kim Noble 73
7: What are somatoform disorders? 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial? 74 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders are not true disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders, their symptoms and explain the possible causes of both types of disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Abnormal Psych: Mood Disorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take? 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults? 75 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not others. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the symptoms associated with specific mood disorders and explain how mood disorders develop from biological and psychological perspectives. 2.0 Developing I can identify certain mood disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Mood Disorders • Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.
Major Depressive Disorder • A.K.A. unipolar depression • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.
Table 67.1 Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Major Depressive Episode 79
Major Depressive Episode • Neurotransmitters involved: Serotonin and Norepinephrine • Five of the following symptoms must be present for diagnosis: 1. depressed mood most of the day 2. loss of interest or pleasure 3. significant weight loss or gain due to appetite 4. sleeping more than normal 5. speeding up/slowing down of physical and emotional reactions 6. Fatigue 7. feelings of worthlessness 8. inability to concentrate 9. recurrent thoughts of death or suicide 10. May last for periods of months or more 80
Dysthymic Disorder • Suffering from mild depression every day for at least two years.
Dysthymic Disorder • Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more. 82 Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder
Dysthymic Disorder Case Study: Eeyore
Bipolar Disorder/Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder • Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.
Bipolar Disorder/Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder • May hear voices and experience hallucinations, Delusions of superior abilities – Example Behaviors: Spending sprees, quitting jobs to pursue wild dreams, making bad decisions • Mania: – Inflated Self-Esteem – Inability to Sit or Sleep – Pressure to keep talking (push of speech) – Racing Thoughts – Difficulty Concentrating – Overly Optimistic 85
86 Mania can resemble schizophrenia or a crack high
87 Creativity and Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder: Subtypes • Bipolar I (most extreme) disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more manic or mixed episodes. Depressive episodes usually occur too. • Bipolar II (less extreme)disorder is characterized by highs that are never more severe than hypomania (less severe mania) together with major depressive episodes. • Cyclothymic disorder (least extreme) refers to frequent episodes of hypomania and mild depression occurring over at least a 2-year period. 88
Bipolar Disorder an in-depth explanation 89
Famous People with Bipolar
91 Explaining Mood Disorders Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: • Behavioral and cognitive changes • Common causes of depression
92 Theory of Depression Gender differences
93 Theory of Depression • Depressive episodes self-terminate. • Depression is increasing, especially in teens. Post-partum depression
Suicide Statistics • 1 million people worldwide/year • White Americans are twice as likely than Black Americans to kill themselves • Women are more likely to attempt, Men are more likely to succeed • Suicide rates have doubled in the last 40 years among teens • Who is likely to commit suicide? – The Rich – Single/divorced/widowed – White – Nonreligious – Teens & Elderly 94
95 Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. JerryIrwinPhotography
96 The Depressed Brain PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. CourtesyofLewisBaxteranMichaelE. Phelps,UCLASchoolofMedicine
97 Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact –Self-defeating beliefs •Learned helplessness •Rumination-compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
98 Example Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take? 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults? 99 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not others. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the symptoms associated with specific mood disorders and explain how mood disorders develop from biological and psychological perspectives. 2.0 Developing I can identify certain mood disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Section 5: Test Your Knowledge Which of the following is NOT true regarding depression? A. Depression is more common in females than males. B. Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event C. Most depressive episodes last less than 3 months D. Most people recover from depression without professional therapy. The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically increases if you: A. have suffered a debilitating injury B. have an adoptive parent with the disorder C. have a parent or sibling with the disorder D. have a life-threatening illness E. have above-average intelligence 100
Schizophrenia• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia? 12: What causes schizophrenia? 101 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why persons with schizophrenia display different symptoms based on their subtypes. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek to explain how schizophrenia is contracted. 2.0 Developing I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Schizophrenia Overview • A complex spectrum of disorders • 1 in 100 people develop schizophrenia "split mind” • One of the most serious disorders of psychology • 2 million in the United States, 24 million worldwide • Characterized by loss of contact with reality (psychosis) • May appear suddenly or gradually • Usually appears in males during adolescents and females during 20’s. • Breakdown in selective attention 102
Schizophrenia Overview • Disorganized Thinking – Fragmented speech (word salad) – Delusions (false beliefs) – Inability to filter selective attention • Disturbed Perceptions – Hallucinations (mostly auditory sensation errors) – Described as a dream happening while awake • Inappropriate Emotions and Actions – Wrong or no emotions (flat affect) – Senseless or weird acts (playing with hair) 103
Schizophrenia Experience 104
Schizophrenia Overview • Chronic/Process Schizophrenia- A severe form of schizophrenia in which chronic and progressive organic brain changes are considered the primary cause (long time) • Acute/reactive Schizophrenia-when a previously healthy person shows increasingly odd behavior over a fairly short period of time of perhaps a few weeks. 105
Schizophrenia Overview 106
Positive and Negative Symptoms • Schizophrenics have present inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (positive symptoms). • Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals (negative symptoms). 107 Positive or Negative Symptom?
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Disorganized Schizophrenia • disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. • Clang associations • "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"
Schizophrenia Overview 110
Paranoid Schizophrenia • preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!!
Paranoid Schizophrenia 112
Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flat effect • Waxy Flexibility • parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Many and varied Symptoms.
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia • DOPAMINE – Too much of it! – Leads to hallucinations • UNUSUAL BRAIN ACTIVITY – Low frontal lobe activity – Misfiring neurons – Increased activity in the core (thalamus and amygdala) • MATERNAL VIRUS – Flu virus during first term of pregnancy – Babies born in the winter months increased risk • GENETICS – 1 in 10 if family member has it – 1 in 2 if identical twin has it – Not the sole cause of the disorder DIATHESIS MODEL – People with genetic predispositions to schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to extreme stress at critical times • PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW – Id is overwhelmed and out of control – Family members are pushy and overly critical 115
Figure 68.1 Risk of developing schizophrenia David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Schizophrenia in identical twins David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
118
119 The Schizophrenia Switch
Early Warning Signs of Schizophrenia 120 120 Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight. 2. Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.3. Poor peer relations and solo play.6. Emotional unpredictability.5. Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4. A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.
11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia? 12: What causes schizophrenia? 121 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why persons with schizophrenia display different symptoms based on their subtypes. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek to explain how schizophrenia is contracted. 2.0 Developing I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Check Your Understanding: Schizophrenia • The _____ type of schizophreneia is characted by delusions. A) Rediudal B) Catatonic C) Paranoid D) Undifferentiated E) Disorganized 122
Check Your Understanding: Schizophrenia • Most of the drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia are know to correct ____ activity in the brain. A) Norepinephrine B) Epinephrine C) Serotonin D) GABA E) Dopamine 123
Labeling a Person Criminally Insane • “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. • See article: Insanity Defense Una-bomber 124
Abnormal Psych: Personality Disorders and Stats on Disorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 13: What characteristics typical of personality disorders? 14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder? 125 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate whether personality disorders might add negative labels to individuals. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify specific personality disorders and explain how they differ from Axis I disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of their subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality.
Personality Disorders • Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and/or distress the affected individual impairing their social functioning. • Hard to estimate because people rarely seek treatment (don’t think they have a problem) • Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric Behaviors – Schizoid (78/22)- Loner – Paranoid (67/33)- Untrusting – Schizotypal (55/45)- Very Odd • Cluster B: Dramatic/Impulsive Behavior – Narcissistic (70/30) – Better than Everyone – Borderline (38/62) – Unstable – Histrionic (15/85)- Center of Attention – Antisocial (82/18)- No Remorse • Cluster C: Fearful/Anxiety Behaviors – Avoidant (50/50) - Timid, Shy – Dependent (31/69) – Stage Five Clinger “needy” – Obsessive-Compulsive (50/50) – My way or the highway- Perfectionistic 127
Cluster A-Schizoid Personality Disorder • People with schizoid personality disorder avoid relationships and do not show much emotion They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.
Cluster B-Histrionic Personality Disorder • Needs to be the center of attention. • acting silly or dressing provocatively or exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention • They also tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that everyone loves them
Cluster B-Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. • Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
Cluster C- Dependent Personality Disorder • Rely too much on the attention and help of others. • has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
Antisocial Personality Disorder • AKA: Sociopath or Psychopath – Typically a male, Begins before age 15 – Lies, steals, fights, sexually uninhibited – Don't care about others rights or feelings • Biological Origins of ASPD – Monoamine oxidase A (the warrior gene) – Reduced arousal in autonomic nervous system – Reduced activity in frontal lobe gives way to impulsivity, (orbital cortex damage signifies a psychopath) • Environmental Origins of ASPD – Family instability – Poverty – Conditioning and Abuse 132 Ted Bundy Serial Killer convicted of killing several people including Florida State Chi Omega Sorority girls in 1978
Antisocial Personality Disorder • Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.
Genetic Predisposition
Ted Bundy
Rates of Psychological Disorders 136
Other Disorders • Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) • Fetishism • sadist, masochist • Eating Disorders • (Bulimia, Anorexia) • Substance use disorders
Zoophilia and Masochism: Pony Play
13: What characteristics typical of personality disorders? 14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder? 139 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate whether personality disorders might add negative labels to individuals. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify specific personality disorders and explain how they differ from Axis I disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of their subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0

More Related Content

PPT
Cognitive approach to abnormality AS
byJill Jan
 
PDF
IGNOU Super-Notes: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of...
byPsychoTech Services
 
PPTX
Treatment and therapy
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
byPhi Lo
 
PPT
Aguiar ap intelligence and testing 2015 ss
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Aguiar ap abnormal
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
ap personality slideshare
byjmclaugh813
 
PPT
Aguiar ap personality
byMrAguiar
 
Cognitive approach to abnormality AS
byJill Jan
 
IGNOU Super-Notes: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of...
byPsychoTech Services
 
Treatment and therapy
byMrAguiar
 
Cognitive behavior approach to psychopathology
byPhi Lo
 
Aguiar ap intelligence and testing 2015 ss
byMrAguiar
 
Aguiar ap abnormal
byMrAguiar
 
ap personality slideshare
byjmclaugh813
 
Aguiar ap personality
byMrAguiar
 

What's hot

PPTX
Class 12 ch-2-assessment of personality
byNavarathina Devakumar
 
PPTX
Attitude ppt.
byHasnainUmeir
 
PPTX
AP Psych ch. 1 (part #1)
bykbolinsky
 
PPT
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for Psychosis
bycitinfo
 
PPT
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
byJill Jan
 
PPT
Abnormal psychology
bykbolinsky
 
PPT
Psychodynamic Approach of Counseling
bysaira hossain
 
PPT
Social Psychology
bykbolinsky
 
PPTX
Cognitive therapy outcome for the treatment of schizophrenia
byJohn G. Kuna, PsyD
 
PPTX
Individual Therapy w/ Case Study
byClaudia L
 
PPTX
Therapy Methods
bykbolinsky
 
PPTX
Counseling Theories
byMichelle Azuelo
 
PPTX
Beck et al
byHari Louise
 
PPTX
The cognitive approach to abnormality (2)
byclivecaines
 
PDF
Anxiety Disorders >> Dissociative Disorders
byPsychoTech Services
 
PDF
Mental Disorders >> Somatoform Disorders
byPsychoTech Services
 
PPT
Psychology
byAnmol0894
 
PPT
Aguiar ap therapies
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Classical Psychoanalytical Theory
byBalraj Shukla
 
PPTX
PSYA2 - Social
byNicky Burt
 
Class 12 ch-2-assessment of personality
byNavarathina Devakumar
 
Attitude ppt.
byHasnainUmeir
 
AP Psych ch. 1 (part #1)
bykbolinsky
 
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for Psychosis
bycitinfo
 
AS Abnormal Psychology Cognitive model
byJill Jan
 
Abnormal psychology
bykbolinsky
 
Psychodynamic Approach of Counseling
bysaira hossain
 
Social Psychology
bykbolinsky
 
Cognitive therapy outcome for the treatment of schizophrenia
byJohn G. Kuna, PsyD
 
Individual Therapy w/ Case Study
byClaudia L
 
Therapy Methods
bykbolinsky
 
Counseling Theories
byMichelle Azuelo
 
Beck et al
byHari Louise
 
The cognitive approach to abnormality (2)
byclivecaines
 
Anxiety Disorders >> Dissociative Disorders
byPsychoTech Services
 
Mental Disorders >> Somatoform Disorders
byPsychoTech Services
 
Psychology
byAnmol0894
 
Aguiar ap therapies
byMrAguiar
 
Classical Psychoanalytical Theory
byBalraj Shukla
 
PSYA2 - Social
byNicky Burt
 

Similar to Aguiar AP Abnormal 2017

PPT
AP Abnormal Psych
byjmclaugh813
 
PPT
Psychological Disorders
bykbolinsky
 
PPTX
Intro to abnormal psych
byabonica
 
PDF
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
byAHS_student
 
PPT
What are Psychological Disorders? An overview
bysaqib hussain
 
PPTX
PSY 150 403 Chapter 14 SLIDES
bykimappel
 
PPTX
Abnormal_Behavior_Psychological_Disorders.pptx
byfa23bse089
 
PPTX
Chap 1 abnormal psychology.pptx intrroduction
byfarwamubeen27
 
PPT
AP Psych disorders.ppt
byChloeDu3
 
PPTX
OpenStax_Psychology_CH15_ImageSlideshow (1).pptx
bypcasallo
 
PDF
abnormal psychology.pdf
bynastaran31
 
DOCX
15Abnormal Psychology Disorders and Treatment© 2019 Cen
byKiyokoSlagleis
 
DOCX
15Abnormal Psychology Disorders and Treatment© 2019 Cen
byAnastaciaShadelb
 
PPT
abdnormal psychology2.ppt
byZaidaNor2
 
DOCX
Diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder may be given to .docx
bymariona83
 
PDF
Abnormal Psychology Vs Psychopathology Essay
byAngie Lee
 
PPT
Overview of abnormal psych
byMelissa Cinquini
 
DOCX
Controversy week 1 discussion
byConnie Butts
 
PPT
Chapter16
byjenniferdavis22
 
PPT
ASAS PSIKOLOGI psychological disolders
byAmin Upsi
 
AP Abnormal Psych
byjmclaugh813
 
Psychological Disorders
bykbolinsky
 
Intro to abnormal psych
byabonica
 
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabah
byAHS_student
 
What are Psychological Disorders? An overview
bysaqib hussain
 
PSY 150 403 Chapter 14 SLIDES
bykimappel
 
Abnormal_Behavior_Psychological_Disorders.pptx
byfa23bse089
 
Chap 1 abnormal psychology.pptx intrroduction
byfarwamubeen27
 
AP Psych disorders.ppt
byChloeDu3
 
OpenStax_Psychology_CH15_ImageSlideshow (1).pptx
bypcasallo
 
abnormal psychology.pdf
bynastaran31
 
15Abnormal Psychology Disorders and Treatment© 2019 Cen
byKiyokoSlagleis
 
15Abnormal Psychology Disorders and Treatment© 2019 Cen
byAnastaciaShadelb
 
abdnormal psychology2.ppt
byZaidaNor2
 
Diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder may be given to .docx
bymariona83
 
Abnormal Psychology Vs Psychopathology Essay
byAngie Lee
 
Overview of abnormal psych
byMelissa Cinquini
 
Controversy week 1 discussion
byConnie Butts
 
Chapter16
byjenniferdavis22
 
ASAS PSIKOLOGI psychological disolders
byAmin Upsi
 

More from MrAguiar

PPT
Emotions and stress
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Motivation ss
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Aguiar AP Development
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Aguiar ap intelligence and testing
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
AP Sensation Perception
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Ap think lang ss
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Iq test answers
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Cognition memory thinking_language
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Myers Explanations
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Brain parts near pod session
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Social structure and interaction chpt 4 ss
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Ap memory ss
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Meme instrutions 2015
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Aguiar ap consciousness sleep and dreams 2014 2015
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Aguiar ap social psychology ss
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Ss hynosis reg
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Ss drugs reg
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Aguiar ap learning 2014 2015 copy
byMrAguiar
 
PPT
Ss aguiar reg psych consciousness 2013
byMrAguiar
 
PPTX
Brain stuff and memory devices
byMrAguiar
 
Emotions and stress
byMrAguiar
 
Motivation ss
byMrAguiar
 
Aguiar AP Development
byMrAguiar
 
Aguiar ap intelligence and testing
byMrAguiar
 
AP Sensation Perception
byMrAguiar
 
Ap think lang ss
byMrAguiar
 
Iq test answers
byMrAguiar
 
Cognition memory thinking_language
byMrAguiar
 
Myers Explanations
byMrAguiar
 
Brain parts near pod session
byMrAguiar
 
Social structure and interaction chpt 4 ss
byMrAguiar
 
Ap memory ss
byMrAguiar
 
Meme instrutions 2015
byMrAguiar
 
Aguiar ap consciousness sleep and dreams 2014 2015
byMrAguiar
 
Aguiar ap social psychology ss
byMrAguiar
 
Ss hynosis reg
byMrAguiar
 
Ss drugs reg
byMrAguiar
 
Aguiar ap learning 2014 2015 copy
byMrAguiar
 
Ss aguiar reg psych consciousness 2013
byMrAguiar
 
Brain stuff and memory devices
byMrAguiar
 

Recently uploaded

PPTX
English 8 Q3 Wk6.pptx prewriting opinion editorial article
byjacquelyncastre03
 
PPTX
SIZE REDUCTION Prepared By: Ms. Vaishnavi Ghormade
byvaishnavighormade199
 
PPTX
Prepositions of Place : English Grammar Presentation
byPintoo Dhillon
 
PPTX
CHAPTER NO.6 PLANT FIBRES USED AS SURGICAL DRESSINGS.pptx
byGanu Gavade
 
PDF
Introduction to Pharmacology-Definition, scope, Historical landmark Nature an...
byvidyampatil443
 
PDF
First Semester BCA Exam 2025 – Constitution Values – 1 Solved Answers.pdf
byKuvempu University
 
PDF
Application of ICT Lecture 5 ICT in Personal Finance and Shopping.pdf
byKhalil Khan Marwat
 
PPTX
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION MODULE KEY POINTS
byLisa Harris
 
PPTX
Prenatal Development of Cranium, Jaw and Face
byHarshita Dhanrajani
 
PPTX
How to Manage Sorting Cart by Category in Odoo 18 POS
byCeline George
 
PPTX
CHAPTER NO. 05 DIURETICS PHARMACOGNOSY.pptx
byGanu Gavade
 
PPTX
How to Manage Credit Limits in Odoo 18 Accounting
byCeline George
 
PPTX
Mixing Pharmaceutical Engineering .pptxx
byShraddha Bandgar
 
PPTX
Chapter No. 5 Anti- Hypertensive Pharmacognosy-2.pptx
byGanu Gavade
 
PPTX
Road Safety as a shared responsibility, 2026
bySougata Pal
 
PDF
Application of ICT Lecture 2 Basic ICT Productivity Tools.pdf
byKhalil Khan Marwat
 
PPTX
What is Epiphany? A Visual introduction to this amazing liturgical season
bySteve Thomason
 
PPTX
ENGLISH 3-Q3-W7.pptx 2025-2026..................................................
byWindyDizonMiranda
 
PDF
Profiling, Placement, Pathways, and Pedagogies.pdf
byRHEAMARIMLA2
 
PDF
Q3_ LE_PEH8_Lesson 5_Week 6-8.pdfhhshhxy
byMaryLeah3
 
English 8 Q3 Wk6.pptx prewriting opinion editorial article
byjacquelyncastre03
 
SIZE REDUCTION Prepared By: Ms. Vaishnavi Ghormade
byvaishnavighormade199
 
Prepositions of Place : English Grammar Presentation
byPintoo Dhillon
 
CHAPTER NO.6 PLANT FIBRES USED AS SURGICAL DRESSINGS.pptx
byGanu Gavade
 
Introduction to Pharmacology-Definition, scope, Historical landmark Nature an...
byvidyampatil443
 
First Semester BCA Exam 2025 – Constitution Values – 1 Solved Answers.pdf
byKuvempu University
 
Application of ICT Lecture 5 ICT in Personal Finance and Shopping.pdf
byKhalil Khan Marwat
 
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION MODULE KEY POINTS
byLisa Harris
 
Prenatal Development of Cranium, Jaw and Face
byHarshita Dhanrajani
 
How to Manage Sorting Cart by Category in Odoo 18 POS
byCeline George
 
CHAPTER NO. 05 DIURETICS PHARMACOGNOSY.pptx
byGanu Gavade
 
How to Manage Credit Limits in Odoo 18 Accounting
byCeline George
 
Mixing Pharmaceutical Engineering .pptxx
byShraddha Bandgar
 
Chapter No. 5 Anti- Hypertensive Pharmacognosy-2.pptx
byGanu Gavade
 
Road Safety as a shared responsibility, 2026
bySougata Pal
 
Application of ICT Lecture 2 Basic ICT Productivity Tools.pdf
byKhalil Khan Marwat
 
What is Epiphany? A Visual introduction to this amazing liturgical season
bySteve Thomason
 
ENGLISH 3-Q3-W7.pptx 2025-2026..................................................
byWindyDizonMiranda
 
Profiling, Placement, Pathways, and Pedagogies.pdf
byRHEAMARIMLA2
 
Q3_ LE_PEH8_Lesson 5_Week 6-8.pdfhhshhxy
byMaryLeah3
 

Aguiar AP Abnormal 2017

  • 1.
    What Is Abnormality?WhatIs Abnormality?
  • 2.
    Abnormal Psych: Intro($h!t’s about to get weird) • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder? 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders? 2 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can explain, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders with no major errors or omissions. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 3.
    Fact of Falsehood •1. In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. • 2. The more contact people have with individuals with disorders, the less accepting their attitudes are. • 3.About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. • 4.Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country’s hospitals. • 5.Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop similar phobias. • 6. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia. • 7. In North America, today’s young adults are three times more likely than their grandparents to report having suffered depression. • 8. White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as Black Americans do. • 9. There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. • 10 Twenty-six percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. 3
  • 4.
    The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors Psychopathology Psychological disorders -any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
  • 5.
    Early Theories • Abnormalbehavior was evil spirits trying to get out. • Trephining was often used. • Another theory was to make the body extremely uncomfortable
  • 6.
    Early Explanations ofMental Illness • Hippocrates – mental illness from imbalance of body’s four humors • Middle Ages – mentally ill labeled witches LO 12.1 How has mental illness been explained? How is abnormality defined?
  • 7.
    Some people stillthink mental illness is demonology
  • 8.
    What Is Abnormal? Inabilityto Function Statistically Rare Social Norm Deviance Danger to Self/Others Subjective Discomfort
  • 9.
    Perspectives and Disorders PsychologicalSchool/Perspective Cause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.
  • 10.
    What is apsychological disorder? • Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life. • Three main components: – Deviant (being different) – Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) – Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) • About 1 in 7 adults in the United States have experienced a psychological disorder. 26% in the last year. *Note: Not all deviant behavior is considered a disorder, as sometimes it is just a cultural, situational or generational norm. (e.g. killing in war, dressing differently, praying loudly etc…) 10
  • 11.
    Case Study: TheThree D’s: ADHD • ADHD • A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity • 4% of children, though 10% are being medicated for it • Diagnosed 2-3 times more in boys than girls • Correlated to watching more TV before age 7 • Brain appears to be about three years behind on thinning of cortex and pruning • Medications help, but benefits may disappear after three years • FDA just approved an EEG brain wave method for diagnosing ADHD 11
  • 12.
    ADHD Setting theRecord Straight
  • 13.
    Biopsychosocial Approach toExplaining Disorders 13
  • 14.
    Section 1: TestYour Knowledge Is this a psychological disorder? Why or Why Not? During most of her life, Mary has been inclined to keep to herself. She has few friends but no close friends. Her feelings are easily hurt, and she seldom participates in any social activities. As a child, she did nearly average work in school but never took part in school activities. She eventually dropped out of school and got a job. She rarely talks with the other employees and prefers to eat her lunch alone. She prefers to keep to herself and quietly talks to herself, even when customers are around. At times she refuses to eat certain foods for fear of being poisoned. Most of the time Mary refuses to attend to her personal hygiene and prefers to be left alone quietly muttering to herself. She leaves the house only for food and work. 14
  • 15.
    1: How shouldwe draw the line between normality and disorder? 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders? 15 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can explain, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders with no major errors or omissions. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 16.
    Abnormal Psych: Classificationand Labeling• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders? 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? 16 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 17.
    How do psychologistsexplain disorders? • The Medical Model (Pinel): – Mental illness is a sickness – Noticed people would become crazy due to syphilis (psychopathology) – Under the medical model, we seek to: • Diagnosis • Understand the Symptoms • Provide Treatment • And use psychiatric hospitals only when necessary Dorothea Dix advocates for humane treatment in mental hospitals in America Elizabeth Cochrane (Nellie Bly) 17
  • 19.
    How do Psychologistsclassify disorders? • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V ©2013) Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) • Closely follows World Heath Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) • The DSM is revised every few years – Contains over 400 disorder categories – DSM III included homosexuality as a disorder (1973), – Critics say the DSM is too broad and anyone can be classified with a disorder. People can be diagnosed falsely with diagnostic labels. • Goals of the DSM: 1. Identify and classify disorders 2. Determine prevalence (not treatment) 19
  • 20.
    Two Major Disorder Classificationsin the DSM Neurotic Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders • Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy
  • 21.
    Group-think Share…. Neuroticor Psychotic and why? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
  • 22.
    Layout of DSMDisorder Profiles I. Disorder Name II. Diagnostic features (this is complete description of the disorder) III. Associated features ( these are the features that accompany the disorder) IV. Development and Course (this is how the disorder can develop and how it could possibly affect the life course) V. Differential Diagnosis (other possible names or similar disorders)
  • 23.
    DSM & Reliability •If two different psychologists interview the same patient, will they come up with the same diagnosis according to the DSM? • 83% of opinions agreed in one study based on criteria in the DSM (It supposedly has high validity and reliability) 23
  • 24.
    Is There Dangerin Labeling People? What would you diagnose these people with? 24
  • 25.
    Is There Dangerin Labeling People? • The Rosenhan Study (1973) – Faked a disorder to get into a mental institution – After arriving into the institution, the ‘pseudopatient’ stopped being symptomatic – On average it took 19 days before ‘pseudopatients’ were released, even though they were not experiencing symptoms – Conclusion: Labeling causes Doctors to see people as ‘insane’ even when they are ‘sane’ 25
  • 26.
    Is There Dangerin Labeling People? 26
  • 27.
    Is There Dangerin Labeling People? • Pros of Labeling – Communicate disorders – Discern Treatment – Comprehend underlying causes • Cons of Labeling – Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy for both patient and others – Creates a stigma that follows a person Operational Defiant Disorder 27
  • 29.
    Section 2: TestYour Knowledge • A man is feeling depressed about his inability to support his family after losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)? (A) Axis I (B) Axis II (C) Axis III (D) Axis IV (E) Axis V • The medical model views mental illness as: (A) A character defect (B) A disease or illness (C) An interaction of biological, cognitive, behavioral, social and cultural factors (D) Normal behavior in an abnormal context (E) Maladaptive contingencies of reinforcement 29
  • 30.
    3: How andwhy do clinicians classify psychological disorders? 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? 30 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 31.
    Section 2: ProductAssessment • In groups of 3 to 4 people, you are to create a poster for a new disorder using the “Layout of DSM Disorder Profiles” (I-Name, II-Diagnostic, III- Associated Features, IV-Development, V- Differential Diagnosis) • A rationale as to why a disorder profile is needed for this disorder (included the three D’s from the prior lesson) • An illustration to go along with this disorder • Example: Senioritis 31
  • 32.
    Abnormal Psych: AnxietyDisorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? 32 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 33.
    Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety:General State of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger. • Also, nervousness, inability to relax, concern about losing control • Physical Symptoms caused by over active sympathetic nervous system: – Trembling, Sweating, Rapid Heart Rate, Shortness of Breath, Increased Blood Pressure, Flushed Face, Feelings of Light-headedness 33
  • 34.
    Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD) • Excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances lasting for at least six months – Financial Issues, Work, Relationships • Hard to Treat and Diagnosis • affects more Women and African Americans 34
  • 35.
  • 36.
    Panic Disorder Panic Disorder-an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack. 36
  • 37.
  • 38.
    Phobias- “Fear Disorder” •Phobia an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. – Examples: Public speaking, eating in public or dating – Happens in women 2-1 – Animal, Situational, Injection – Irrational fear of a particular object or situation 38
  • 39.
  • 40.
    Social Anxiety Disorder SocialAnxiety Disorder- intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia)
  • 41.
    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions:Unwanted thoughts, ideas or mental images that occur over and over again • Compulsions: Repetitive ritual behaviors involving checking or cleaning (helps to reduce anxiety from obsessions) • 55% of OCD clients obsess over dirt or contamination • May be caused by frontal lobe glucose metabolism or wired into brain 41 A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
  • 42.
    Figure 66.2 Anobsessive-compulsive brain David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers Neuroscientists Nicholas Maltby, David Tolin, and their colleagues (2005) used functional MRI scans to compare the brains of those with and without OCD as they engaged in a challenging cognitive task. The scans of those with OCD showed elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the brain’s frontal area (indicated by the yellow area on the far right).
  • 43.
    Agoraphobia Agoraphobia-fear or avoidanceof situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
    Post Traumatic StressDisorder • Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by a traumatic experience • Added to the DSM after the Vietnam War • Previously called “shell shock” and “battle fatigue” • Events that lead to PTSD: – Rape, Child Abuse, Assault, Severe Accidents, Natural Disasters, War – Lower than average cortisol levels may predispose people to PTSD • Symptoms: – Flashbacks & Nightmares – Tension & Aggression – Avoidance Behavior & Substance Abuse • Treatments: – Prolonged CBT – Virtual Therapy- reliving the event – EMDR 47
  • 48.
    Post Traumatic StressDisorder 1 48
  • 49.
  • 50.
    Post-Traumatic Growth Post-Traumatic Growth-positivepsychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
  • 51.
    What Causes AnxietyDisorders? • Behavioral (Learning) Perspective: Conditioned through classical conditioning or operant conditioning to experience anxiety 51 The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears
  • 52.
    What Causes AnxietyDisorders? • Biological Perspective: Too much or too little of certain neurotransmitters or brain abnormality; sensitive amygdala 52 The biological perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, phobias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity predisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD.
  • 53.
  • 54.
    Check Your Understanding:Anxiety Disorders • Which of the following is NOT considered an anxiety disorder? A) Ben, who goes home several times a day to check to see if the stove is off. B) Denise, who is terrorified of eating in public. C) Mary, who worries excessively about an upcoming job interview weeks before it happens. D) Kent, a solider who has experienced sudden blindness after seeing his buddies killed in war. E) Sara, who without reason, starts to hyperventalate and cry, while complaining that she thinks she will die. 54
  • 55.
    Anxiety Disorder Review •Create a visual graphic organizer to help remember the different types of anxiety disorders 55 Anxiety Disorders
  • 56.
    5: What areanxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? Mr. Burnes 56 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 57.
    Abnormal Psych: Somatoformand Dissociative Disorders• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 7: What are somatoform disorders? 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial? 57 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders are not true disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders, there symptoms and explain the possible causes of both types of disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 58.
    Somatic Sympton Disorder •Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem (depression) through a physiological symptom (paralysis). • Two types……
  • 59.
    Somatic Symptom Disorder •Type I: Conversion Disorder – People experience a loss or change of physical functioning – No medical explanation – Examples: Sudden blindness, paralysis, glove anesthesia – Not faking it! – Women twice as likely to be diagnosed 59
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
    Somatic Symptom Disorder •Type II: Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis) – Unrealistic preoccupation with serious diseases – Will visit multiple doctors to be treated – Affects men and women equally – Caused by suppressed emotions that emerge as physical symptoms 62
  • 63.
    Dissociative Disorders • Disruptionsin conscious awareness and sense of identity (memory issues) • Explained by having unacceptable urges or protection from anxiety (psychoanalytic) • Three Types 63
  • 64.
    1. Psychogenic Amnesia •Also called “Dissociative Amnesia” • A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. • Retrograde Amnesia • NOT organic amnesia. • Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde.
  • 65.
  • 66.
    Dissociative Fugue • Peoplewith psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.
  • 67.
  • 68.
    2. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder •Persistent and recurring feeling of being estranged from oneself. • Being a spectator in one’s own life • Detachment from one’s own mental processes
  • 69.
    3. Dissociative IdentityDisorder • Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • A person has several rather than one integrated personality. • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.
  • 70.
  • 71.
    DID – Considered extremelyrare – The personalities alternate, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s) – Accompanied with the inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be accounted for by ordinary forgetfulness – Dominant hand shifting – Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. (role playing?) 71
  • 72.
    DID- The facesof Eve 72
  • 73.
  • 74.
    7: What aresomatoform disorders? 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial? 74 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders are not true disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders, their symptoms and explain the possible causes of both types of disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 75.
    Abnormal Psych: MoodDisorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take? 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults? 75 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not others. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the symptoms associated with specific mood disorders and explain how mood disorders develop from biological and psychological perspectives. 2.0 Developing I can identify certain mood disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 76.
    Mood Disorders • Experienceextreme or inappropriate emotion.
  • 77.
    Major Depressive Disorder •A.K.A. unipolar depression • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.
  • 78.
    Table 67.1 DiagnosingMajor Depressive Disorder David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
  • 79.
  • 80.
    Major Depressive Episode •Neurotransmitters involved: Serotonin and Norepinephrine • Five of the following symptoms must be present for diagnosis: 1. depressed mood most of the day 2. loss of interest or pleasure 3. significant weight loss or gain due to appetite 4. sleeping more than normal 5. speeding up/slowing down of physical and emotional reactions 6. Fatigue 7. feelings of worthlessness 8. inability to concentrate 9. recurrent thoughts of death or suicide 10. May last for periods of months or more 80
  • 81.
    Dysthymic Disorder • Sufferingfrom mild depression every day for at least two years.
  • 82.
    Dysthymic Disorder • Dysthymicdisorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more. 82 Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder
  • 83.
  • 84.
    Bipolar Disorder/Disruptive MoodDysregulation Disorder • Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.
  • 85.
    Bipolar Disorder/Disruptive MoodDysregulation Disorder • May hear voices and experience hallucinations, Delusions of superior abilities – Example Behaviors: Spending sprees, quitting jobs to pursue wild dreams, making bad decisions • Mania: – Inflated Self-Esteem – Inability to Sit or Sleep – Pressure to keep talking (push of speech) – Racing Thoughts – Difficulty Concentrating – Overly Optimistic 85
  • 86.
    86 Mania can resembleschizophrenia or a crack high
  • 87.
  • 88.
    Bipolar Disorder: Subtypes •Bipolar I (most extreme) disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more manic or mixed episodes. Depressive episodes usually occur too. • Bipolar II (less extreme)disorder is characterized by highs that are never more severe than hypomania (less severe mania) together with major depressive episodes. • Cyclothymic disorder (least extreme) refers to frequent episodes of hypomania and mild depression occurring over at least a 2-year period. 88
  • 89.
    Bipolar Disorder anin-depth explanation 89
  • 90.
  • 91.
    91 Explaining Mood Disorders Sincedepression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: • Behavioral and cognitive changes • Common causes of depression
  • 92.
  • 93.
    93 Theory of Depression •Depressive episodes self-terminate. • Depression is increasing, especially in teens. Post-partum depression
  • 94.
    Suicide Statistics • 1million people worldwide/year • White Americans are twice as likely than Black Americans to kill themselves • Women are more likely to attempt, Men are more likely to succeed • Suicide rates have doubled in the last 40 years among teens • Who is likely to commit suicide? – The Rich – Single/divorced/widowed – White – Nonreligious – Teens & Elderly 94
  • 95.
    95 Biological Perspective Genetic Influences:Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. JerryIrwinPhotography
  • 96.
    96 The Depressed Brain PETscans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. CourtesyofLewisBaxteranMichaelE. Phelps,UCLASchoolofMedicine
  • 97.
    97 Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughtsand Moods Interact –Self-defeating beliefs •Learned helplessness •Rumination-compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
  • 98.
    98 Example Explanatory style playsa major role in becoming depressed.
  • 99.
    9: What aremood disorders, and what forms do they take? 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults? 99 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not others. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the symptoms associated with specific mood disorders and explain how mood disorders develop from biological and psychological perspectives. 2.0 Developing I can identify certain mood disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 100.
    Section 5: TestYour Knowledge Which of the following is NOT true regarding depression? A. Depression is more common in females than males. B. Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event C. Most depressive episodes last less than 3 months D. Most people recover from depression without professional therapy. The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically increases if you: A. have suffered a debilitating injury B. have an adoptive parent with the disorder C. have a parent or sibling with the disorder D. have a life-threatening illness E. have above-average intelligence 100
  • 101.
    Schizophrenia• Learning Goals: –Students should be able to answer the following: 11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia? 12: What causes schizophrenia? 101 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why persons with schizophrenia display different symptoms based on their subtypes. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek to explain how schizophrenia is contracted. 2.0 Developing I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 102.
    Schizophrenia Overview • Acomplex spectrum of disorders • 1 in 100 people develop schizophrenia "split mind” • One of the most serious disorders of psychology • 2 million in the United States, 24 million worldwide • Characterized by loss of contact with reality (psychosis) • May appear suddenly or gradually • Usually appears in males during adolescents and females during 20’s. • Breakdown in selective attention 102
  • 103.
    Schizophrenia Overview • DisorganizedThinking – Fragmented speech (word salad) – Delusions (false beliefs) – Inability to filter selective attention • Disturbed Perceptions – Hallucinations (mostly auditory sensation errors) – Described as a dream happening while awake • Inappropriate Emotions and Actions – Wrong or no emotions (flat affect) – Senseless or weird acts (playing with hair) 103
  • 104.
  • 105.
    Schizophrenia Overview • Chronic/ProcessSchizophrenia- A severe form of schizophrenia in which chronic and progressive organic brain changes are considered the primary cause (long time) • Acute/reactive Schizophrenia-when a previously healthy person shows increasingly odd behavior over a fairly short period of time of perhaps a few weeks. 105
  • 106.
  • 107.
    Positive and NegativeSymptoms • Schizophrenics have present inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (positive symptoms). • Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals (negative symptoms). 107 Positive or Negative Symptom?
  • 108.
  • 109.
    Disorganized Schizophrenia • disorganizedspeech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. • Clang associations • "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"
  • 110.
  • 111.
    Paranoid Schizophrenia • preoccupationwith delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!!
  • 112.
  • 113.
    Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flateffect • Waxy Flexibility • parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements
  • 114.
  • 115.
    Possible Causes ofSchizophrenia • DOPAMINE – Too much of it! – Leads to hallucinations • UNUSUAL BRAIN ACTIVITY – Low frontal lobe activity – Misfiring neurons – Increased activity in the core (thalamus and amygdala) • MATERNAL VIRUS – Flu virus during first term of pregnancy – Babies born in the winter months increased risk • GENETICS – 1 in 10 if family member has it – 1 in 2 if identical twin has it – Not the sole cause of the disorder DIATHESIS MODEL – People with genetic predispositions to schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to extreme stress at critical times • PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW – Id is overwhelmed and out of control – Family members are pushy and overly critical 115
  • 116.
    Figure 68.1 Riskof developing schizophrenia David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
  • 117.
    Schizophrenia in identicaltwins David G. Myers: Myers’ Psychology for AP® , Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
  • 118.
  • 119.
  • 120.
    Early Warning Signsof Schizophrenia 120 120 Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight. 2. Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.3. Poor peer relations and solo play.6. Emotional unpredictability.5. Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4. A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.
  • 121.
    11: What patternsof thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia? 12: What causes schizophrenia? 121 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why persons with schizophrenia display different symptoms based on their subtypes. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek to explain how schizophrenia is contracted. 2.0 Developing I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 122.
    Check Your Understanding:Schizophrenia • The _____ type of schizophreneia is characted by delusions. A) Rediudal B) Catatonic C) Paranoid D) Undifferentiated E) Disorganized 122
  • 123.
    Check Your Understanding:Schizophrenia • Most of the drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia are know to correct ____ activity in the brain. A) Norepinephrine B) Epinephrine C) Serotonin D) GABA E) Dopamine 123
  • 124.
    Labeling a PersonCriminally Insane • “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. • See article: Insanity Defense Una-bomber 124
  • 125.
    Abnormal Psych: PersonalityDisorders and Stats on Disorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 13: What characteristics typical of personality disorders? 14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder? 125 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate whether personality disorders might add negative labels to individuals. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify specific personality disorders and explain how they differ from Axis I disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of their subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
  • 126.
    Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptiveways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality.
  • 127.
    Personality Disorders • Patternsof inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and/or distress the affected individual impairing their social functioning. • Hard to estimate because people rarely seek treatment (don’t think they have a problem) • Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric Behaviors – Schizoid (78/22)- Loner – Paranoid (67/33)- Untrusting – Schizotypal (55/45)- Very Odd • Cluster B: Dramatic/Impulsive Behavior – Narcissistic (70/30) – Better than Everyone – Borderline (38/62) – Unstable – Histrionic (15/85)- Center of Attention – Antisocial (82/18)- No Remorse • Cluster C: Fearful/Anxiety Behaviors – Avoidant (50/50) - Timid, Shy – Dependent (31/69) – Stage Five Clinger “needy” – Obsessive-Compulsive (50/50) – My way or the highway- Perfectionistic 127
  • 128.
    Cluster A-Schizoid PersonalityDisorder • People with schizoid personality disorder avoid relationships and do not show much emotion They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.
  • 129.
    Cluster B-Histrionic PersonalityDisorder • Needs to be the center of attention. • acting silly or dressing provocatively or exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention • They also tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that everyone loves them
  • 130.
    Cluster B-Narcissistic PersonalityDisorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. • Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
  • 131.
    Cluster C- DependentPersonality Disorder • Rely too much on the attention and help of others. • has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
  • 132.
    Antisocial Personality Disorder •AKA: Sociopath or Psychopath – Typically a male, Begins before age 15 – Lies, steals, fights, sexually uninhibited – Don't care about others rights or feelings • Biological Origins of ASPD – Monoamine oxidase A (the warrior gene) – Reduced arousal in autonomic nervous system – Reduced activity in frontal lobe gives way to impulsivity, (orbital cortex damage signifies a psychopath) • Environmental Origins of ASPD – Family instability – Poverty – Conditioning and Abuse 132 Ted Bundy Serial Killer convicted of killing several people including Florida State Chi Omega Sorority girls in 1978
  • 133.
    Antisocial Personality Disorder •Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.
  • 134.
  • 135.
  • 136.
  • 137.
    Other Disorders • Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) •Fetishism • sadist, masochist • Eating Disorders • (Bulimia, Anorexia) • Substance use disorders
  • 138.
  • 139.
    13: What characteristicstypical of personality disorders? 14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder? 139 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate whether personality disorders might add negative labels to individuals. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify specific personality disorders and explain how they differ from Axis I disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of their subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0

Editor's Notes

  • #4 F (p. 562) 2. F (p. 568) 3. F (p. 568) 4. T (p. 569) 5. T (p. 575) 6. F (p. 578)7. T (p. 583)8. T (p. 584)9. T (pp. 594–595) 10. T (p. 599)
  • #5 Psychopathology - the study of abnormal behavior. Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
  • #7 Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors. Hippocrates was not correct in his assumptions about the humors of the body (phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile), his was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as witches.
  • #8 Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors. Hippocrates was not correct in his assumptions about the humors of the body (phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile), his was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as witches.
  • #9 Statistical Definition One way to define normal and abnormal is to use a statistical definition. Frequently occurring behavior would be considered normal, and behavior that is rare would be abnormal. Social Norm Deviance Another way of defining abnormality is to see it as something that goes against the norms or standards of the society in which the individual lives. Subjective Discomfort One sign of abnormality is when the person experiences a great deal of subjective discomfort, or emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior. Inability to Function Normally Behavior that does not allow a person to fit into society or function normally can also be labeled abnormal. This kind of behavior is termed maladaptive, meaning that the person finds it hard to adapt to the demands of day-to-day living.
  • #11 Psychological disorders consist of deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions. Standards of deviant behavior vary by culture, context, and even time.
  • #12 Deviant (being different) Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) For example, chil dren once regarded as fidgety, distractible, and impulsive are now being diagnosed with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Critics question whether the label is being applied to healthy schoolchildren who, in more natural outdoor environments, would seem perfectly normal. Although the proportion of children treated for the disorder has increased dramatically, the perva- siveness of the diagnosis depends in part on teacher referrals. Others counterargue that the more frequent diagnoses of ADHD reflect increased awareness of the disorder, particularly in those areas where the rates are highest.
  • #13 Deviant (being different) Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) For example, chil dren once regarded as fidgety, distractible, and impulsive are now being diagnosed with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Critics question whether the label is being applied to healthy schoolchildren who, in more natural outdoor environments, would seem perfectly normal. Although the proportion of children treated for the disorder has increased dramatically, the perva- siveness of the diagnosis depends in part on teacher referrals. Others counterargue that the more frequent diagnoses of ADHD reflect increased awareness of the disorder, particularly in those areas where the rates are highest.
  • #14 Today’s psychology studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders.
  • #18 The medical model assumes that psychological disorders are mental illnesses that need to be diag- nosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy. Critics argue that psychological disorders may not reflect a deep internal problem but instead a difficulty in the person’s environ- ment, in the person’s current interpretation of events, or in the person’s bad habits and poor social skills. Psychologists who reject the “sickness” idea typically contend that all behavior arises from the interaction of nature (genetic and physiological factors) and nurture (past and present experiences). The biopsychosocial approach assumes that disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.
  • #19 Under Philippe Pinel’s influence, hospitals sometimes sponsored patient dances, often called “lunatic balls,” depicted in this painting by George Bellows (Dance in a Madhouse).
  • #20 DSM-IV-TR is a current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders. This volume is the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated in 2000 as “text revision.” DSM-V Fall-2013 DSM diagnoses were developed in coordination with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Most health insurance policies in North America require an ICD diagnosis before they will pay for therapy.
  • #24 The DSM describes various disorders and has high reliability. For example, two clinicians who are working independently and applying the guidelines are likely to reach the same diagnosis. As a complement to the DSM, some psychologists are offering a manual of human strengths and virtues (the “un-DSM”).
  • #28 Critics point out that labels can create preconceptions that bias our perceptions of people’s past and present behavior and unfairly stigmatize these individuals. Labels can also serve as self- fulfilling prophecies. However, diagnostic labels help not only to describe a psychological disorder but also to enable mental health professionals to communicate about their cases, to comprehend the underlying causes, and to discern effective treatment programs. The label insanity raises moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have commit- ted crimes.
  • #29 From World Health Organization (WHO, 2004a) interviews in 20 countries.
  • #30 Answer D, B
  • #34 Many everyday experiences—public speaking, preparing to play in a big game, looking down from a high ledge—may elicit anxiety. In contrast, anxiety disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.
  • #35 Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, appre- hensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal..
  • #36 Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, appre- hensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal..
  • #37 Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the anxiety suddenly escalates at times into a terrifying panic attack, a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chok- ing, or other frightening sensations
  • #38 Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, appre- hensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal..
  • #39 A phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. In contrast to the normal fears we all experience, phobias can be so severe that they are incapacitating. For example, social phobia, an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to an extreme. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. If the fear is intense enough, it can lead to agoraphobia. Other specific phobias focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.
  • #40 A phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. In contrast to the normal fears we all experience, phobias can be so severe that they are incapacitating. For example, social phobia, an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to an extreme. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. If the fear is intense enough, it can lead to agoraphobia. Other specific phobias focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.
  • #42 An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). The obsessions may be concerned with dirt, germs, or toxins. The compulsions may involve excessive hand washing or checking doors, locks, or appliances. The repetitive thoughts and behaviors become so persistent that they interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress.
  • #43 Neuroscientists Nicholas Maltby, David Tolin, and their colleagues (2005) used functional MRI scans to compare the brains of those with and without OCD as they engaged in a challenging cognitive task. The scans of those with OCD showed elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the brain’s frontal area (indicated by the yellow area on the far right).
  • #47 An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repeti- tive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). The obsessions may be concerned with dirt, germs, or toxins. The compulsions may involve excessive hand washing or checking doors, locks, or appliances. The repetitive thoughts and behaviors become so persistent that they interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress.
  • #48 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that last for four weeks or more following a traumatic experience. Many combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims have experienced the symptoms of PTSD. Some researchers are interested in the impressive sur- vivor resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD. About half of adults experience at least one traumatic experience in their lifetime, but only about 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD symptoms. For some, suffering can lead to post-traumatic growth, including an increased appreciation of life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
  • #49 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that last for four weeks or more following a traumatic experience. Many combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims have experienced the symptoms of PTSD. Some researchers are interested in the impressive sur- vivor resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD. About half of adults experience at least one traumatic experience in their lifetime, but only about 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD symptoms. For some, suffering can lead to post-traumatic growth, including an increased appreciation of life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
  • #50 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that last for four weeks or more following a traumatic experience. Many combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims have experienced the symptoms of PTSD. Some researchers are interested in the impressive sur- vivor resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD. About half of adults experience at least one traumatic experience in their lifetime, but only about 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD symptoms. For some, suffering can lead to post-traumatic growth, including an increased appreciation of life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
  • #52 . The bio- logical perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, pho- bias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity predisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD. The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears
  • #53 The biological perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, pho- bias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity predisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD. The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears
  • #54 Agoraphobia AND Mysophobia
  • #55 Answer: D
  • #59 Somatoform disorders are psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a bodily (somatic) form without apparent physical cause. One person may have complaints ranging from dizziness to blurred vision. Another may experience severe and prolonged pain.
  • #60 Conversion disorder is a rare somatoform disorder in which anxiety is presumably converted into a physical symptom. A person experiences very specific genuine symptoms for which no physiological basis is found. These may include unexplained paralysis, blindness, or an inability to swallow. In hypochondriasis, which is relatively common, a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. For example, a stomach cramp or a headache may be viewed as evidence of a dreaded disease.
  • #63 Conversion disorder is a rare somatoform disorder in which anxiety is presumably converted into a physical symptom. A person experiences very specific genuine symptoms for which no physiological basis is found. These may include unexplained paralysis, blindness, or an inability to swallow. In hypochondriasis, which is relatively common, a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. For example, a stomach cramp or a headache may be viewed as evidence of a dreaded disease.
  • #64 In dissociative disorders, a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation. A person may have no memory of his identity or family. Conscious awareness is said to dissociate or become separated from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings. Dissociation itself is not uncommon. On occasion, many people may have a sense of being unreal, of being separated from their body, or of watching them- selves as if in a movie. Facing trauma, detachment may protect a person from being overwhelmed by anxiety.
  • #65 Psychogenic amnesia, or dissociative amnesia, is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.[1] More recently, "dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature."[2] In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia.[3]
  • #66 Psychogenic amnesia, or dissociative amnesia, is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.[1] More recently, "dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature."[2] In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia.[3]
  • #70 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
  • #71 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
  • #72 There is considerable controversy about the nature, and even the existence, of dissociative identity disorder. One cause for the skepticism is the alarming increase in reports of the disorder over the last several decades. Eugene Levitt, a psychologist at the Indiana University School of Medicine, noted in an article published in Insight on the News (1993) that "In 1952 there was no listing for [DID] in the DSM, and there were only a handful of cases in the country. In 1980, the disorder [then known as multiple personality disorder] got its official listing in the DSM, and suddenly thousands of cases are springing up everywhere." Another area of contention is in the whole notion of suppressed memories, a crucial component in DID. Many experts dealing with memory say that it is nearly impossible for anyone to remember things that happened before the age three, the age when much of the abuse supposedly occurred to DID sufferers.
  • #73 The stories of two women with multiple personality disorders have been told both in books and films. A woman with 22 personalities was recounted in 1957 in a major motion picture staring Joanne Woodward and in a book by Corbett Thigpen, both titled the Three Faces of Eve. Twenty years later, in 1977, Caroline Sizemore, the 22nd personality to emerge in "Eve," described her experiences in a book titled I'm Eve. Although the woman known as "Eve" developed a total of 22 personalities, only three could exist at any one time—for a new one to emerge, an existing personality would "die."
  • #74 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
  • #77 Mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
  • #78 Major depressive disorder occurs when at least five signs of depression (including lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in family, friends, and activities) last two or more weeks and are not caused by drugs or a medical conditions
  • #80 Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine have been observed in depressed patients. There are also differences in actual brain structure; the basal ganglia, thalamus and hippocampus are all differently shaped. Interestingly, it's been shown that increasing serotonin levels in the brain can actually stimulate growth in the hippocampus, so it's possible that these things are related.
  • #81 Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine have been observed in depressed patients. There are also differences in actual brain structure; the basal ganglia, thalamus and hippocampus are all differently shaped. Interestingly, it's been shown that increasing serotonin levels in the brain can actually stimulate growth in the hippocampus, so it's possible that these things are related.
  • #82 dysthymic disorder. This is a milder, more long-lasting form of depression. If you experience mild depressive symptoms for over two years, you might have dysthymic disorder. It's treated similarly to depression.
  • #86 . Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like; it makes people hang out at BOTH ends, or 'poles,' of this mood spectrum. They have episodes similar to those in major depressive disorder, followed by periods of mania. During the manic phase, people with bipolar disorder are typically overtalkative, overactive, and elated (though easily irritated if crossed); have little need for sleep; and show fewer sexual inhibitions. Speech is loud, flighty, and hard to interrupt. They find advice irritating, yet they need protection from their own poor judgment, which may lead to reckless spending or unsafe sex. Mania is characterized by: Feeling of being high Decreased need for sleep Inflated self-esteem Fast speech General agitation Some extremely manic episodes can even have psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, but this is uncommon.
  • #87 . Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like; it makes people hang out at BOTH ends, or 'poles,' of this mood spectrum. They have episodes similar to those in major depressive disorder, followed by periods of mania. Mania is characterized by: Feeling of being high Decreased need for sleep Inflated self-esteem Fast speech General agitation Some extremely manic episodes can even have psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, but this is uncommon.
  • #88 Creativity and bipolar disorder History has given us many creative artists, composers, and writers with bipolar disorder, including (left to right) Walt Whitman, Virginia Woolf, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), and Ernest Hemingway.
  • #89 there are actually three kinds of bipolar disorder, varying in severity. Hanging out at extreme poles is bipolar I. Less extreme is bipolar II. Least extreme is cyclothymia. Note the thymia? It basically means mood or 'state of mind,' and it's in dysthymia as well. These two are both milder forms of acute mood disorders.
  • #90 there are actually three kinds of bipolar disorder, varying in severity. Hanging out at extreme poles is bipolar I. Less extreme is bipolar II. Least extreme is cyclothymia. Note the thymia? It basically means mood or 'state of mind,' and it's in dysthymia as well. These two are both milder forms of acute mood disorders.
  • #92 OBJECTIVE 13| Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain.
  • #93 Interviews with 38,000 adults in 10 countries confirm what many smaller studies have found: Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double that of men’s. Lifetime risk of depression also varies by culture—from 1.5 percent in Taiwan to 19 percent in Beirut. (Data from Weissman et al., 1996.)
  • #94 Most major depressive episodes self-terminate. Therapy tends to speed recovery, yet most people suffering major depression eventually return to normal even without professional help. The plague of depression comes and, a few weeks or months later, it goes, though it sometimes recurs (Burcusa & Iacono, 2007). About 50 percent of those who recover from depression will suffer another episode within two years. In North America, today’s young adults are three times more likely than their grandparents to report having recently—or ever—suffered depression (despite the grandparents’ many more years of being at risk). The increase appears partly authentic, but it may also reflect today’s young adults’ greater willingness to disclose depression.
  • #95 Depressed people don't often commit suicide basically because it's too much effort. They don't have the motivation to actually do it. Sometimes when they're being treated and starting to come out of a depressed state, they do commit suicide. This basically happens to bipolar people every time they switch their mood. Most suicide is committed during manic episodes.
  • #96 OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.
  • #97 These top-facing PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient’s emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly consumes glucose. Courtesy of Lewis Baxter and Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicin
  • #98 The social-cognitive perspective suggests that self-defeating beliefs, which arise in part from learned helplessness, and a negative explanatory style feed depression. Depressed people explain bad events in terms that are global, stable, and internal. This perspective sees the disorder as a vicious cycle in which (1) negative, stressful events are interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pes- simistic explanatory style, creating (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way a per- son thinks and acts. This, in turn, fuels (1) negative experiences such as rejection.
  • #99 So it is with depressed people, who tend to explain bad events in terms that are stable (“It’s going to last forever”), global (“It’s going to affect everything I do”), and internal (“It’s all my fault”) (
  • #101 Answer: C
  • #104 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
  • #105 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
  • #106 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
  • #107 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
  • #108 Schizophrenia patients who are disorganized and deluded in their talk or prone to inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage are said to have positive symptoms. When appropriate behaviors are absent (for example, the schizophrenia patient has a toneless voice, expressionless face, and a mute or rigid body), the person is showing negative symptoms.
  • #111 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
  • #113 he subtypes of schizophrenia include paranoid (preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often of persecution or grandiosity), dis- organized (disorganized speech or behavior, or flat affect or inappropriate emotions), catatonic (immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repetition of another’s speech or movements), undifferentiated (many and varied symptoms), and residual (withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared).
  • #116 Researchers have linked certain forms of schizophrenia with brain abnormalities such as increased receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine. Impaired glutamate activity appears to be another source of schizophrenia symptoms. Modern brain-scanning techniques indicate that people with chronic schizophrenia have abnormal activity in multiple brain areas. Out-of-sync neurons may disrupt the integrated functioning of neural networks. Some patients appear to have abnormally low brain activity in the frontal lobes or enlarged, fluid-filled areas and a corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue. Another smaller-than-normal area in persons with schizophrenia is the thalamus. A possible cause of these abnormalities is a midpregnancy viral infection that impairs fetal brain development. For example, people are at increased risk of schizophrenia if, during the middle of their fetal development, their country experienced a flu epidemic. People born in densely populat- ed areas, where viral diseases spread more readily, also seem at greater risk for schizophrenia.
  • #117 The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia varies with one’s genetic relatedness to someone having this disorder. Across countries, barely more than 1 in 10 fraternal twins, but some 5 in 10 identical twins, share a schizophrenia diagnosis. (Adapted from Gottesman, 2001.)
  • #118 When twins differ, only the one afflicted with schizophrenia typically has enlarged, fluid-filled cranial cavities (right) (Suddath et al., 1990). The difference between the twins implies some nongenetic factor, such as a virus, is also at work.
  • #119 insula
  • #121 No environmental factors have been discovered that invariably produce schizophrenia in persons who are not related to a person with schizophrenia. However, researchers have pinpointed possible early warning signs of schizophrenia in children. These include a mother whose schizophrenia was severe and long-lasting, birth complications, separation from parents, short attention span and poor muscle coordination, disruptive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, and poor peer relations and solo play.
  • #123 Answer: C
  • #124 Answer: E
  • #127 Personality disorders are well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. The most important personality disorder with which you should be familiar is antisocial personality disorder.
  • #128 Personality disorders are psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behav- ior patterns that impair social functioning. One cluster expresses anxiety (e.g., avoidant), a second cluster expresses eccentric behaviors (e.g., schizoid), and a third exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors (e.g., histrionic and narcissistic).
  • #133 The most troubling of these disorders is the antisocial personality disorder, in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdo- ing, even toward friends and family members. This person may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Brain scans of murderers with this disorder have revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes, an area of the cortex that helps control impulses. A genetic predisposition may inter- act with environmental influences to produce this disorder.
  • #135 Psychologists and sociobiologists explain deviance by looking within individuals; sociologists look outside the individual. Biological explanations focus on genetic predisposition, including factors such as intelligence; the “XYY” theory (an extra Y chromosome in men leads to crime); or body type (squarish, muscular persons more likely to commit street crimes). Psychological explanations focus on personality disorders (e.g., “bad toilet training,” “suffocating mothers,” and so on). Yet these do not necessarily result in the presence or absence of specific forms of deviance in a person. Sociological explanations search outside the individual: crime is a violation of norms written into law, and each society has its own laws against certain types of behavior, but social influences such as socialization, subcultural group memberships, or social class (people’s relative standing in terms of education, occupation, income and wealth) may “recruit” some people to break norms.
  • #138 Paraphilias or psychosexual disorders are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual. For instance, attraction to children is called pedophilia, to animals is called zoophilia, and to objects, such as shoes, is called fetishism. Someone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior is a voyeur, someone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them is a masochist, and someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else is a sadist. Interestingly, most paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, however masochism is an exception.
  • #139 Paraphilias or psychosexual disorders are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual. For instance, attraction to children is called pedophilia, to animals is called zoophilia, and to objects, such as shoes, is called fetishism. Someone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior is a voyeur, someone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them is a masochist, and someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else is a sadist. Interestingly, most paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, however masochism is an exception.