Rotter
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Rotter reviewed six studies on internal versus external locus of control, finding that participants who felt in control of outcomes (internal locus) were more likely to engage in behaviors to cope with threats, versus those feeling outcomes were due to chance (external locus). Specifically, male smokers who successfully quit smoking had a higher internal locus than those who relapsed, though this difference was not significant for female smokers due to other factors like weight gain.
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This document summarizes Walter Mischel's social cognitive theory of personality. Some key points:
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Summarize Milgram's obedience experiment.
· Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
· Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.
· List the information contained in an informed consent form.
· Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent.
· Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.
· Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board.
· Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.
· Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.
· Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals.
· Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.
· Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.
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Page 44ETHICAL PRACTICE IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE CONCEPTUALIZATION, PLANNING, EXECUTION, AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH. Researchers who do not consider the ethical implications of their projects risk harming individuals, communities, and behavioral science. This chapter provides an historical overview of ethics in behavioral research, reviews core ethical principles for researchers, describes relevant institutional structures that protect research participants, and concludes with a discussion of what it means to be an ethical researcher.
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Chapter 13
Ethical Issues in
Long-Term Care
Learning Objectives
Understand the social and emotional impact of changes caused in the lives of individuals when long-term care is needed
Discuss the ethical aspects of access to care
Define autonomy and the relationship between independence and self-determination
Learning Objectives (continued)
4. Identify end-of-life issues and discuss their ethical and legal implications
5. Understand the magnitude of day-to-day needs of consumers and providers’ efforts to meet them
6. Discuss management ethics and its role in a long-term care organization
Emotional Impact on Consumers
Chronic illness or disability means:
Can no longer do things that were important, resulting in feeling of loss
Must rely on others for assistance with most intimate activities
Loss of privacy
May need to move, be separated
from family
Most important – loss of self-worth
Access to Long-Term Care
Access-related issues include:
A reimbursement-driven system
Cost-cutting efforts
Inequitable distribution of services
Institutional vs. non-institutional options
Balancing obligation to provide care with obligation to use resources wisely
The Ethics of Rationing
Explicit rationing:
Government allocation of limited funds
Insurance and managed care don’t cover certain conditions and procedures
Implicit rationing:
Favors one type of provider over another to influence service delivery
- e.g., home health care vs. nursing care facilities
Transfer of Assets
Is transferring assets to qualify for Medicaid ethical?
Right to leave assets to children?
Should the wealthy be subsidized?
Is it ethical to penalize frugal savers?
Autonomy
The concept of autonomy as the right to self-determinationImpact of cultural change
The autonomy-beneficence conflict
Other autonomy-related conflicts
Informed consent
End-of-Life Issues
Competency and decision-making capacity
Protecting the interests of the consumer
Advance directives
Patient Self-Determination Act
Ethics committees
Providing “futile care”
Everyday Life Issues
Privacy
Shared space
Confidentiality
Food
Activities
Restraints
Types of restraints
Regulatory requirements for their use
The ethics of using restraints
Abuse
Types of abuse in long-term care:
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Fiduciary abuse
Emotional abuse
Preventing abuse
© 20 Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC
© 20 Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC
Other Settings
The level of dependence of nursing facility residents makes them more vulnerable, but the same ethical issues apply to other settings.
Management Ethics
Important for any management setting
Of particular importance where consumers are so vulnerable
Ethics Management Programs
Codes of ethics
Codes of conduct
Policies and procedures
Summary
Many ethical issues surround the provision of long-term care to vulnerable populations. These issues seldom have single right answers, but provider and consumer groups are working toward resolution.
Sample .
PSY 1010, General Psychology 1 UNIT III STUDY GUIDE .docx
PSY 1010, General Psychology 1
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Body Rhythms, Mental States,
and Sensation and Perception
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Determine the purpose of biological rhythms and explain their
significance.
2. Differentiate between patterns of sleep and determine their function.
3. Identify and explain the different theories about the function of dreams.
4. Distinguish between the theories of hypnosis.
5. Determine and discuss how drugs can alter mental states.
6. Determine the difference between sensation and perception, and explain
their significance.
7. Identify how psychologists measure senses.
8. Discriminate between the human senses and describe their significance
Written Lecture
Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
Do you ever find yourself daydreaming? Have you caught yourself drifting in and
out of a conversation only to realize that you were in a hypnogogic state?
Research purports that consciousness ebbs and flows instead of remaining in a
constant, discrete state, as has been argued.
Wade & Tavris (2011) explain that our conscious thoughts in one state can
directly filter over into another area of consciousness. Cartwright (1974) posited
that our conscious thoughts can have a direct correlation to our dreams. She
argued that if one spent a great deal of the day contemplating a particular
thought, in all likelihood that same thought, or a slight variation, would manifest
in the individual’s dreams that night (Cartwright, 1974). What do you think? Has
this ever happened to you? As you read this chapter, you will gain better insight
into our conscious thoughts and behaviors, as well as our sleeping patterns. Are
these areas somehow intertwined? Are there linkages that actually exist that can
explain why we have certain dreams? What is the true function of our dreams?
As you continue throughout your readings, begin to examine your own sleeping
patterns. Do you ever find yourself feeling drowsy for seemingly no reason at
all? Many argue that our industrialized society might be the culprit behind our
sleep deprivation. One’s biological clock sometimes gets out of sync due to
exposure to bright lights. Research has studied the effects of too much exposure
to bright lights on one’s internal clock. Experiments have even been conducted
that capitalize on this theory to treat seasonal affective disorder. As you go
throughout your day, begin to notice when you feel sleepiness creeping upon
you. Do you have an established bedtime ritual? What happens if you do not get
to bed at your “normal” hour? How is the next day altered if you did not get an
adequate amount of rest? This chapter will expose the reader to many elements
related to body rhythms, and the importance of dreams.
Further examination of this chapter will prompt one to examine the controversy
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This study examined the impact of patient activation on self-management behaviors in patients with heart failure. The researchers randomly assigned participants to an intervention or control group. They found that higher patient activation led to better self-management and health outcomes. Potential threats to validity included the placebo effect and lack of diversity limiting generalizability. The researchers ensured ethical standards by obtaining consent, protecting privacy, securing approval and data, and following the Declaration of Helsinki.
Final Draft
1. The document discusses cognitive dissonance theory and how it relates to substance abuse behaviors. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people seek consistency between their beliefs and behaviors, and will try to reduce discomfort caused by inconsistency.
2. The literature review summarizes several studies that applied cognitive dissonance theory to understand substance abuse behaviors. One study found pregnant smokers justified smoking by claiming it was safe in certain trimesters or that reducing cigarettes was sufficient. Another found students justified plagiarism to reduce discomfort from engaging in that behavior.
3. The purpose of the document is to further examine cognitive dissonance theory and how it helps explain why people continue substance abuse behaviors even while knowing the risks, by
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3. Self-Efficacy Theory focuses on an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a behavior or task. This psychological attribute, along with physical attributes, may impact behaviors over and above attitudes and
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Genetic, physical, and environmental factors all influence personality development. Genetics determine traits like intelligence levels and temperament inherited from parents. The brain and nervous system also affect personality. Physical attributes and health can impact how one interacts with others. The geographical environment and culture one is raised in shape ideas and attitudes through transmission of values, beliefs, and social norms. Family relationships and socioeconomic status additionally mold personality in a person's formative years. While heredity provides potentials, the complex interplay between nature and nurture ultimately forms a unique and evolving personality pattern for each individual.
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ETHICS IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH CHP. 3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Summarize Milgram's obedience experiment.
· Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
· Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.
· List the information contained in an informed consent form.
· Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent.
· Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.
· Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board.
· Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.
· Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.
· Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals.
· Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.
· Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.
· Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.
Page 44ETHICAL PRACTICE IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE CONCEPTUALIZATION, PLANNING, EXECUTION, AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH. Researchers who do not consider the ethical implications of their projects risk harming individuals, communities, and behavioral science. This chapter provides an historical overview of ethics in behavioral research, reviews core ethical principles for researchers, describes relevant institutional structures that protect research participants, and concludes with a discussion of what it means to be an ethical researcher.
MILGRAM'S OBEDIENCE EXPERIMENT
Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies (1963, 1964, 1965) to study obedience to authority. He placed an ad in the local newspaper in New Haven, Connecticut, offering a small stipend to men to participate in a “scientific study of memory and learning” being conducted at Yale University. The volunteers reported to Milgram's laboratory at Yale, where they met a scientist dressed in a white lab coat and another volunteer in the study, a middle-aged man named “Mr. Wallace.” Mr. Wallace was actually a confederate (i.e., accomplice) of the experimenter, but the participants did not know this. The scientist explained that the study would examine the effects of punishment on learning. One person would be a “teacher” who would administer the punishment, and the other would be the “learner.” Mr. Wallace and the volunteer participant then drew slips of paper to determine who would be the teacher and who would be the learner. The drawing was rigged, however—Mr. Wallace was always the learner and the volunteer was always the teacher.
The scientist attached electrodes to Mr. Wallace and placed the teacher in front of an impressive-looking shock machine. The shock machine had a series of levers that, the individual was told, when pressed would deliver shocks to Mr. Wallace. The first lever was labeled 15 volts, the second 30 volts, the third 45 volts, and so on up to 450 volts ...
Chapter 13Ethical Issues in Long-Term CareLe.docx
Chapter 13
Ethical Issues in
Long-Term Care
Learning Objectives
Understand the social and emotional impact of changes caused in the lives of individuals when long-term care is needed
Discuss the ethical aspects of access to care
Define autonomy and the relationship between independence and self-determination
Learning Objectives (continued)
4. Identify end-of-life issues and discuss their ethical and legal implications
5. Understand the magnitude of day-to-day needs of consumers and providers’ efforts to meet them
6. Discuss management ethics and its role in a long-term care organization
Emotional Impact on Consumers
Chronic illness or disability means:
Can no longer do things that were important, resulting in feeling of loss
Must rely on others for assistance with most intimate activities
Loss of privacy
May need to move, be separated
from family
Most important – loss of self-worth
Access to Long-Term Care
Access-related issues include:
A reimbursement-driven system
Cost-cutting efforts
Inequitable distribution of services
Institutional vs. non-institutional options
Balancing obligation to provide care with obligation to use resources wisely
The Ethics of Rationing
Explicit rationing:
Government allocation of limited funds
Insurance and managed care don’t cover certain conditions and procedures
Implicit rationing:
Favors one type of provider over another to influence service delivery
- e.g., home health care vs. nursing care facilities
Transfer of Assets
Is transferring assets to qualify for Medicaid ethical?
Right to leave assets to children?
Should the wealthy be subsidized?
Is it ethical to penalize frugal savers?
Autonomy
The concept of autonomy as the right to self-determinationImpact of cultural change
The autonomy-beneficence conflict
Other autonomy-related conflicts
Informed consent
End-of-Life Issues
Competency and decision-making capacity
Protecting the interests of the consumer
Advance directives
Patient Self-Determination Act
Ethics committees
Providing “futile care”
Everyday Life Issues
Privacy
Shared space
Confidentiality
Food
Activities
Restraints
Types of restraints
Regulatory requirements for their use
The ethics of using restraints
Abuse
Types of abuse in long-term care:
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Fiduciary abuse
Emotional abuse
Preventing abuse
© 20 Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC
© 20 Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC
Other Settings
The level of dependence of nursing facility residents makes them more vulnerable, but the same ethical issues apply to other settings.
Management Ethics
Important for any management setting
Of particular importance where consumers are so vulnerable
Ethics Management Programs
Codes of ethics
Codes of conduct
Policies and procedures
Summary
Many ethical issues surround the provision of long-term care to vulnerable populations. These issues seldom have single right answers, but provider and consumer groups are working toward resolution.
Sample .
PSY 1010, General Psychology 1 UNIT III STUDY GUIDE .docx
PSY 1010, General Psychology 1
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Body Rhythms, Mental States,
and Sensation and Perception
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Determine the purpose of biological rhythms and explain their
significance.
2. Differentiate between patterns of sleep and determine their function.
3. Identify and explain the different theories about the function of dreams.
4. Distinguish between the theories of hypnosis.
5. Determine and discuss how drugs can alter mental states.
6. Determine the difference between sensation and perception, and explain
their significance.
7. Identify how psychologists measure senses.
8. Discriminate between the human senses and describe their significance
Written Lecture
Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
Do you ever find yourself daydreaming? Have you caught yourself drifting in and
out of a conversation only to realize that you were in a hypnogogic state?
Research purports that consciousness ebbs and flows instead of remaining in a
constant, discrete state, as has been argued.
Wade & Tavris (2011) explain that our conscious thoughts in one state can
directly filter over into another area of consciousness. Cartwright (1974) posited
that our conscious thoughts can have a direct correlation to our dreams. She
argued that if one spent a great deal of the day contemplating a particular
thought, in all likelihood that same thought, or a slight variation, would manifest
in the individual’s dreams that night (Cartwright, 1974). What do you think? Has
this ever happened to you? As you read this chapter, you will gain better insight
into our conscious thoughts and behaviors, as well as our sleeping patterns. Are
these areas somehow intertwined? Are there linkages that actually exist that can
explain why we have certain dreams? What is the true function of our dreams?
As you continue throughout your readings, begin to examine your own sleeping
patterns. Do you ever find yourself feeling drowsy for seemingly no reason at
all? Many argue that our industrialized society might be the culprit behind our
sleep deprivation. One’s biological clock sometimes gets out of sync due to
exposure to bright lights. Research has studied the effects of too much exposure
to bright lights on one’s internal clock. Experiments have even been conducted
that capitalize on this theory to treat seasonal affective disorder. As you go
throughout your day, begin to notice when you feel sleepiness creeping upon
you. Do you have an established bedtime ritual? What happens if you do not get
to bed at your “normal” hour? How is the next day altered if you did not get an
adequate amount of rest? This chapter will expose the reader to many elements
related to body rhythms, and the importance of dreams.
Further examination of this chapter will prompt one to examine the controversy
related to hypnosis. Many argue that some individual ...
review.docx
This study examined the impact of patient activation on self-management behaviors in patients with heart failure. The researchers randomly assigned participants to an intervention or control group. They found that higher patient activation led to better self-management and health outcomes. Potential threats to validity included the placebo effect and lack of diversity limiting generalizability. The researchers ensured ethical standards by obtaining consent, protecting privacy, securing approval and data, and following the Declaration of Helsinki.
Final Draft
1. The document discusses cognitive dissonance theory and how it relates to substance abuse behaviors. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people seek consistency between their beliefs and behaviors, and will try to reduce discomfort caused by inconsistency.
2. The literature review summarizes several studies that applied cognitive dissonance theory to understand substance abuse behaviors. One study found pregnant smokers justified smoking by claiming it was safe in certain trimesters or that reducing cigarettes was sufficient. Another found students justified plagiarism to reduce discomfort from engaging in that behavior.
3. The purpose of the document is to further examine cognitive dissonance theory and how it helps explain why people continue substance abuse behaviors even while knowing the risks, by
Hormone pp
The document discusses how hormones like oxytocin and cortisol impact human behavior and relationships. It summarizes several studies that find:
1) Oxytocin levels are higher in new romantic couples and predict relationship success, while also improving communication between partners.
2) High cortisol from stress impairs memory recall, while low levels do not negatively impact memory compared to a placebo.
3) People with PTSD, like war veterans, tend to have smaller hippocampal volumes, which is associated with greater memory problems. Chronic stress may reduce the size of the hippocampus.
Hormone pp
This document discusses how two hormones, oxytocin and cortisol, impact human behavior. It summarizes several studies that show oxytocin is involved in building bonds and relationships, while higher levels of cortisol can impair memory. The document also explains that oxytocin plays a role in forming new romantic relationships and improving couple communication, while chronic stress from PTSD reduces hippocampus volume and impairs memory.
Unit2 project elizbeth hall
This document discusses research methods and ethics in psychology. It begins by defining key concepts like research questions and hypotheses. It then discusses experimental research methodology and factors to consider like independent and dependent variables. The document outlines important ethical considerations for experimental research, such as informed consent and protecting participants from harm. It emphasizes the importance of internal validity and unbiased measurement for drawing valid scientific conclusions from experimental research. The document concludes by discussing how the author would use a case study approach to investigate why serial killers commit their crimes.
ENGLISH 2960Project #2Ethics in the Workplace A Critical Anal.docx
ENGLISH 2960
Project #2
Ethics in the Workplace: A Critical Analysis of the film Glengarry GlenRoss
*Analysis: is a process of breaking down something complex into simpler elements that will make it more understandable.
*Critical Analysis: an analysis with an argumentative and evaluative edge (the writer is attempting to persuade the reader of something).
For Project #2 you will apply the notion of “ethics in the workplace” to the film Glengarry GlenRoss. Further, you will write a Critical Analysis of one aspect of the movie. The direction in which you take this analysis (the aspect of the film which you analyze) is entirely up to you. I do suggest that you focus on one particular scenario (your choice) from the film that depicts an instance of unethical behavior in the workplace. Keep in mind your reading of Chapter 1, and on the below definitions of Kant's Categorical Imperative, Utilitarianism, and Ethical Relativism. I would like for you to somehow apply one of these below principles to your analysis. Length: 3 pages, typed, double-spaced.
1. Kant's Categorical Imperative:
The most fundamental of all the liberal principles handed down to us from the Enlightenment and the very cornerstone of our civilization is the "categorical imperative" of Immanuel Kant: namely, that one cannot act on that maxim which one cannot will to be universal. In other words, if it's OK for me to do it, it has to be OK for everybody to do it. If it's not OK for everybody to do it, then it's not OK for me to do it either. This principle is so deeply ingrained in us, along with the contempt we feel for what we call "hypocrisy" when people violate it, that we take it for granted.
2. Utilitarianism:
A doctrine that “the useful is the good,” and that the determining consideration of right conduct should be the usefulness of its consequences. Specifically – a theory that the aim of action should be the largest possible balance of pleasure over pain or the greatest happiness of the greatest number.
3.Ethical Relativism:
In ethics,the belief that nothing is objectively right or wrong and that the definition of right or wrong depends on the prevailing view of a particular individual, culture, or historical period.
______________________________________________________
As you work, keep these strategies in mind:
1.) Zero in on key elements (relevant to your overall topic).
2.) View the film through a critical lens. (How are you watching and understanding this film? Through ‘political’ eyes? Through ‘social’ eyes? Through ‘psychoanalytical’ eyes?)
3.) Compare the film to something similar. (Have you read about, seen, heard of something that reminds you of the content of this film? Does something inform how you understand this film?)
*Remember: For most analyses, you will utilize/use a combination of the above 3 approaches.
University of Phoenix Material
Proposal Worksheet
Each team member will pick an article for this worksheet. Replicate these set of questions.
Literature review
This study aimed to examine the relationship between nicotine addiction and stress levels in college students. 17 participants (9 smokers and 8 non-smokers) completed public speaking and mental math tasks to induce stress while heart rate and subjective stress tests were administered. While results did not fully support the hypothesis that smokers would report more stress, some indications suggested smokers experienced higher stress than non-smokers. Previous research also found nicotine withdrawal can decrease performance and increase stress over time, and surveys of college students linked addictive behaviors like food and nicotine addiction to higher reported stress levels. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate whether nicotine addiction leads to increased stress in one's life.
Running Head FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING 1 .docx
The document summarizes a research article on the free radical theory of aging. The theory proposes that free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced during cellular metabolism, accumulate in the body over time and cause damage at the molecular and cellular level that results in aging. A study examined the association between biomarkers of oxidative stress (free radicals) and mortality from various causes. The study found associations between one biomarker of free radicals and mortality from all major causes of death, supporting the free radical theory of aging. However, the theory has limitations in not explaining why aging occurs at a biological level or why some people experience minimal health issues as they age.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docx
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
DOI 10.1007s00213-008-1173-0REVIEWThe role of impul.docx
DOI 10.1007/s00213-008-1173-0
REVIEW
The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse
Jennifer L. Perry & Marilyn E. Carroll
Received: 6 August 2007 /Accepted: 14 April 2008 /Published online: 5 July 2008
Psychopharmacology (2008) 200:1–26
20 Psychopharmacology (2008) 200:1–26
Psychopharmacology (2008) 200:1–26 21
# Springer-Verlag 2008
Abstract
Background Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that has recently been recognized as a factor contributing to enhanced vulnerability to drug abuse.
Objectives In the present review, we focus on two facets of impulsivity (and tasks that measure them): (1) impulsive choice (delay discounting task) and (2) inhibitory failure (go/no-go, stop signal reaction time, and five-choice serial reaction time tasks). We also describe how performance on each of these tasks is associated with drug-related behavior during phases of drug abuse that capture the essential features of addiction (acquisition, escalation, and reinstatement of drug-seeking after drug access has terminated). Three hypotheses (H) regarding the relationship between impulsivity and drug abuse are discussed: (1) increased levels of impulsivity lead to drug abuse (H1), (2) drugs of abuse increase impulsivity (H2), and (3) impulsivity and drug abuse are associated through a common third factor (H3). Conclusion Impulsivity expressed as impulsive choice or inhibitory failure plays a role in several key transition phases of drug abuse. There is evidence to support all three nonexclusive hypotheses. Increased levels of impulsivity lead to acquisition of drug abuse (H1) and subsequent escalation or dysregulation of drug intake. Drugs of abuse may increase impulsivity (H2), which is an additional contributor to escalation/dysregulation. Abstinence, relapse,
J. L. Perry (*)
Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation,
S-3, 860, 914 South 8th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA e-mail: [email protected]
M. E. Carroll
Department of Psychiatry,
University of Minnesota Medical School,
MMC 392,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
and treatment may be influenced by both H1 and H2. In addition, there is a relationship between impulsivity and other drug abuse vulnerability factors, such as sex, hormonal status, reactivity to nondrug rewards, and early environmental experiences that may impact drug intake during all phases of addiction (H3). Relating drug abuse and impulsivity in phases of addiction via these three hypotheses provides a heuristic model from which future experimental questions can be addressed.
Keywords Abstinence . Acquisition . Animal models .
Delay discounting . Drug abuse . Dysregulation . Escalation .
Five-choice serial reaction time task . Go/no-go task .
Impulsive choice . Impulsivity. Inhibition . Relapse .
Stop signal reaction time task . Treatment
Introduction
A growing number of studies using behavioral, neurobiological, and imaging techniques have confirmed a strong association between impulsivity and addictive behaviors such as drug abuse, bin.
Choice & control theories of Addiction
In this 1 hour introductory lecture you will learn about psychological theories of addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Understand the relationship between self control and behavior
Be familiar with psychological theories of addiction
Be able to distinguish between rational and irrational models of behavior
Addiction – predicting addictive behaviour
The theory of planned behaviour is a model for predicting addictive behaviours. It proposes that intention, which is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, directly predicts whether someone will engage in a behaviour. The model can be used to understand addiction processes and develop prevention programs. While it effectively predicts intentions, the theory is less successful at predicting actual behaviour change, especially for difficult behaviours like quitting addiction. It also fails to account for emotional and irrational factors influencing decisions. Different types of interventions target addiction through biological, psychological, and social approaches.
Short term benefits of quit smoking
Quitting smoking provides short term health benefits within weeks of stopping. Studies have shown improved breathing and fewer respiratory issues within 2-4 weeks. Additionally, successful quitters report higher life satisfaction and feeling healthier even just one year after quitting. Quitting also improves everyday memory and leads to reductions in impulsivity and anxiety typically within a year. Personality shifts towards more stability and less neuroticism have been observed in young adult quitters.
Exercise's Affect on Age at the Cellular Level
A study found that those who exercised regularly had biological markers that made them appear nine years younger than sedentary people. Researchers looked at DNA samples from almost 6,000 adults and found that frequent exercisers had longer telomeres, which are markers of aging at the cellular level. Telomeres naturally shorten with age, but exercise was linked to longer telomeres even after accounting for other lifestyle factors. The most benefits were seen in those who exercised 30-40 minutes five days a week, influencing inflammation and oxidative stress. However, longer telomeres do not guarantee longer life, so a variety of healthy habits is important.
Is Drug Addiction a Disease?
The document discusses whether drug addiction should be considered a disease. It notes that some see it as a disease due to genetic factors, while others argue there is limited evidence for this. The concept of addiction as a disease emerged in the late 18th/early 19th century and became popularized by treatment centers in the 1920s-1930s. However, a disease must have predictable symptoms and progression, which addiction does not. The main reason it continues to be called a disease is to justify government funding for treatment.
Similar to Rotter (19)
ETHICS IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH CHP. 3LEARNING OBJECTIVES· Sum.docx
ETHICS IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH CHP. 3LEARNING OBJECTIVES· Sum.docx
PSY 1010, General Psychology 1 UNIT III STUDY GUIDE .docx
PSY 1010, General Psychology 1 UNIT III STUDY GUIDE .docx
ENGLISH 2960Project #2Ethics in the Workplace A Critical Anal.docx
ENGLISH 2960Project #2Ethics in the Workplace A Critical Anal.docx
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docx
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docx
DOI 10.1007s00213-008-1173-0REVIEWThe role of impul.docx
DOI 10.1007s00213-008-1173-0REVIEWThe role of impul.docx
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Yochelson and samenow
The study aimed to examine the thinking patterns of 255 male convicted offenders over 14 years. Interviews found that criminals have distinct thinking patterns compared to non-criminals, including feeling restless and irritable, seeing requests as impositions, wanting excitement at any cost, and lacking empathy. Criminals were also found to be poor decision-makers who deny responsibility. While most dropped out, only 9 changed after the program, suggesting criminals have ingrained cognitive processes leading to a distorted self-image and criminal choices.
Wheatley
A study examined the effects of acupuncture treatment on 350 prisoners receiving drug addiction treatment. Prisoners received either standard treatment alone or standard treatment plus acupuncture delivered in group sessions by trained practitioners. Qualitative reports from prisoners found improvements in sleep, relaxation, coping skills, and cravings after acupuncture. Quantitatively, the study found a 70% reduction in drug incidents, 41% reduction in serious reports, and 42-33% reduction in positive drug tests from pre- to post-treatment periods. The researcher concluded acupuncture was an effective complementary therapy to standard drug treatment programs in prisons.
Watt et al
The study aimed to see if using a Funhaler, an inhaler with toys that function with deep breathing, could improve adherence to asthma medication in children. Thirty-two Australian children aged 1.5-6 years old used a standard inhaler for one week and the Funhaler the next week, and parents reported on medication adherence. The findings showed that parents reported medicating their children the previous day 38% more often when using the Funhaler compared to the standard inhaler. The conclusion was that making medical regimens fun through incentives like the Funhaler's toys can improve adherence, especially in children.
Watson and raynor
Little Albert was a child used in a study by Watson and Raynor to induce and test a fear response through classical conditioning. They exposed Albert to a rat followed by a loud noise to condition him to fear the rat, then tested if this fear generalized to other similar objects like rabbits and fuzzy materials. The study aimed to see if fear could be induced, if it would transfer, how time affected the response, and how to remove the fear in the lab.
The cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a technique used by interviewers to help witnesses recall events more accurately. It was developed in the 1980s and combines insights from social and cognitive psychology. The cognitive interview uses multiple memory retrieval strategies, encourages witnesses to recreate the original context, and exploits the associative nature of human memory by using different starting points to access memories. It aims to reduce errors and confabulation by addressing how expectations can influence recall according to schema theory. More recent versions give more control to witnesses and encourage creating a mental image of the event.
Social approach
The document discusses the social approach in social psychology, which analyzes human behavior through the influence of others, groups, society, and culture. It examines key researchers like Milgram and methods like experiments, surveys, and observations. While the approach has demonstrated social influences and explained various phenomena, its weaknesses include oversimplifying individual differences and some research being considered unethical.
Sherman and strang
The document reviews the effectiveness of restorative justice (RJ) in preventing reoffending. It finds that RJ reduces reoffending for violence and property crimes, especially when there is a personal victim, and it is more effective if violence was part of the original crime. RJ also improves victims' mental health by reducing trauma symptoms and helping them process what happened. The conclusion is that there is strong evidence RJ works in some cases, especially for young offenders, and police forces are gaining expertise in RJ conferencing.
Pickel
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of judicial instructions to disregard inadmissible evidence presented in a mock trial. Specifically, it examined how juror credibility ratings of witnesses and verdicts were impacted when judges provided legal explanations for their instructions to ignore evidence versus no explanation. Results showed that witness credibility was the only statistically significant factor influencing juror decisions under the conditions tested. Further analysis confirmed confidence is a poor predictor of witness accuracy.
Nemeth and wachtler
The study investigated how perceived autonomy and consistency influence minority views in a group. In a mock trial experiment, participants deliberated compensation amounts, with a confederate suggesting a deviant lower amount. When the confederate chose their own seat or sat at the head of the table, perceived as more autonomous, their minority view had more influence over the group. Being consistent in the view also increased influence, even affecting decisions in a second case.
Kohlberg moral
Kohlberg was fascinated by Piaget's work on moral development in children. His 1963 doctoral thesis outlined six stages of moral development and aimed to find evidence of progression through these stages. The study involved 58 boys aged 7-16 from Chicago who were given moral dilemmas to solve in interviews over several years. Younger boys tended to reason at earlier stages while older boys used later stage reasoning, providing support for Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development. While the methodology has been criticized, later studies found criminals committing financially-motivated crimes displayed more immature moral reasoning than violent criminals.
Ireland
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether anger management courses are effective for young male offenders. It describes a study with 50 prisoners who completed an anger management course and a control group of 37 prisoners who did not. Measures of wing behavior, cognitive interviews, and self-reported anger were collected before and after for both groups. Results showed significant reductions in reported and observed anger and aggression for prisoners who took the course, but not the control group. However, the study did not collect long-term recidivism data.
Individual differences
Individual differences psychology analyzes individuals from the perspective of their uniqueness, focusing on how people differ rather than generalizing to all people. It uses a range of methods like case studies, participant observation, and literature reviews to gain a deeper understanding of exceptional cases and different groups. While providing practical applications for treating mental illness and understanding diverse cultures, the approach also has disadvantages like potential lack of scientific rigor, subjectivity, and limited generalizability due to focusing on small, unique groups.
Gudjohnsson and bownes
This study examined the relationship between the type of offense committed and how offenders attribute blame for their criminal acts. It administered the 42-item Blame Attribution Inventory to 80 criminals serving sentences in Northern Ireland, divided into groups that committed violent, sexual, or property offenses. Results showed that sexual offenders expressed the most remorse, followed by violent offenders, while violent offenders scored highest on external attribution of blame. When compared to previous findings from England, Irish violent prisoners showed lower scores on mental element, guilt, and higher external attribution. The conclusions were that attribution of blame was largely consistent across offender groups and countries, with some differences found for violent offenders during Northern Ireland's period of conflict.
Gottesman and shields
This document reviews adoption and twin studies on schizophrenia conducted between 1967 and 1976. The studies found that adopted children with schizophrenic biological parents were more likely to develop schizophrenia than those with non-schizophrenic biological parents or adoptive parents. Twin studies also found higher concordance rates of schizophrenia in identical twins compared to fraternal twins, indicating a genetic component. However, concordance rates were below 100%, suggesting both genetic and environmental factors contribute to schizophrenia.
Geer and maisel (start)
Controlled individuals reported less stress than those without control. Both perceived and actual control reduced stress reactions to unpleasant stimuli, though actual control had a greater impact. Providing individuals with some level of control over stressful events can help reduce physiological and psychological stress responses.
Bandura and adams
The document summarizes a study that assessed self-efficacy in patients undergoing desensitization treatment for snake phobias. Ten patients participated in a standardized desensitization program involving relaxation and exposure to images and live snakes. Pre- and post-treatment assessments found that patients with higher levels of increased self-efficacy after treatment engaged more with snakes, supporting the theory that enhancing self-efficacy leads to a belief in one's ability to cope with phobic stimuli.
Cutler et al
- The study investigated whether expert witness testimony about the limitations of eyewitness identification would make jurors more skeptical of eyewitness testimony.
- 538 undergraduate students participated in a mock trial involving eyewitness identification under varying conditions of witnessing and confidence levels.
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Farrington et al
This study followed 411 boys from childhood to age 48 to document patterns of offending behavior over time. The study found that criminal behavior peaked at ages 17-18 and that boys who began offending between ages 10-13 were more likely to reoffend. A small proportion (7%) were chronic offenders responsible for about half of recorded offenses. While most boys desisted from crime, the proportion leading successful lives increased from 78% at age 32 to 88% at age 48. Early prevention targeting at-risk youth under age 10 could significantly reduce criminality and related problems by addressing key risk factors like family criminality, poverty, impulsiveness, and poor school performance.
Canter and heritage
The document summarizes research analyzing 66 cases of sexual assault to identify patterns in offender behavior. The analysis found five key variables that were central to most cases: vaginal intercourse, no reaction to the victim, impersonal language, surprise attack, and removal of the victim's clothing. This suggests the attacks were impersonal and sudden, with the victim's response being irrelevant. The researcher concluded this method can help understand how an offender's behavior changes across offenses or determine if multiple offenses were committed by the same person, establishing his 5-factor theory of offender profiling.
Beck et al
Beck et al. interviewed 50 patients diagnosed with depression aged 18 to 48 who were undergoing therapy, as well as a control group of 31 non-depressed patients, to understand cognitive distortions. Patients reported thoughts before and during therapy sessions and some kept thought diaries. Certain themes of low self-esteem, self-blame, feelings of being overwhelmed, anxiety, and paranoia appeared in depressed patients that were not present in the non-depressed group.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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