Watt et al
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The study aimed to see if using a Funhaler, an inhaler with toys that function with deep breathing, could improve adherence to asthma medication in children. Thirty-two Australian children aged 1.5-6 years old used a standard inhaler for one week and the Funhaler the next week, and parents reported on medication adherence. The findings showed that parents reported medicating their children the previous day 38% more often when using the Funhaler compared to the standard inhaler. The conclusion was that making medical regimens fun through incentives like the Funhaler's toys can improve adherence, especially in children.
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Kangaroo Care vs. Infant Warmers in Reducing Mortality in Low Birth Weight Infants
XXXXXXXXXXXX
School
Class
Date
Kangaroo Care vs. Infant Warmers in Reducing Mortality in Low Birth Weight Infants
Clinical Question
The specific clinical question guiding the search for a quantitative article is: In low birth weight babies, does kangaroo mother care improve heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration, and temperature?
The specific clinical question guiding the search for a qualitative article is: In mothers of premature infants in the NICU, what is the experience of kangaroo holding.
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Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Chapter Outline
✪ A Hypothesis-Testing Example 108
✪ The Core Logic of Hypothesis
Testing 109
✪ The Hypothesis-Testing Process 110
✪ One-Tailed and Two-Tailed
Hypothesis Tests 119
✪ Controversy: Should Significance
Tests Be Banned? 124
In this chapter, we introduce the crucial topic of hypothesis testing. A hypothesisis a prediction intended to be tested in a research study. The prediction may bebased on informal observation (as in clinical or applied settings regarding a pos-
sible practical innovation), on related results of previous studies, or on a broader
theory about what is being studied. You can think of a theory as a set of principles
that attempt to explain an important psychological process. A theory usually leads to
various specific hypotheses that can be tested in research studies.
This chapter focuses on the basic logic for analyzing results of a research study
to test a hypothesis. The central theme of hypothesis testing has to do with the im-
portant distinction between sample and population discussed in the last chapter:
hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure for deciding whether the results of a re-
search study, which examines a sample, support a hypothesis which applies to a pop-
ulation. Hypothesis testing is the central theme in all the remaining chapters of this
book, as it is in most research in psychology and related fields.
Many students find the most difficult part of the course to be mastering the basic
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✪ Hypothesis Tests in Research
Articles 127
✪ Summary 128
✪ Key Terms 129
✪ Example Worked-Out Problems 129
✪ Practice Problems 131
✪ Chapter Notes 136
CHAPTER 4
theory set of principles that attempt to
explain one or more facts, relationships,
or events; psychologists often derive
specific predictions from theories that
are then tested in research studies.
hypothesis prediction, often based on
informal observation, previous research,
or theory, that is tested in a research
study.
hypothesis testing procedure for de-
ciding whether the outcome of a study
(results for a sample) support a particular
theory or practical innovation (which is
thought to apply to a population).
IS
B
N
0-
55
8-
46
76
1-
X
Statistics for Psychology, Fifth Edition, by Arthur Aron, Elaine N. Aron, and Elliot J. Coups. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
108 Chapter 4
review the chapter thoroughly. Hypothesis testing involves grasping ideas that make
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However, once you understand the material in this chapter and the two that follow, your
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Wheatley
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Kangaroo Care vs. Infant Warmers in Reducing Mortality in Low Birth Weight Infants
XXXXXXXXXXXX
School
Class
Date
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Clinical Question
The specific clinical question guiding the search for a quantitative article is: In low birth weight babies, does kangaroo mother care improve heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration, and temperature?
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The purpose of this paper is to interpret the quantitative and qualitative articles identified to see whether they are or are not important to our group topic. The paper will compare and contrast the main components of the matrix table.
Description of Findings
Concepts
The independent variable studied between both quantitative and qualitative articles is kangaroo care.The quantitative describes how kangaroo care can impact a low birth weight infant and the 4 physiological parameters: heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration, and temperature, which is the dependent variable. The variable of interest studied in the qualitative article is the mother’s reactions and/or experiences of kangaroo holing their preterm infant in the NICU. The concept of this stu ...
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This document provides guidance on diagnosing and managing asthma in children under 5 years old. It identifies key risk factors for asthma like family history and environmental exposures. The main steps of asthma management include identifying asthma using symptoms, assessing control, and treating with a stepped approach of inhaled corticosteroids. Locally made plastic bottle spacers can effectively deliver inhaled medications to young children when commercial spacers are unavailable.
OME2
This study evaluated the efficacy of a new autoinflation device for treating persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Forty-five children aged 2-8 years with bilateral OME for at least 3 months were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. The treatment group used the autoinflation device twice daily for 4 weeks, after which groups were crossed over. Middle ear pressure and hearing improved significantly in the treatment group after 4 weeks, while no significant changes occurred in the control group. After crossover, the control group also showed significant improvements. After 8 weeks of treatment, 9 children required surgery for OME recurrence during the following 12 month follow up period. The autoinflation device was effective and
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This document provides an introduction to a textbook about how to critically read medical literature. It introduces the M.A.A.R.I.E framework for evaluating different types of medical studies. The framework consists of 6 components: Method, Assignment, Assessment, Results, Interpretation, and Extrapolation. The document uses a "flaw-catching exercise" to demonstrate how the framework can be applied to evaluate a hypothetical medical study, and identifies several flaws in the study's methodology and conclusions. It then discusses the key features and appropriate uses of three common types of medical studies: case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized clinical trials.
107Introduction to Hypothesis TestingChapter Outline.docx
107
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Chapter Outline
✪ A Hypothesis-Testing Example 108
✪ The Core Logic of Hypothesis
Testing 109
✪ The Hypothesis-Testing Process 110
✪ One-Tailed and Two-Tailed
Hypothesis Tests 119
✪ Controversy: Should Significance
Tests Be Banned? 124
In this chapter, we introduce the crucial topic of hypothesis testing. A hypothesisis a prediction intended to be tested in a research study. The prediction may bebased on informal observation (as in clinical or applied settings regarding a pos-
sible practical innovation), on related results of previous studies, or on a broader
theory about what is being studied. You can think of a theory as a set of principles
that attempt to explain an important psychological process. A theory usually leads to
various specific hypotheses that can be tested in research studies.
This chapter focuses on the basic logic for analyzing results of a research study
to test a hypothesis. The central theme of hypothesis testing has to do with the im-
portant distinction between sample and population discussed in the last chapter:
hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure for deciding whether the results of a re-
search study, which examines a sample, support a hypothesis which applies to a pop-
ulation. Hypothesis testing is the central theme in all the remaining chapters of this
book, as it is in most research in psychology and related fields.
Many students find the most difficult part of the course to be mastering the basic
logic of this chapter and the next two. This chapter in particular requires some mental
gymnastics. Even if you follow everything the first time through, you will be wise to
✪ Hypothesis Tests in Research
Articles 127
✪ Summary 128
✪ Key Terms 129
✪ Example Worked-Out Problems 129
✪ Practice Problems 131
✪ Chapter Notes 136
CHAPTER 4
theory set of principles that attempt to
explain one or more facts, relationships,
or events; psychologists often derive
specific predictions from theories that
are then tested in research studies.
hypothesis prediction, often based on
informal observation, previous research,
or theory, that is tested in a research
study.
hypothesis testing procedure for de-
ciding whether the outcome of a study
(results for a sample) support a particular
theory or practical innovation (which is
thought to apply to a population).
IS
B
N
0-
55
8-
46
76
1-
X
Statistics for Psychology, Fifth Edition, by Arthur Aron, Elaine N. Aron, and Elliot J. Coups. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
108 Chapter 4
review the chapter thoroughly. Hypothesis testing involves grasping ideas that make
little sense covered separately; so in this chapter you learn several new ideas all at once.
However, once you understand the material in this chapter and the two that follow, your
mind will be used to this sort of thing, and the rest of the course should seem easier.
At the same time, we have kept this introduct.
Reply 1 amilka Zulueta posted Apr 2022 PMSubscribe.docx
- Jonathan, a 7-year-old with mild asthma, presents with coughing and wheezing. The appropriate pharmacological therapies prescribed include a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid nebulizer solution and montelukast chewable tablet to control his symptoms.
- His mother and Jonathan need education on asthma exacerbation signs, triggers to avoid, and a written asthma action plan for home management.
- An appropriate clinical assessment is monitoring lung function with spirometry to determine the severity of his asthma and response to treatment.
Breastfeeding Patterns In Relation To Thumb Sucking And Pacifier Use
This document describes a study examining the relationship between breastfeeding patterns, thumb sucking, and pacifier use in 506 mother-infant pairs in Sweden. The study found that pacifier use was associated with fewer breastfeeds per 24 hours, shorter suckling duration, shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration, and shorter total breastfeeding duration compared to no pacifier use. These associations were not found for thumb sucking. The negative effects of pacifiers on breastfeeding seemed related to frequency of pacifier use.
G047045049
This study assessed the knowledge and ability of pharmacists in the UAE to use different inhaled medication delivery systems. 94 pharmacists participated - 50 had received education materials from pharmaceutical companies while 44 had not. Both groups demonstrated how to use placebo inhalers and were assessed. Educated pharmacists scored significantly higher on the ability to correctly use inhalers and had greater knowledge of cleaning MDIs, side effects, and storage conditions. The study concluded that pharmacists in the UAE lack sufficient awareness of proper inhaler use and continuous education programs are recommended.
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This study evaluated the effects of dance therapy for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses compared to standard care. A single study with 45 participants found that those receiving dance therapy plus routine care had significantly greater reduction in negative symptoms compared to routine care alone, based on PANSS scores. However, there were no differences between groups in overall PANSS scores, positive symptoms, satisfaction, or quality of life. The authors concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of dance therapy for schizophrenia due to the single small study available. Further high-quality research is needed.
Thesis Meet
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of vestibular stimulation using an Indian hammock (Thooli) and music therapy in the prevention and management of infantile colic in term infants. 435 newborns will be randomly assigned to receive the hammock, music, or standard care (control). Parents will record crying times and the interventions will occur from birth to 4 months. The primary outcome is the incidence of colic in each group based on standard criteria. Secondary outcomes include cultural practices for colic, breastfeeding rates, and crying durations. Recruitment is complete and follow-up is ongoing to assess outcomes and determine if hammock or music therapy can effectively address infantile colic.
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This study examined the association between phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice and breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. The study analyzed data from a national survey of over 4,000 mothers who initiated breastfeeding. Around 5% of infants received phototherapy for jaundice. The study found phototherapy was associated with decreased exclusive breastfeeding at 1-4 months but did not find significant decreases in any breastfeeding until 12 months. The results suggest greater breastfeeding support may help mothers maintain confidence in exclusive breastfeeding during and after phototherapy treatment.
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The Thailand study was a pilot randomized controlled trial that assigned 32 children with ASD to either a typical treatment group or an intervention group that supplemented treatment with 15 hours per week of parent-implemented DIRFloortime for 3 months. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement on standardized measures of social-emotional functioning compared to the control group.
The Canada study was a randomized controlled trial that provided 51 children aged 2-4 with ASD either 2 hours per week of DIRFloortime therapy plus parent coaching and daily parent-child interaction, or community treatment averaging 3.9 hours per week. After 1 year, the treatment group showed significantly greater improvement in attention, involvement, initiation of joint attention, and enjoyment of interaction compared
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Reply 1 amilka Zulueta posted Apr 2022 PMSubscribe.docx
Reply 1 amilka Zulueta posted Apr 2022 PMSubscribe.docx
Breastfeeding Patterns In Relation To Thumb Sucking And Pacifier Use
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Yochelson and samenow
The study aimed to examine the thinking patterns of 255 male convicted offenders over 14 years. Interviews found that criminals have distinct thinking patterns compared to non-criminals, including feeling restless and irritable, seeing requests as impositions, wanting excitement at any cost, and lacking empathy. Criminals were also found to be poor decision-makers who deny responsibility. While most dropped out, only 9 changed after the program, suggesting criminals have ingrained cognitive processes leading to a distorted self-image and criminal choices.
Wheatley
A study examined the effects of acupuncture treatment on 350 prisoners receiving drug addiction treatment. Prisoners received either standard treatment alone or standard treatment plus acupuncture delivered in group sessions by trained practitioners. Qualitative reports from prisoners found improvements in sleep, relaxation, coping skills, and cravings after acupuncture. Quantitatively, the study found a 70% reduction in drug incidents, 41% reduction in serious reports, and 42-33% reduction in positive drug tests from pre- to post-treatment periods. The researcher concluded acupuncture was an effective complementary therapy to standard drug treatment programs in prisons.
Watson and raynor
Little Albert was a child used in a study by Watson and Raynor to induce and test a fear response through classical conditioning. They exposed Albert to a rat followed by a loud noise to condition him to fear the rat, then tested if this fear generalized to other similar objects like rabbits and fuzzy materials. The study aimed to see if fear could be induced, if it would transfer, how time affected the response, and how to remove the fear in the lab.
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The cognitive interview is a technique used by interviewers to help witnesses recall events more accurately. It was developed in the 1980s and combines insights from social and cognitive psychology. The cognitive interview uses multiple memory retrieval strategies, encourages witnesses to recreate the original context, and exploits the associative nature of human memory by using different starting points to access memories. It aims to reduce errors and confabulation by addressing how expectations can influence recall according to schema theory. More recent versions give more control to witnesses and encourage creating a mental image of the event.
Social approach
The document discusses the social approach in social psychology, which analyzes human behavior through the influence of others, groups, society, and culture. It examines key researchers like Milgram and methods like experiments, surveys, and observations. While the approach has demonstrated social influences and explained various phenomena, its weaknesses include oversimplifying individual differences and some research being considered unethical.
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The document reviews the effectiveness of restorative justice (RJ) in preventing reoffending. It finds that RJ reduces reoffending for violence and property crimes, especially when there is a personal victim, and it is more effective if violence was part of the original crime. RJ also improves victims' mental health by reducing trauma symptoms and helping them process what happened. The conclusion is that there is strong evidence RJ works in some cases, especially for young offenders, and police forces are gaining expertise in RJ conferencing.
Rotter
Rotter reviewed six studies on internal versus external locus of control, finding that participants who felt in control of outcomes (internal locus) were more likely to engage in behaviors to cope with threats, versus those feeling outcomes were due to chance (external locus). Specifically, male smokers who successfully quit smoking had a higher internal locus than those who relapsed, though this difference was not significant for female smokers due to other factors like weight gain.
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The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of judicial instructions to disregard inadmissible evidence presented in a mock trial. Specifically, it examined how juror credibility ratings of witnesses and verdicts were impacted when judges provided legal explanations for their instructions to ignore evidence versus no explanation. Results showed that witness credibility was the only statistically significant factor influencing juror decisions under the conditions tested. Further analysis confirmed confidence is a poor predictor of witness accuracy.
Nemeth and wachtler
The study investigated how perceived autonomy and consistency influence minority views in a group. In a mock trial experiment, participants deliberated compensation amounts, with a confederate suggesting a deviant lower amount. When the confederate chose their own seat or sat at the head of the table, perceived as more autonomous, their minority view had more influence over the group. Being consistent in the view also increased influence, even affecting decisions in a second case.
Kohlberg moral
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Ireland
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether anger management courses are effective for young male offenders. It describes a study with 50 prisoners who completed an anger management course and a control group of 37 prisoners who did not. Measures of wing behavior, cognitive interviews, and self-reported anger were collected before and after for both groups. Results showed significant reductions in reported and observed anger and aggression for prisoners who took the course, but not the control group. However, the study did not collect long-term recidivism data.
Individual differences
Individual differences psychology analyzes individuals from the perspective of their uniqueness, focusing on how people differ rather than generalizing to all people. It uses a range of methods like case studies, participant observation, and literature reviews to gain a deeper understanding of exceptional cases and different groups. While providing practical applications for treating mental illness and understanding diverse cultures, the approach also has disadvantages like potential lack of scientific rigor, subjectivity, and limited generalizability due to focusing on small, unique groups.
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This study examined the relationship between the type of offense committed and how offenders attribute blame for their criminal acts. It administered the 42-item Blame Attribution Inventory to 80 criminals serving sentences in Northern Ireland, divided into groups that committed violent, sexual, or property offenses. Results showed that sexual offenders expressed the most remorse, followed by violent offenders, while violent offenders scored highest on external attribution of blame. When compared to previous findings from England, Irish violent prisoners showed lower scores on mental element, guilt, and higher external attribution. The conclusions were that attribution of blame was largely consistent across offender groups and countries, with some differences found for violent offenders during Northern Ireland's period of conflict.
Gottesman and shields
This document reviews adoption and twin studies on schizophrenia conducted between 1967 and 1976. The studies found that adopted children with schizophrenic biological parents were more likely to develop schizophrenia than those with non-schizophrenic biological parents or adoptive parents. Twin studies also found higher concordance rates of schizophrenia in identical twins compared to fraternal twins, indicating a genetic component. However, concordance rates were below 100%, suggesting both genetic and environmental factors contribute to schizophrenia.
Geer and maisel (start)
Controlled individuals reported less stress than those without control. Both perceived and actual control reduced stress reactions to unpleasant stimuli, though actual control had a greater impact. Providing individuals with some level of control over stressful events can help reduce physiological and psychological stress responses.
Bandura and adams
The document summarizes a study that assessed self-efficacy in patients undergoing desensitization treatment for snake phobias. Ten patients participated in a standardized desensitization program involving relaxation and exposure to images and live snakes. Pre- and post-treatment assessments found that patients with higher levels of increased self-efficacy after treatment engaged more with snakes, supporting the theory that enhancing self-efficacy leads to a belief in one's ability to cope with phobic stimuli.
Cutler et al
- The study investigated whether expert witness testimony about the limitations of eyewitness identification would make jurors more skeptical of eyewitness testimony.
- 538 undergraduate students participated in a mock trial involving eyewitness identification under varying conditions of witnessing and confidence levels.
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Farrington et al
This study followed 411 boys from childhood to age 48 to document patterns of offending behavior over time. The study found that criminal behavior peaked at ages 17-18 and that boys who began offending between ages 10-13 were more likely to reoffend. A small proportion (7%) were chronic offenders responsible for about half of recorded offenses. While most boys desisted from crime, the proportion leading successful lives increased from 78% at age 32 to 88% at age 48. Early prevention targeting at-risk youth under age 10 could significantly reduce criminality and related problems by addressing key risk factors like family criminality, poverty, impulsiveness, and poor school performance.
Canter and heritage
The document summarizes research analyzing 66 cases of sexual assault to identify patterns in offender behavior. The analysis found five key variables that were central to most cases: vaginal intercourse, no reaction to the victim, impersonal language, surprise attack, and removal of the victim's clothing. This suggests the attacks were impersonal and sudden, with the victim's response being irrelevant. The researcher concluded this method can help understand how an offender's behavior changes across offenses or determine if multiple offenses were committed by the same person, establishing his 5-factor theory of offender profiling.
Beck et al
Beck et al. interviewed 50 patients diagnosed with depression aged 18 to 48 who were undergoing therapy, as well as a control group of 31 non-depressed patients, to understand cognitive distortions. Patients reported thoughts before and during therapy sessions and some kept thought diaries. Certain themes of low self-esteem, self-blame, feelings of being overwhelmed, anxiety, and paranoia appeared in depressed patients that were not present in the non-depressed group.
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Watt et al
- 1. Watt et al. Improving adherence to taking medication for asthma.
- 2. Aim To see if using a Funhaler cam improve children’s adherence to taking medication for asthma.
- 3. Methodology A filed experiment, although as it involves children with asthma it can also qualify as a quasi-experiment. The experiment sets up two conditions, then uses self-report to measure adherence rates.
- 4. Participants 32 Australian children (10 boys and 22 females) aged 1.5 to 6 years with a mean age of 3.2 years. They has all been diagnosed with asthma and prescribed drugs delivered by pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI). The parents gave unformed consent.
- 5. Design A repeated measures design as each participant has one week using a normal pMDI inhaler then on week using the Funhaler.
- 6. Procedure Each child was given a pMDI to use for one week, and the parents were given a questionnaire to complete. The second week, the children used a Funhaler, and the parents were given a questionnaire with matched questions at the end of the second week. The Funhaler has incentive toys (spinner and whistle) which function best when the child uses the deep breathing pattern that ensures the effective inhalation of the medication.
- 7. Findings 38% of more parents were found to have medicated their children the previous day when using the Funhaler, compared to the existing treatment.
- 8. Conclusions Previous research has given reasons for non-adherence in children with asthma, such as boredom, forgetfulness and apathy. The Funhaler set out to remedy this by reinforcing correct usage of the inhaler with a spinner and a whistle. This sis improve adherence to the medication. So by making the medical regime fun, adherence, certainly in children, cam be improved.