SEMINAR TOPIC IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ON FUEL CELLS. SHORT AND BRIEF PRESENTATION ON FUEL CELLS. The presentation consists for preview till conclusion and is meant for minor projects submission by engineering students.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
SEMINAR TOPIC IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ON FUEL CELLS. SHORT AND BRIEF PRESENTATION ON FUEL CELLS. The presentation consists for preview till conclusion and is meant for minor projects submission by engineering students.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
Failure Modes of Lead Acid Battery described in detail.
Advantages of Sodium Sulfate Lr grade Powder & Tablets.
Sodium Sulfate LR Grade is a battery life saver which prevents battery by early premature failure It is used in electrolyte of free flooded conventional lead acid & VRLA batteries. By adding common ions (Sulfate Ions) to the acid electrolyte reaction, it will increase the sulfuric acid concentration and hard ions of lead Sulfate will soluble so fast, so that the specific gravity increases up to a level in all cells of lead acid batteries.How Sodium Sulfate Tablets Work In Lead Acid Batteries?
Sodium Sulfate are highly water soluble salts and they dissociate in water, producing Sulfate ions. Concentration of these salts have been kept at such level that conductivity is high and this helps electrical current to pass through it.
The addition of sodium Sulfate provides an inventory (excess) of Sulfate ion that are available for more conductance. the growth of larger crystals, called hard Sulfate occurs by a dissolution precipitation process when the battery is in a discharged condition.
Sulfate ions are common in both charge and discharge reactions. The reaction is also known as double Sulfate theory. During discharge lead Sulfate builds up and becomes insulating material, thereby increasing internal resistance of the cell / battery. If another common conducting ion like dissociated sodium Sulfate accepts charge of the cell / battery. Whenever a solution of an ionic substance comes into contact with another ionic compound with a common ion, the solubility of the ionic substance decreases significantly. In case of Charging When Na2SO4 is added as additive in acid electrolyte, then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 decrease.
On the other hand in case of discharging : When Na2SO4 is added as additive to in an electrolyte medium Diluted Sulphuric acid then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 increase.
According to famous scientist, Lechatelier & his hypothesis that, when a chemical reactants are at equilibrium, the addition of more of one of the ions from another compound will shift the composition to the left, reducing the concentration of other ion and effectively reducing the solubility of the solid to maintain the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate Sulfate into lead Sulfate, it will increases the concentration of Sulfate ions in Lead Sulfate, So that Formation of Sulfuric acid will be more faster to attend the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate ions as electrolyte additive into lead acid batteries, the cell reaction becomes faster for the production of Lead Sulfate in case of discharging and sulfuric acid in case of charging.
For More Information Whatsapp me on +91 9326816467
Battery Testing 101 by Megger and TranscatTranscat
In this informative webinar, Andrew Sagl of Megger presents an overview of the various battery testing technologies available as well as how to properly maintain VRLA and VLA batteries.
Early life, Military life, major battles, Leadership qualities, Leadership style, Sri Lankan Naval Leader, Remarcable, Navy leadership in Sri Lanaka, 5th Navy commander, First admiral of the fleet of SLN
generators, generator types, generator function, generator instillation, working principle of generator starter circuit, relationship between KW,KVA and KVAR auto voltage regulation (AVR), speed monitoring circuit.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. collection of one or more electrochemical
cells in which stored chemical energy is
converted into electrical energy
3. Primary
Carbon-Zinc dry cell
Lithium
Mercury Oxide
Silver Oxide
Secondary
Lead Acid
(Flooded/Sealed)
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Secondary
Chemical
Batteries
Other
Physical
Energy
Fuel Cell
Solar cell
Thermal
Nuclear Energy
4. Deep-cycle
Designed for maximum energy storage capacity and high cycle
count (long life), and are rated in Amp/Hours. This is achieved by
installing thick lead plates with limited surface area.
Typical applications are boats, Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
Engine Starting
Starter batteries are made for maximum power output, usually
rated in CCA (Cold-Cranking amps). The battery manufacturer
obtains this by adding multiple “lead plates” to obtain larger
surface area for maximum conductivity.
Typical applications are vehicles & motorcycles
5. Lead-acid batteries
basic components
are
commonly
made
of
A resilient plastic container
Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
Electrolyte - 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water
Battery Terminals
five
6. Lead-Acid Batteries come in several different configurations
Flooded Lead-acid – Available in Deep cycle or Engine
starting as sealed or open variety
Sealed Lead-acid - The liquid electrolyte is gelled into
moistened lead plate-separators, which allow the case to
be
sealed.
Safety
valves
allow
venting
during
charge, discharge
and atmospheric pressure changes.
Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries (AGM) - sealed lead-acid
that
uses absorbed glass mats between the plates. It is
sealed,
maintenance-free and the plates are rigidly
mounted to
withstand extensive shock and vibration
7. The definition of Capacity is usually given in
Amp-hours (Ah) or Cold cranking amps
(CCA), cranking amps (CA), and Reserve
Capacity (RC)
(Ah) is specifies the amount of current
(measured in Amperes) it can provide over a
20 Hours period
(CCA) is a measurement of the number of amps
a battery can deliver at 0 F for 30 seconds
and not drop below 7.2 volts
(CA) is measured at 32 degrees F. This rating is
also called marine cranking amps (MCA)
(RC) is a very important rating. This is the
number of minutes a fully charged battery at
80 F will discharge 25 amps until the battery
drops below 10.5 volts
8.
9.
10. Parameters for Recharging
Charging Current - All batteries have a “maximum
current” at which they can be safely charged
Charging Voltage - Applying a voltage across its
positive & negative terminals that is higher than the voltage
it already has across them
Charging Time - The charge time of a sealed leadacid battery is 12-16 hours (up to 36 hours for larger
capacity batteries)
16. Conversion Efficiency
This denotes how well it converts an electrical charge into chemical
energy and back again. The higher this factor, the less energy is converted
into heat and the faster a battery can be charged without overheating. The
lower the internal resistance of a battery, the better its conversion efficiency.
Sulfation
Sulfation of lead-acid batteries starts when the electrolyte’s specific
gravity falls below 1.225. It results in a salt-like substance forming on the
battery plate surface and it can harden on the battery plates if left long
enough, reducing and eventually blocking chemical reaction between the
lead plate and the electrolyte. Equalization is the solution for this
problem.
17. Gassing
Batteries start to gas when you attempt to charge them faster than
they can absorb the energy. The excess energy is turned into
heat, which then causes the electrolyte to boil and evaporate. is the
suitable method for reduce this is good ventilated area.
Self-Discharge
The self-discharge rate is a measure of how much batteries
discharge on their own. The self-discharge rate is governed by the
construction of the battery and the properties of the components
used inside the cell (alloy of the lead, sulfuric concentrations of the
electrolyte, etc.).
18. The optimum operating temperature for the lead-acid battery is 25 C
(77 F).
As a guideline, every 8 C (15 F) rise in temperature will cut the
battery life in half.
A VRLA, which would last for 10 years at 25 C (77 F), will only be
good for 5 years if operated at 33 C (95 F).
Theoretically the same battery would last a little more than one year
at a desert temperature of 42 C (107 F)
19.
20. positive reacts
Ni(OH)2 - e + OH- -> NiOOH + H2O
Negative reaction
Cd(OH)2 + 2e -> Cd + 2OHwhole reaction
2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2-> 2NiOOH+ Cd+ 2H2O
When discharged
NiOOH + H2O + e Cd + 2OH- + 2e ->
Ni(OH)2 + OH- Cd(OH)2
Main applications are two-way radios, biomedical equipment and power tools
21. Positive reaction
LiCoO2 -> Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xeNegative reaction
C + xLi+ + xe- -> Clix
whole reaction
LiCoO2 + C -> Li1-xCoO2 + CLix
Applications include notebook computers portable power tools, medical devices
and cell phones.
22. Ensure proper maintenance of engine starting batteries due to the
extreme importance of getting a ship under way in any
circumstances
Attention should be paid to the electrolyte level and specific
gravity for vented batteries
A boost charge shall be given if the specific gravity of the
battery cells meet the conditions stipulated by manufacturer
Ensure that the battery is not being overcharged
Keep engine starting batteries clean, dry and free of seawater
Period of inactivity for the ship of a week or more, give the
battery a normal charge
23.
Inspected for height of electrolyte once each week
The electrolyte level shall never be allowed to fall below the top
of the separators
Add pure distilled water at any time to replace that which has
evaporated
Add water just before the battery is placed on charge, as the
water remains on top of the electrolyte until mixed with it by
charging
After adding water, replace and tighten the vent plugs
Remove all water or electrolyte spilled during watering and
make sure that the tops and sides of the cells are clean and dry
24.
Ensure that distilled water that is to be used for watering
batteries and mixing electrolyte does not contain impurities
Use only premixed electrolyte when replacing spilled electrolyte
Fully charged specific gravity between the limits of 1.220 and
1.210 specific gravity at 27 C (80 F)
The specific gravity of a cell that has fallen below 1.210 shall
not be increased by the addition of acid untill it has been definitely
ascertained by test that the low-gravity condition is not due to
sulfation
The addition of acid to increase the specific gravity of a
sulfated cell will aggravate the existing condition
25.
The specific gravity of cells which exceed 1.220 shall be
cut by the removal of an appropriate amount of electrolyte
and the addition of distilled water
Sulfuric acid of a specific gravity greater than 1.350 shall
not be added to a battery
26.
Personnel handling or mixing electrolyte shall wear proper
protective items
If concentrated acid or electrolyte come in contact with the
skin, immediately wash the affected with freshwater
As soon as possible get the medical assistance
During electrolyte mixing the acid must be poured into the water
and not the water poured into the acid
The acid must be added slowly and cautiously to the water to
prevent excessive heating and splashing
The solution should be continually stirred by a glass rod while
the acid is being poured into the water to prevent the heavier acid
from flowing to the bottom of the vessel
27.
To prepare electrolyte, lead or rubber vessels and stirring rods
are necessary
Only pure distilled water shall be used
Every effort must be made to keep impurities from the
electrolyte while mixing, since they shorten battery life
Extreme care must be taken to ensure that acid container
(carboys) are absolutely airtight
The addition of even a small quantity of water to a carboy of
strong sulfuric acid may cause an explosion due to the sudden
evolution of heat
Editor's Notes
Charging Current: All batteries have a “maximum current” at which they can be safely charged. High charging current means less time is necessary to complete the recharging process, however, a maximum value can also shorten battery life. Cases of extreme over-current could result in a hazardous condition due to battery overheating and thermal runaway.• Charging Voltage: A lead-acid battery is charged by applying a voltage across its positive & negative terminals that is higher than the voltage it already has across them. The greater the difference between the applied voltage and the battery voltage, the greater the charging current that will flow and the quicker the battery will be charged.• Charging Time: The charge time of a sealed lead-acid battery is 12-16 hours (up to 36 hours for larger capacity batteries). With higher charge currents and multi-stage charge methods, the charge time can be reduced to 10 hours or less. It takes 3 to 5 times as long to recharge a lead-acid battery to the same level as it does to discharge it.
Load testing is yet another way of testing a battery. Load test removes amps from a battery much like starting an engine would. A load tester can be purchased at most auto parts stores. Some battery companies label their battery with the amp load for testing. This number is usually 1/2 of the CCA rating. For instance, a 500CCA battery would load test at 250 amps for 15 seconds. A load test can only be performed if the battery is near or at full charge.
SulfationSulfation of lead-acid batteries starts when the electrolyte’s specific gravity falls below 1.225, or when voltage measures less than 12.4V. Sulfation results in a salt-like substance forming on the battery plate surface and it can harden on the battery plates if left long enough, reducing and eventually blocking chemical reaction between the lead plate and the electrolyte. It disables the ability of the battery to generate its rated voltage and amperage. Sulfation is the main reason a significant percentage of lead-acid batteries don’t reach their intended life span.
GassingBatteries start to gas when you attempt to charge them faster than they can absorb the energy. The excess energy is turned into heat, which then causes the electrolyte to boil and evaporate. The evaporated electrolyte can be replenished in batteries with removable caps such as most flooded deep-cycle batteries, however, many car batteries are sealed and thus need to be replaced when their electrolyte evaporates over time.
Ni(OH)2 consistence reduced with NiOOH consistence increasing during chargingthe positive electrical potential gradually raised, while with Cd increasingCd(OH)2 is decreased, and the negative electrical potential gradually reducedNiCd Batteries are UniqueNiCad batteries are different from typical alkaline batteries or lead-acid batteries in several key ways. One of the main key differences is in cell voltage. A typical alkaline or lead-acid battery has a cell voltage of approximately 1.5 V, which then steadily drops off as it is depleted. NiCad batteries are unique in that they will maintain a steady voltage of 1.2v per cell up until it is almost completely depleted. This causes the NiCad batteries to have the ability to deliver full power output up until the end of its discharge cycle. So, while they have a lower voltage per cell, they have a more powerful delivery throughout the entirety of the application. Some manufacturers make up the voltage difference by adding an extra cell to the battery pack. This allows for the voltage to be the same as the traditional type batteries, while still retaining the constant voltage that is so unique of NiCads. Another reason the NiCad batteries can deliver such high power output, is they have very low internal resistance. Because their internal resistance is so low, they are capable of discharging a lot of power very quickly, as well as accepting a lot of power very quickly. Having such a low internal resistance keeps the internal temperature low as well, allowing for quick charge and discharge times. This feature, combined with the constant voltage of the cells, allows them to put out a high amount of amperage, at a consistently higher voltage than comparable alkaline batteries.
Personnel handling or mixing electrolyte shall wear proper protective items rubber aprons, rubber boots and rubber gloves, so that the acid does not come into contact with clothing or skin and The face must be guarded by a full face shieldIf concentrated acid or electrolyte come in contact with the skin, immediately wash the affected area freely with a large quantity of freshwater for about 15 minutes