This document discusses lead-acid batteries. It provides information on their components, configurations, ratings, charging and discharging chemistry, and maintenance procedures. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used as starter batteries in vehicles and for deep cycling in boats and backup power supplies. They have plastic containers, lead plates, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and require regular checks of electrolyte levels and specific gravity to ensure proper functioning.
Failure Modes of Lead Acid Battery described in detail.
Advantages of Sodium Sulfate Lr grade Powder & Tablets.
Sodium Sulfate LR Grade is a battery life saver which prevents battery by early premature failure It is used in electrolyte of free flooded conventional lead acid & VRLA batteries. By adding common ions (Sulfate Ions) to the acid electrolyte reaction, it will increase the sulfuric acid concentration and hard ions of lead Sulfate will soluble so fast, so that the specific gravity increases up to a level in all cells of lead acid batteries.How Sodium Sulfate Tablets Work In Lead Acid Batteries?
Sodium Sulfate are highly water soluble salts and they dissociate in water, producing Sulfate ions. Concentration of these salts have been kept at such level that conductivity is high and this helps electrical current to pass through it.
The addition of sodium Sulfate provides an inventory (excess) of Sulfate ion that are available for more conductance. the growth of larger crystals, called hard Sulfate occurs by a dissolution precipitation process when the battery is in a discharged condition.
Sulfate ions are common in both charge and discharge reactions. The reaction is also known as double Sulfate theory. During discharge lead Sulfate builds up and becomes insulating material, thereby increasing internal resistance of the cell / battery. If another common conducting ion like dissociated sodium Sulfate accepts charge of the cell / battery. Whenever a solution of an ionic substance comes into contact with another ionic compound with a common ion, the solubility of the ionic substance decreases significantly. In case of Charging When Na2SO4 is added as additive in acid electrolyte, then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 decrease.
On the other hand in case of discharging : When Na2SO4 is added as additive to in an electrolyte medium Diluted Sulphuric acid then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 increase.
According to famous scientist, Lechatelier & his hypothesis that, when a chemical reactants are at equilibrium, the addition of more of one of the ions from another compound will shift the composition to the left, reducing the concentration of other ion and effectively reducing the solubility of the solid to maintain the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate Sulfate into lead Sulfate, it will increases the concentration of Sulfate ions in Lead Sulfate, So that Formation of Sulfuric acid will be more faster to attend the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate ions as electrolyte additive into lead acid batteries, the cell reaction becomes faster for the production of Lead Sulfate in case of discharging and sulfuric acid in case of charging.
For More Information Whatsapp me on +91 9326816467
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
Battery Testing 101 by Megger and TranscatTranscat
In this informative webinar, Andrew Sagl of Megger presents an overview of the various battery testing technologies available as well as how to properly maintain VRLA and VLA batteries.
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
Failure Modes of Lead Acid Battery described in detail.
Advantages of Sodium Sulfate Lr grade Powder & Tablets.
Sodium Sulfate LR Grade is a battery life saver which prevents battery by early premature failure It is used in electrolyte of free flooded conventional lead acid & VRLA batteries. By adding common ions (Sulfate Ions) to the acid electrolyte reaction, it will increase the sulfuric acid concentration and hard ions of lead Sulfate will soluble so fast, so that the specific gravity increases up to a level in all cells of lead acid batteries.How Sodium Sulfate Tablets Work In Lead Acid Batteries?
Sodium Sulfate are highly water soluble salts and they dissociate in water, producing Sulfate ions. Concentration of these salts have been kept at such level that conductivity is high and this helps electrical current to pass through it.
The addition of sodium Sulfate provides an inventory (excess) of Sulfate ion that are available for more conductance. the growth of larger crystals, called hard Sulfate occurs by a dissolution precipitation process when the battery is in a discharged condition.
Sulfate ions are common in both charge and discharge reactions. The reaction is also known as double Sulfate theory. During discharge lead Sulfate builds up and becomes insulating material, thereby increasing internal resistance of the cell / battery. If another common conducting ion like dissociated sodium Sulfate accepts charge of the cell / battery. Whenever a solution of an ionic substance comes into contact with another ionic compound with a common ion, the solubility of the ionic substance decreases significantly. In case of Charging When Na2SO4 is added as additive in acid electrolyte, then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 decrease.
On the other hand in case of discharging : When Na2SO4 is added as additive to in an electrolyte medium Diluted Sulphuric acid then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 increase.
According to famous scientist, Lechatelier & his hypothesis that, when a chemical reactants are at equilibrium, the addition of more of one of the ions from another compound will shift the composition to the left, reducing the concentration of other ion and effectively reducing the solubility of the solid to maintain the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate Sulfate into lead Sulfate, it will increases the concentration of Sulfate ions in Lead Sulfate, So that Formation of Sulfuric acid will be more faster to attend the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate ions as electrolyte additive into lead acid batteries, the cell reaction becomes faster for the production of Lead Sulfate in case of discharging and sulfuric acid in case of charging.
For More Information Whatsapp me on +91 9326816467
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
Battery Testing 101 by Megger and TranscatTranscat
In this informative webinar, Andrew Sagl of Megger presents an overview of the various battery testing technologies available as well as how to properly maintain VRLA and VLA batteries.
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
4. Deep-cycle
Designed for maximum energy storage capacity and high cycle
count (long life), and are rated in Amp/Hours. This is achieved by
installing thick lead plates with limited surface area.
Typical applications are boats, Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
Engine Starting
Starter batteries are made for maximum power output, usually
rated in CCA (Cold-Cranking amps). The battery manufacturer
obtains this by adding multiple “lead plates” to obtain larger
surface area for maximum conductivity.
Typical applications are vehicles & motorcycles
5. Lead-acid batteries are commonly made of five
basic components
A resilient plastic container
Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
Electrolyte - 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water
Battery Terminals
6. Lead-Acid Batteries come in several different configurations
Flooded Lead-acid – Available in Deep cycle or Engine
starting as sealed or open variety
Sealed Lead-acid - The liquid electrolyte is gelled into
moistened lead plate-separators, which allow the case to
be sealed. Safety valves allow venting during
charge, discharge and atmospheric pressure changes.
Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries (AGM) - sealed lead-acid
that uses absorbed glass mats between the plates. It is
sealed, maintenance-free and the plates are rigidly
mounted to withstand extensive shock and vibration
7. The definition of Capacity is usually given in
Amp-hours (Ah) or Cold cranking amps
(CCA), cranking amps (CA), and Reserve
Capacity (RC)
(Ah) is specifies the amount of current
(measured in Amperes) it can provide over a
20 Hours period
(CCA) is a measurement of the number of amps
a battery can deliver at 0 F for 30 seconds
and not drop below 7.2 volts
(CA) is measured at 32 degrees F. This rating is
also called marine cranking amps (MCA)
(RC) is a very important rating. This is the
number of minutes a fully charged battery at
80 F will discharge 25 amps until the battery
drops below 10.5 volts
8.
9.
10. Parameters for Recharging
Charging Current - All batteries have a “maximum
current” at which they can be safely charged
Charging Voltage - Applying a voltage across its
positive & negative terminals that is higher than the voltage
it already has across them
Charging Time - The charge time of a sealed lead-
acid battery is 12-16 hours (up to 36 hours for larger
capacity batteries)
16. Conversion Efficiency
This denotes how well it converts an electrical charge into chemical
energy and back again. The higher this factor, the less energy is converted
into heat and the faster a battery can be charged without overheating. The
lower the internal resistance of a battery, the better its conversion efficiency.
Sulfation
Sulfation of lead-acid batteries starts when the electrolyte’s specific
gravity falls below 1.225. It results in a salt-like substance forming on the
battery plate surface and it can harden on the battery plates if left long
enough, reducing and eventually blocking chemical reaction between the
lead plate and the electrolyte. Equalization is the solution for this
problem.
17. Gassing
Batteries start to gas when you attempt to charge them faster than
they can absorb the energy. The excess energy is turned into
heat, which then causes the electrolyte to boil and evaporate. is the
suitable method for reduce this is good ventilated area.
Self-Discharge
The self-discharge rate is a measure of how much batteries
discharge on their own. The self-discharge rate is governed by the
construction of the battery and the properties of the components
used inside the cell (alloy of the lead, sulfuric concentrations of the
electrolyte, etc.).
18. The optimum operating temperature for the lead-acid battery is 25 C
(77 F).
As a guideline, every 8 C (15 F) rise in temperature will cut the
battery life in half.
A VRLA, which would last for 10 years at 25 C (77 F), will only be
good for 5 years if operated at 33 C (95 F).
Theoretically the same battery would last a little more than one year
at a desert temperature of 42 C (107 F)
19.
20. positive reacts
Ni(OH)2 - e + OH- -> NiOOH + H2O
Negative reaction
Cd(OH)2 + 2e -> Cd + 2OH-
whole reaction
2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2-> 2NiOOH+ Cd+ 2H2O
When discharged
NiOOH + H2O + e Cd + 2OH- + 2e ->
Ni(OH)2 + OH- Cd(OH)2
Main applications are two-way radios, biomedical equipment and power tools
21. Positive reaction
LiCoO2 -> Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-
Negative reaction
C + xLi+ + xe- -> Clix
whole reaction
LiCoO2 + C -> Li1-xCoO2 + CLix
Applications include notebook computers portable power tools, medical devices
and cell phones.
22. Ensure proper maintenance of engine starting batteries due to the
extreme importance of getting a ship under way in any
circumstances
Attention should be paid to the electrolyte level and specific
gravity for vented batteries
A boost charge shall be given if the specific gravity of the
battery cells meet the conditions stipulated by manufacturer
Ensure that the battery is not being overcharged
Keep engine starting batteries clean, dry and free of seawater
Period of inactivity for the ship of a week or more, give the
battery a normal charge
23. Inspected for height of electrolyte once each week
The electrolyte level shall never be allowed to fall below the top
of the separators
Add pure distilled water at any time to replace that which has
evaporated
Add water just before the battery is placed on charge, as the
water remains on top of the electrolyte until mixed with it by
charging
After adding water, replace and tighten the vent plugs
Remove all water or electrolyte spilled during watering and
make sure that the tops and sides of the cells are clean and dry
24. Ensure that distilled water that is to be used for watering
batteries and mixing electrolyte does not contain impurities
Use only premixed electrolyte when replacing spilled electrolyte
Fully charged specific gravity between the limits of 1.220 and
1.210 specific gravity at 27 C (80 F)
The specific gravity of a cell that has fallen below 1.210 shall
not be increased by the addition of acid untill it has been definitely
ascertained by test that the low-gravity condition is not due to
sulfation
The addition of acid to increase the specific gravity of a
sulfated cell will aggravate the existing condition
25. The specific gravity of cells which exceed 1.220 shall be
cut by the removal of an appropriate amount of electrolyte
and the addition of distilled water
Sulfuric acid of a specific gravity greater than 1.350 shall
not be added to a battery
26. Personnel handling or mixing electrolyte shall wear proper
protective items
If concentrated acid or electrolyte come in contact with the
skin, immediately wash the affected with freshwater
As soon as possible get the medical assistance
During electrolyte mixing the acid must be poured into the water
and not the water poured into the acid
The acid must be added slowly and cautiously to the water to
prevent excessive heating and splashing
The solution should be continually stirred by a glass rod while
the acid is being poured into the water to prevent the heavier acid
from flowing to the bottom of the vessel
27. To prepare electrolyte, lead or rubber vessels and stirring rods
are necessary
Only pure distilled water shall be used
Every effort must be made to keep impurities from the
electrolyte while mixing, since they shorten battery life
Extreme care must be taken to ensure that acid container
(carboys) are absolutely airtight
The addition of even a small quantity of water to a carboy of
strong sulfuric acid may cause an explosion due to the sudden
evolution of heat