The document discusses caring for and testing lead-acid batteries used in railway signaling applications. It describes the classification of primary and secondary cells, the types of lead-acid cells used, their construction, chemical reactions, and how to monitor state of charge through specific gravity measurements. It also provides guidance on initial charging, maintenance, capacity testing, and tips to maximize battery life.
The document discusses batteries and charging systems for vehicles. It covers the purpose and construction of lead-acid batteries, how they work, factors that affect their capacity, maintenance requirements, and common faults like undercharging, overcharging, and low capacity. It also discusses charging systems, the different types of charging, and how to diagnose faults in batteries and charging systems.
This document provides information about batteries, including different types (primary, secondary), chemistries (lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion), and applications (deep cycle, engine starting). It describes the basic components and configurations of lead-acid batteries, including flooded, sealed, and absorbed glass mat designs. Metrics for battery capacity ratings like amp-hours and cranking amps are defined. Guidelines for safe battery charging, maintenance, and electrolyte handling are outlined.
1. The document presents information about lead acid batteries, including their construction, types of cells, and working.
2. A lead acid battery consists of lead plates immersed in sulfuric acid electrolyte within a sealed case. During discharge, the plates convert chemical energy to electrical energy through chemical reactions.
3. The battery works by reversing these chemical reactions during charging, restoring the plates and electrolyte to their original state to allow for further use.
This document summarizes different types of batteries, including their characteristics and applications. It discusses vented lead acid batteries, sealed maintenance free batteries, and nickel cadmium batteries. It provides details on their typical lifespans, nominal voltages, charging requirements, and suitable applications. The document concludes with advice to think big, think fast, think first, but not to claim exclusivity over thoughts.
A battery charger is a device that puts energy into a rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The document discusses battery charger basics including definitions, battery chemistries, applications, and Microchip's portfolio of battery charger integrated circuits. Microchip offers various single-cell and dual-cell battery charger ICs supporting lithium-ion, lithium polymer, and lithium iron phosphate batteries with integrated or external MOSFETs and features like overvoltage protection and temperature monitoring.
A battery works by a chemical reaction between lead plates and sulfuric acid electrolyte. During discharge, lead dioxide and lead plates react with sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate, and during charging, the reactions reverse. Key factors are the battery's cold cranking amps rating, which indicates its ability to start an engine in cold weather, and specific gravity of electrolyte, which indicates state of charge. Batteries have a limited lifespan due to shedding of active material from plates over time and risk of plates becoming sulfated.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
The document discusses batteries and charging systems for vehicles. It covers the purpose and construction of lead-acid batteries, how they work, factors that affect their capacity, maintenance requirements, and common faults like undercharging, overcharging, and low capacity. It also discusses charging systems, the different types of charging, and how to diagnose faults in batteries and charging systems.
This document provides information about batteries, including different types (primary, secondary), chemistries (lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion), and applications (deep cycle, engine starting). It describes the basic components and configurations of lead-acid batteries, including flooded, sealed, and absorbed glass mat designs. Metrics for battery capacity ratings like amp-hours and cranking amps are defined. Guidelines for safe battery charging, maintenance, and electrolyte handling are outlined.
1. The document presents information about lead acid batteries, including their construction, types of cells, and working.
2. A lead acid battery consists of lead plates immersed in sulfuric acid electrolyte within a sealed case. During discharge, the plates convert chemical energy to electrical energy through chemical reactions.
3. The battery works by reversing these chemical reactions during charging, restoring the plates and electrolyte to their original state to allow for further use.
This document summarizes different types of batteries, including their characteristics and applications. It discusses vented lead acid batteries, sealed maintenance free batteries, and nickel cadmium batteries. It provides details on their typical lifespans, nominal voltages, charging requirements, and suitable applications. The document concludes with advice to think big, think fast, think first, but not to claim exclusivity over thoughts.
A battery charger is a device that puts energy into a rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The document discusses battery charger basics including definitions, battery chemistries, applications, and Microchip's portfolio of battery charger integrated circuits. Microchip offers various single-cell and dual-cell battery charger ICs supporting lithium-ion, lithium polymer, and lithium iron phosphate batteries with integrated or external MOSFETs and features like overvoltage protection and temperature monitoring.
A battery works by a chemical reaction between lead plates and sulfuric acid electrolyte. During discharge, lead dioxide and lead plates react with sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate, and during charging, the reactions reverse. Key factors are the battery's cold cranking amps rating, which indicates its ability to start an engine in cold weather, and specific gravity of electrolyte, which indicates state of charge. Batteries have a limited lifespan due to shedding of active material from plates over time and risk of plates becoming sulfated.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Batteries convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. There are primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Common battery types include alkaline batteries using zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes, zinc-carbon batteries using zinc electrodes and acidic electrolytes, nickel-cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries, and lithium-ion batteries widely used in electronics. New battery technologies aim to increase energy density, lifespan, and reduce costs and charging times.
Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible chemical reactions. There are two main types - primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used for storage in photovoltaic systems due to their low cost and long life, though they require regular maintenance. Proper ventilation is needed when charging batteries to prevent accumulation of explosive hydrogen gas. State of charge, depth of discharge, and other factors must be considered when selecting and sizing batteries.
Battery (nicd) sizing for static Applications_Substationsmandippokharel
This document contains a load profile and calculations to size a battery based on the profile. The profile consists of 8 load periods totaling 183.16667 Ah removed. The calculations select a 200Ah battery, calculate rating factors for each load duration, and size the battery capacity based on the load profile and factors with design margins. The sized battery capacity is 527.6996165 Ah with 1.1 design margin and 1.25 aging factor.
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries commonly used in consumer electronics. They work by using lithium ions shuttling between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. The lithium ions are inserted into and extracted from the crystalline structures of the electrode materials without changing their structure. This allows the batteries to be recharged many times. Some advantages of lithium-ion batteries are their high energy density, lack of memory effect, and lack of liquid electrolyte which prevents leaking. They are used widely in electric vehicles, power tools, and consumer electronics due to their lightweight and high voltage output.
This document provides a summary of batteries and battery types. It begins with general information on power systems and classifications of batteries. It then discusses several classical battery examples including lead-acid, lithium, and lithium-ion batteries. For lead-acid batteries specifically, it describes the components, reactions, applications, testing methods, factors affecting performance, maintenance procedures, and potential defects. It also discusses lithium battery features and cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. The document emphasizes the increasing importance and applications of batteries for portable electronics and electric vehicles.
An induction motor starter is necessary to control the starting current and torque of the motor. There are different types of starters that can be used depending on the size of the motor, including DOL, star-delta, primary resistance, and auto transformer starters. A soft starter uses electronics to gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor during starting and stopping, reducing mechanical and electrical stresses on the system.
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
The document discusses electric and hybrid vehicles as alternatives to conventional gasoline vehicles. It notes the rising costs and pollution problems with gasoline vehicles. Electric vehicles are defined as using electric motors powered by energy storage, while hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine with electric motors and energy storage. The document outlines the components and advantages of electric vehicles, as well as challenges like high costs and limited range. It then describes different types of hybrid vehicle architectures like series, parallel and series-parallel, and provides examples of popular hybrid models. Overall hybrids are presented as a solution that provides better fuel efficiency while addressing problems with conventional vehicles.
17 mse017 battery and battery management systempaneliya sagar
This document discusses batteries and battery management systems. It begins by introducing batteries and their use to store chemical energy for electrical output. It then discusses the main types of batteries - non-rechargeable primary batteries and rechargeable secondary batteries. The most commonly used batteries - lead-acid batteries for vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for electronics - are also mentioned. The document goes on to discuss battery banking, battery management systems, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
This document provides an overview of electric vehicle batteries, including:
1. A brief history of batteries and their use in early electric vehicles.
2. The key requirements for EV batteries including safety, high power, high capacity, small size, long life, and low cost.
3. The types of batteries used in EVs including lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-based, and others.
4. Factors that affect battery performance and safety such as temperature, charging, and battery management systems.
The document discusses the basics of automotive batteries. It explains that a lead-acid battery stores chemical energy and produces electricity through a chemical reaction between lead plates and an acid electrolyte. The battery supplies electricity to start the car and power electrical components when the engine is off or during high demand. It can be recharged by reversing the chemical reaction, and automotive batteries are designed to cycle between charging and discharging.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
The document summarizes information about batteries, including:
1. Battery rating is specified in ampere-hours and depends on discharge current and time until the voltage reaches a specified level. Higher temperature, electrolyte density, and plate size increase the rating.
2. Battery efficiency is the ratio of energy output during discharge to input during charging, and ranges from 80-90% for amp-hours and 70-80% for watt-hours in lead-acid batteries.
3. Battery charging methods include constant current, constant voltage, and using a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The depth of discharge indicates the safe level a battery can be used before recharging.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Fuses are the simplest and cheapest device used for interrupting electrical circuits during short circuits or overloads. Thomas Edison patented the fuse in 1890. Fuses have advantages like being inexpensive and requiring no maintenance, but disadvantages include lost time replacing blown fuses and lack of discrimination between fuses in series. Common fuse types include semi-enclosed rewireable fuses, high rupturing capacity cartridge fuses, and high voltage cartridge, liquid, and metal clad fuses. Fuse elements are typically made of silver for its conductivity and ability to quickly melt and vaporize during faults.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
This document discusses different types of cells and batteries. It describes how batteries were invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799 and how they work by producing electricity through a chemical reaction between two different metals. It distinguishes between primary batteries, which cannot be recharged, and secondary batteries, which can be recharged. The document also discusses dry cells versus wet cells, battery safety issues like explosions, and environmental concerns related to battery production, use, and disposal.
The document discusses energy storage as a prerequisite for harnessing renewable energy. It summarizes various methods of energy storage including chemical, heat, electric, electrochemical, and gravitational. It then focuses on batteries as a form of electrochemical energy storage. Batteries can store electrical energy chemically and convert it back to electrical energy when needed. The document discusses lead-acid batteries in detail, covering their fundamental principles, classifications based on plate type and electrolyte, uses, and factors that affect battery capacity over time.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Batteries convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. There are primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Common battery types include alkaline batteries using zinc and manganese dioxide electrodes, zinc-carbon batteries using zinc electrodes and acidic electrolytes, nickel-cadmium batteries, lead-acid batteries, and lithium-ion batteries widely used in electronics. New battery technologies aim to increase energy density, lifespan, and reduce costs and charging times.
Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible chemical reactions. There are two main types - primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used for storage in photovoltaic systems due to their low cost and long life, though they require regular maintenance. Proper ventilation is needed when charging batteries to prevent accumulation of explosive hydrogen gas. State of charge, depth of discharge, and other factors must be considered when selecting and sizing batteries.
Battery (nicd) sizing for static Applications_Substationsmandippokharel
This document contains a load profile and calculations to size a battery based on the profile. The profile consists of 8 load periods totaling 183.16667 Ah removed. The calculations select a 200Ah battery, calculate rating factors for each load duration, and size the battery capacity based on the load profile and factors with design margins. The sized battery capacity is 527.6996165 Ah with 1.1 design margin and 1.25 aging factor.
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries commonly used in consumer electronics. They work by using lithium ions shuttling between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. The lithium ions are inserted into and extracted from the crystalline structures of the electrode materials without changing their structure. This allows the batteries to be recharged many times. Some advantages of lithium-ion batteries are their high energy density, lack of memory effect, and lack of liquid electrolyte which prevents leaking. They are used widely in electric vehicles, power tools, and consumer electronics due to their lightweight and high voltage output.
This document provides a summary of batteries and battery types. It begins with general information on power systems and classifications of batteries. It then discusses several classical battery examples including lead-acid, lithium, and lithium-ion batteries. For lead-acid batteries specifically, it describes the components, reactions, applications, testing methods, factors affecting performance, maintenance procedures, and potential defects. It also discusses lithium battery features and cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. The document emphasizes the increasing importance and applications of batteries for portable electronics and electric vehicles.
An induction motor starter is necessary to control the starting current and torque of the motor. There are different types of starters that can be used depending on the size of the motor, including DOL, star-delta, primary resistance, and auto transformer starters. A soft starter uses electronics to gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor during starting and stopping, reducing mechanical and electrical stresses on the system.
This presentation discusses lead acid batteries. It describes lead acid batteries as a type of secondary cell that can be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. The document outlines the construction of lead acid batteries, including their lead and sulfuric acid components, plastic case, lead plates coated in lead dioxide and spongy lead, and separator. It also explains the four stages of the battery's working: charged, discharging, discharged, and recharging.
The document discusses electric and hybrid vehicles as alternatives to conventional gasoline vehicles. It notes the rising costs and pollution problems with gasoline vehicles. Electric vehicles are defined as using electric motors powered by energy storage, while hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine with electric motors and energy storage. The document outlines the components and advantages of electric vehicles, as well as challenges like high costs and limited range. It then describes different types of hybrid vehicle architectures like series, parallel and series-parallel, and provides examples of popular hybrid models. Overall hybrids are presented as a solution that provides better fuel efficiency while addressing problems with conventional vehicles.
17 mse017 battery and battery management systempaneliya sagar
This document discusses batteries and battery management systems. It begins by introducing batteries and their use to store chemical energy for electrical output. It then discusses the main types of batteries - non-rechargeable primary batteries and rechargeable secondary batteries. The most commonly used batteries - lead-acid batteries for vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for electronics - are also mentioned. The document goes on to discuss battery banking, battery management systems, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
Active Thermal Management Systems in Electric VehiclesAutomotive IQ
The goal of all thermal management is to deliver a battery pack that functions at an optimum average temperature with even temperature distribution across all cells. Moreover, it must be lightweight, low cost, easy packaged and compatible too. Active thermal management systems offer a wide range of advantages for electric vehicle batteries. But is it actually better than passive systems?
Read more about the topic on the article’s second part on thermal management systems in electric vehicles here: http://bit.ly/Article_ActiveThermalmanagementsystems
This document provides an overview of electric vehicle batteries, including:
1. A brief history of batteries and their use in early electric vehicles.
2. The key requirements for EV batteries including safety, high power, high capacity, small size, long life, and low cost.
3. The types of batteries used in EVs including lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-based, and others.
4. Factors that affect battery performance and safety such as temperature, charging, and battery management systems.
The document discusses the basics of automotive batteries. It explains that a lead-acid battery stores chemical energy and produces electricity through a chemical reaction between lead plates and an acid electrolyte. The battery supplies electricity to start the car and power electrical components when the engine is off or during high demand. It can be recharged by reversing the chemical reaction, and automotive batteries are designed to cycle between charging and discharging.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
The document summarizes information about batteries, including:
1. Battery rating is specified in ampere-hours and depends on discharge current and time until the voltage reaches a specified level. Higher temperature, electrolyte density, and plate size increase the rating.
2. Battery efficiency is the ratio of energy output during discharge to input during charging, and ranges from 80-90% for amp-hours and 70-80% for watt-hours in lead-acid batteries.
3. Battery charging methods include constant current, constant voltage, and using a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The depth of discharge indicates the safe level a battery can be used before recharging.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Fuses are the simplest and cheapest device used for interrupting electrical circuits during short circuits or overloads. Thomas Edison patented the fuse in 1890. Fuses have advantages like being inexpensive and requiring no maintenance, but disadvantages include lost time replacing blown fuses and lack of discrimination between fuses in series. Common fuse types include semi-enclosed rewireable fuses, high rupturing capacity cartridge fuses, and high voltage cartridge, liquid, and metal clad fuses. Fuse elements are typically made of silver for its conductivity and ability to quickly melt and vaporize during faults.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
This document discusses different types of cells and batteries. It describes how batteries were invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799 and how they work by producing electricity through a chemical reaction between two different metals. It distinguishes between primary batteries, which cannot be recharged, and secondary batteries, which can be recharged. The document also discusses dry cells versus wet cells, battery safety issues like explosions, and environmental concerns related to battery production, use, and disposal.
The document discusses energy storage as a prerequisite for harnessing renewable energy. It summarizes various methods of energy storage including chemical, heat, electric, electrochemical, and gravitational. It then focuses on batteries as a form of electrochemical energy storage. Batteries can store electrical energy chemically and convert it back to electrical energy when needed. The document discusses lead-acid batteries in detail, covering their fundamental principles, classifications based on plate type and electrolyte, uses, and factors that affect battery capacity over time.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cells and batteries. It discusses how cell chemistry determines voltage and how internal impedance and temperature affect voltage and battery life. Typical lifetimes are provided for common cell types. The document also describes the electrochemistry, construction, and applications of lead acid batteries, the oldest rechargeable battery, noting its sulfuric acid electrolyte, lead and lead oxide electrodes, and cell voltage of 2V.
Batteries store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy. They contain a cathode, anode, and electrolyte. The electrolyte allows charge to flow between the electrodes. Batteries are used in automobiles, power systems, and other applications. In cars, batteries power accessories and start the vehicle. Common battery types include lead-acid, used in car batteries, lithium-ion in phones, alkaline in household batteries, and zinc-carbon in disposable batteries. Proper maintenance like regular inspections is important for long battery life.
There are several main types of rechargeable batteries. Lead-acid batteries use lead and lead-oxide electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte; they are commonly used in cars. Nickel-cadmium batteries contain nickel-hydroxide and cadmium electrodes with potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are similar but do not contain cadmium. Lithium-ion batteries have carbon anodes and metal oxide cathodes with an organic electrolyte, and are used in devices like laptops and phones. Rechargeable batteries can be restored to full charge through applying electrical energy to reverse the chemical reactions.
The document summarizes key concepts about lead-acid batteries, including:
1) Lead-acid batteries use lead and lead dioxide electrodes with a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Chemical reactions at the electrodes involve the transfer of electrons between the electrodes and ions in the electrolyte.
2) As the battery charges and discharges, the concentration of the sulfuric acid electrolyte changes. This affects the voltage according to the Nernst equation.
3) Factors like internal resistance and surface chemistry effects cause the terminal voltage to differ from the theoretical voltage. Battery models account for these factors.
Art is a creative expression that stimulates the senses or imagination according to Felicity Hampel. Picasso believed that every child is an artist but growing up can stop that creativity. Aristotle defined art as anything requiring a maker and not being able to create itself.
The document discusses the basics of electrochemical cells and batteries. It covers topics like nominal voltage, operating voltage, capacity, self-discharge, depth of discharge, energy density, service life, and shelf life. It also discusses primary cells like Leclanché cells, alkaline cells, and lithium primary cells. Their chemistries and applications are explained. Secondary cells and batteries are defined. The differences between galvanic cells and electrolytic cells are highlighted.
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
The document discusses automotive batteries, specifically focusing on lead-acid batteries commonly used in vehicles. It describes the components and chemistry of lead-acid batteries, including the lead and lead oxide plates, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and charging/discharging reactions. It also covers characteristics such as voltage, cranking amps, maintenance needs, and factors that can cause batteries to fail. Electric vehicle batteries using different chemistries are also briefly mentioned.
Charging sealed lead acid (SLA) batteries requires an intelligent charger to maximize battery life. Simple constant current or constant voltage chargers can reduce battery life expectancy. Maximizing battery life involves understanding the battery's chemistry and using a multi-stage charging technique that includes a bulk constant current charge, absorption constant voltage charge, and float intermittent charge while monitoring voltage and temperature. An intelligent charger that implements temperature compensation can optimize charging to extend battery life.
Basic Fundamental Electronics by D-Sarda PART VIIDinesh Sarda
Alessandro Volta invented the first battery in 1791 by arranging two different metals separated by a brine-soaked material. A cell generates electricity through a chemical reaction between electrodes and an electrolyte. A battery consists of two or more connected cells. Primary batteries produce electricity through an irreversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged, while secondary batteries use a reversible reaction and can be recharged. The lead-acid battery commonly uses sulfuric acid electrolyte and lead plates; it produces about 2 volts per cell and is widely used in automobiles and backup power systems.
The document discusses automotive batteries and their characteristics. It begins by introducing lead-acid batteries and their electrochemical reactions that allow them to store and produce electrical energy. It then discusses (1) the construction of lead-acid batteries, including their lead plates and sulfuric acid electrolyte, (2) how their chemical reactions allow them to convert chemical energy into electrical energy during discharge and vice versa during charging, and (3) common tests used to determine a battery's state of charge such as hydrometer tests and heavy duty discharge tests. The document emphasizes that a battery's rating is determined by how much current it can produce and for how long, with common ratings including amp-hour capacity, reserve capacity, and cold cranking
Lecture 2 construction of lead acid battery 2manfredhaule
Lead acid batteries are commonly used in vehicles and for backup power. They contain lead plates separated by electrolyte and produce 12 volts through a chemical reaction. During discharge, lead plates react with sulfuric acid electrolyte to produce electricity, becoming more similar. Recharging reverses the reaction by applying current to reform lead and lead dioxide plates. Lead acid batteries require little maintenance but can have issues if electrolyte levels drop or plates corrode over time.
The document provides an overview of traction batteries and chargers. It discusses how lead-acid batteries work by storing chemical energy that is converted to electrical energy. It covers best practices for operations and maintenance of batteries, including proper charging, water levels, and safety procedures. Factors that affect battery life such as charging currents and temperatures are also summarized.
The document provides information about batteries, including their components and functions. It discusses the basic components of batteries like electrodes, electrolytes and separators. It explains the differences between primary and secondary batteries and provides examples like dry cell and lead acid batteries. It also covers topics like charging, discharging, specific gravity, electrolysis, series and parallel connections. Guidelines are provided for maintenance, safety, ventilation and jump starting batteries.
This document provides information about batteries, including their components and functions. It discusses:
- The basic components of a battery including electrodes, electrolyte, and separator. Batteries produce voltage through chemical reactions between the electrodes and electrolyte.
- Different types of batteries like lead-acid, lithium-ion, and dry cell and how they work. Secondary batteries can be recharged while primary batteries cannot.
- Battery maintenance like cleaning, monitoring electrolyte levels, and proper charging/ventilation techniques to prevent overcharging and gas buildup.
The document provides information about batteries, including their components and functions. It discusses how batteries work by converting chemical energy to electrical energy through reversible chemical reactions. It also describes different types of batteries like primary batteries that directly convert chemical energy and secondary batteries that must be charged first before use. Additionally, it covers battery safety, maintenance, charging, and electrical connections like series and parallel configurations.
This document provides information about batteries, including their components and functions. It discusses:
- The basic components of a battery including electrodes, electrolyte, and separator. Batteries produce voltage through chemical reactions between the electrodes and electrolyte.
- Different types of batteries like lead-acid, lithium-ion, and dry cell and how they work. Secondary batteries can be recharged while primary batteries cannot.
- Key parameters for batteries like state of charge, specific gravity, voltage, capacity ratings. Specific gravity and voltage indicate a battery's charge level.
- Safety information on charging, ventilation requirements to avoid explosive hydrogen gas, and jump starting procedures.
The document discusses the function, construction, types, inspection, and charging of automotive batteries. It states that a battery provides electricity to vehicle systems when the engine is not running and supplies power to start the engine. It is constructed of six lead plate cells filled with sulfuric acid electrolyte. Battery condition, electrolyte level, specific gravity, and voltage are checked during inspection. Batteries are charged using manual or automatic chargers to reverse the chemical reaction and restore the lost charge.
This document provides information about vehicle batteries and their operation. It discusses how batteries supply current to electrical components, how they are constructed, and how they provide both voltage stabilization and energy storage. It also covers different types of batteries used in vehicles like flooded lead-acid, AGM, and lithium-ion batteries. Key specifications like cold cranking amps and state of charge are defined. Procedures for testing, charging, and maintaining batteries are also outlined.
This document provides information about batteries, including different types (primary, secondary), chemistries (lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion), and applications (deep cycle, engine starting). It describes the basic components and configurations of lead-acid batteries, including flooded, sealed, and absorbed glass mat designs. Metrics for battery capacity, charging, and maintenance are defined. Chemistry and safety considerations are outlined.
The document discusses marine electrical systems commonly found on small to medium auxiliary sailboats, including AC and DC systems, components, installation, repair, and troubleshooting. It covers topics such as shore power connections, electrical panels, battery chargers, inverters, hot water heaters, batteries, alternators, starters, and tools/materials for working on these systems. Safety precautions for working with batteries and electrical systems are also outlined.
The document discusses batteries and their components. It describes how batteries work by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible chemical reactions. The two main types are primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can be recharged by passing a current in the opposite direction of discharge. Key components include electrodes, electrolyte and separators. Safety issues like ventilation and handling of hazardous materials like sulfuric acid and lead are also covered.
The general specification of tractor batteriesBharat Kumar
Tractor batteries typically use lead-acid technology with 6 cells producing around 12 volts. They are rated based on their cold cranking amps (CCA), cranking amps (CA), reserve capacity (RC), and ampere hours (Ah) which indicate how long and how many amps they can discharge. Regular maintenance like charging every 7-10 days and keeping electrolyte levels full is important to prevent sulphation where lead sulphate crystals form and reduce the battery's capacity over time.
1. Caring for and testing of batteries
G.KUMARAN
A.D.S.T.E/BPA
2. BATTERY
Group of connected cells forms BATTERY.
Classification of CELLS
Primary Cells: The chemical materials are used up
as electric energy is produced. It is discarded when
its active material is depleted and it no longer
produces electrical energy.
Secondary Cells: A reversible chemical reaction is
used to separate charges so that the cell can be
returned to its original chemical state many times
3. Railway Signalling Applications
In Railway Signalling Applications Secondary Cells are
usually used for situation requiring larger amount of
energy at high currents.
In Railway Signalling Application three types of lead
acid cells are used
Flooded type Lead Acid Cells IS-1651 (not used)
Flooded type low maintenance Lead Acid Cells IRS-S88/93.
Sealed Lead Acid Cells S93/96(For signaling applications
these cells are not used)
4. Flooded type low maintenance
Lead Acid Cells IRS-S88/93.
At present in Railway Signalling Applications Flooded
type low maintenance Lead Acid Cells are used.
Advantage of LMLA over Lead Acid Cells.
In Grid Alloy composition Low percentage 2% of
antimony is used. This reduces the need for adding
water since very little is boiled of during charging.
Ampere-Hour efficiency more than 95%.
High Watt-Hour efficiency more than 80%.
5. Construction details of LMLA
In LMLA number of positive and negative plates
are interleaved and separated by porus rubber
sheet. This layering provides greater surface area
and current availability. All the positive plates are
electrically connected as are all the negative
plates. This connections yield a parallel (Higher
current) parallel arrangement for single cell
developing approximately two volts.
6.
7. Principle of Cell working
When two electrodes of dissimilar metals are placed in
an electrolyte there will be miserable potential
difference at their terminals. In the Lead Acid System
one electrode of lead peroxide and another of pure
sponge Lead or immersed in the electrolyte.
Positive plate is made of Lead Peroxide, Negative plate
is made of Sponge Lead
Electrolyte is H2SO4.
This above combination in the cell produces about
two volts.
8. CHEMICAL REACTION
Discharge.
In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become
lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved
sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. The discharge process is
driven by the conduction of electrons from the positive plate back into
the cell at the negative plate.
Charge.
In the charged state, each cell contains negative plates of elemental
lead (Pb) and positive plates of lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) in an electrolyte
of approximately 33.5% v/v (4.2 Molar) sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The
charging process is driven by the forcible removal of electrons from the
negative plate and the forcible introduction of them to the positive
plate.
DISCHARGE
Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O+ Electrical Energy
CHARGE
9. Specific Gravity
The State of Charge of Lead Acid Cell can be checked
by determining the specific gravity of the electrolyte.
Specific gravity is a ratio of the weight of the given
volume of the Electrolyte to the same volume of the
water at temperature 68 degree F, a fully charged cell
should have specific gravity of 1.200, a fully discharged
cell 1.800 both figures are related to the specific gravity
of water which is 1.00 the specific gravity can be
measured with hydrometer.
Why the Specific gravity of LMLA cells kept at 1200-
1220?
If the specific gravity of Acid less than 1200 there
the internal resistance is too high.
If the specific gravity is too high the acid damages
the positive and negative plate materials and
reduces the cell life hence the specific gravity is in
the range of 1200 to 1220. This is specified by
different manufactures
10. Ampere-Hour Capacity.
A batteries current rating is usually given in units of
Ampere-Hour Capacity, based on 10hour discharge
period. During that period, the cells output voltage
must not drop below 1.8V for example 80 AH battery
should deliver 8A current for 10Hours without any cell
dropping below 1.8V. It is unlikely, however, that the
battery could actually deliver 80 Amps per one hours-
cells are less efficient at higher discharge currents. In
signalling applications the various capacity of batteries
are used, 40 AH, 80AH, 120AH, 200AH, 300AH etc.,
11. Initial Charging.
In the absence of manufacturer’s instructions the following
method shall be followed.
Mix one par of 1.840 Specific Gravity acid with five parts of
distilled water. Never pour water into acid. The acid
explodes and spills over and causes injuries. Always add
acid to water for diluting.
Allow the acid to cool down.
Pour the cool acid into the cell up to the float mark.
Allow the cells to cool down for not less than 12 hours and
not more than 24 hours.
Before putting the cells on first charge top up the acid to
proper level if there is fall in the level.
Charge the cell at 20-Hr. charge rate for 80 hours.
12. During the charging the cell temperature shall not rise above 50
degree C. If it rises, discontinue charging until the temp. comes
down to about 40 degrees. If the temperature crosses 45 degree
C, reduce the charging rate to half.
However, the total charge input should be equal to 80hrs X I,
where I=20 Hr. charging rate.
While charging, there will be fall in the level of electrolyte due
to loss of water by gassing. Restore this at intervals at intervals
of say 24 hours by adding required quantity of distilled water.
At the end of charging, the specific gravity of the electrolyte is to
be adjusted to 1,200±0.005 at 27 degree C. If the specific gravity
at the end of charging is above 1.200 add distilled water and if it
is below 1.200 and 1.400 specific gravity acid and charge for a
couple hours and check the gravity again.
Allow the cells to cool down.
Discharge the cells at one tenth of AH capacity to an end voltage
of 1.85V per cell.
13. After fully charged cells should not be kept
unused. If the cells are continued to keep in
ideal condition the cell capacity
automatically looses,
Due to the following reasons.
Thin layer of Lead Sulphate formed on
plates makes the cell plates ineffective.
Stratification of acid leads to higher
specific gravity acid reaching the bottom
of the cells.
14. Cells Connectivity
Series: Parallel:
Connect the positive terminal Connect all the positive wires
of one cell into negative of the cells to a single wire
terminal of the other cell and Connect all the negative wires
so on…. of the cells to a single wires.
Then you will get a battery
V=E1+E2+E3
voltage of a single cell. But the
I = Current flowing in one current will be total of all
direction cells.
Total EMF = some of the EMF I= I1+I2+I3 and V= V1=V2=V3
of each cells
15. Battery Maintenance
Freshening Charge
After Initial Charging of Cells if the batteries are not
connected to circuit, the freshening charge rate is 4% of
the full capacity to be done (1.6Amps for 40AH).
During the maintenance of batteries if one of the cell
found low specific gravity/ low terminal voltage
compared to others, the particular sick cell to be
removed from bank and should be boost charged until
the cell regains its capacity. At any circumstances
adding of acid or higher specific gravity electrolyte
should not be added.
16. Negative polarity :- During the course of battery
maintenance if the cell is accepting less charge than
other cell in the bank, over a period of time the cell
slowly loses its capacity and assumes negative voltage
if discharged. This negative polarity cell will
disconnect the battery voltage to load such cells
should be removed from the battery bank and it
should be charged separately.
Why Acid cannot be added to working Cell?
The specific gravity of the cell is measure of state of
charge of cell. Addition of acid changes the specific
gravity without change in the state of charge of cell.
Addition of acid of higher specific gravity does not
remove the Lead sulphate layer on the cell plates.
Only the charging current breaks the sulphate layer.
17. Equalisation Charge
A battery bank requires equilasation charge periodically.
Normally once in 3 months.
Why and When Equalisation charge is required?
The individual cells of battery are not identical some cells
may not be fully charged when the charging process is
completed. During the course of measuring the voltage of
each individual cell while the battery is at rest a variation of
0.05V between cells indicates imbalance same way if the
variation of 20 points in the specific gravity between cells also
indicates imbalance in battery bank.
Both the conditions can be corrected by equalisation charge.
Equalising Charge rate 1/10th of AH Capacity of Cell.
18. Types of Charging
Auto mode of Charging: Depending on the
condition of Cell the charger selects float or boost
charging in Auto mode when the maximum charging
current falls below 5% the charger goes to float mode.
Float Charge : Charging the cell to reach ultimate
terminal voltage of 2.15V. Maximum charging current
is limited to 10 hours discharge rate
Boost Charge : Charging the cell to reach ultimate
terminal voltage of 2.4V. Maximum charging current
is limited to 10 hours discharge rate.
19. Topping of Distilled Water
During battery maintenance if the electrolyte level
found low distilled water should be topped, at any
circumstance normal drinking water should not be
added to the cell.
If We Add?
Normal drinking water even though clear of gems
still have impurities like copper and iron etc., During
discharge the plates are covered by copper and iron
sulphate which cannot be broken by charging current.
It causes permanent damage to the cell and reduces its
capacity.
20. Over Charging/Discharging of Cells
Over Charging:
The cells start gassing and water is lost – distilled water is
required to be added more frequently
The temperature raises some time may damage the cell and
also it leads to corrosion of positive grid.
Over Discharge:
If a cell is discharged at a higher current rate then
recommended the cell plates are likely to be damaged
permanently means if we discharge a cell beyond its capacity
the cell may not be revived by charging it again.
Both the Cases the cell becomes useless.
21. Capacity Test
During the maintenance, capacity test to be done on
battery bank once in a year.
Capacity of Battery in AH= Load Current in Amps x No. of
Hours
for eg:- Load Current=5A, original capacity of cell 40AH
Time taken for voltage of any cell to fall to 1.8V=4 hrs
Capacity in AH= 5A x 4 hrs
= 20AH
when the capacity of the battery falls to 50% of the rated
capacity it should be planed for replacement. This type of
test is also call as Curative Discharge.
22. Maintenance Tips
Clean the terminals of Sulphation, if required apply a
very thin layer of petroleum jelly.
Maximum depth of discharge permitted is 80%.
However for the purpose of design 50% DOD is
considered.
All the battery terminals should be tightened during
charger ON condition.
Proper cross section cable should be used between
charger to battery. For example, 16sqmm copper cable
should be used for 200AH batteries.
23. Battery connecting strap, bolts and nuts should be
used as per OEM.
Connecting cable between cell and chargers should be
provided with proper size of copper lugs.