Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Electric Vehicle
Benefits of Electric Vehicle
What is Happening in the world of Electric Vehicle?
Electric Vehicle Charging Types
Wireless Charging
Advantages of Wireless Charging
Dynamic Wireless Charging
Impact of Wireless Charging on the Electric Vehicle Growth
References
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Ultracapacitor based energy storage system for hybrid and electric vehiclesAkshay Chandran
Ultracapacitors and its applications in energy storage in vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems
contents
*Introduction
*Capacitors and Ultracapacitors
*Advantages of ultracapacitors
*Conventional ESS
*HESS(Hybrid Energy Storage Systems)
*Design and Working
*Operation of Proposed Systems
*Conclusion
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Super Capacitor by NITIN GUPTA
NITIN GUPTA,CEO/FOUNDER/OWNER at "TECH POINT"
Here's Channel Link
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE Our channel TECH POINT ..
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER:https://twitter.com/Nitin_TECHPOINT
Follow us on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/NitinGupta1054.Official.PSIT
Follow us on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/nitingupta_official
SUBSCRIBE Our channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3XVydYG3oPVJeZscU4NIg?sub_confirmation=1
Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitor) : Energy Problem Solver,Amit Soni
Capacitor, Basic design and terminology, Supercapacitor, History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors, Electrical Double layer capacitors,Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor, Basic Design, Construction, Working , Technology used, Why these substances used ?, Features, Comparison, Applications , Advantages & Disadvantages
state of art materials, comparison with batteries, fuel cells, applications
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Electric Vehicle
Benefits of Electric Vehicle
What is Happening in the world of Electric Vehicle?
Electric Vehicle Charging Types
Wireless Charging
Advantages of Wireless Charging
Dynamic Wireless Charging
Impact of Wireless Charging on the Electric Vehicle Growth
References
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Ultracapacitor based energy storage system for hybrid and electric vehiclesAkshay Chandran
Ultracapacitors and its applications in energy storage in vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems
contents
*Introduction
*Capacitors and Ultracapacitors
*Advantages of ultracapacitors
*Conventional ESS
*HESS(Hybrid Energy Storage Systems)
*Design and Working
*Operation of Proposed Systems
*Conclusion
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Super Capacitor by NITIN GUPTA
NITIN GUPTA,CEO/FOUNDER/OWNER at "TECH POINT"
Here's Channel Link
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE Our channel TECH POINT ..
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER:https://twitter.com/Nitin_TECHPOINT
Follow us on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/NitinGupta1054.Official.PSIT
Follow us on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/nitingupta_official
SUBSCRIBE Our channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3XVydYG3oPVJeZscU4NIg?sub_confirmation=1
Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitor) : Energy Problem Solver,Amit Soni
Capacitor, Basic design and terminology, Supercapacitor, History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors, Electrical Double layer capacitors,Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor, Basic Design, Construction, Working , Technology used, Why these substances used ?, Features, Comparison, Applications , Advantages & Disadvantages
state of art materials, comparison with batteries, fuel cells, applications
Ultracapacitors can be defined as a energy storage device that stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an electrolytic solution.
Unlike batteries no chemical reaction takes place when energy is being stored or discharged and so ultracapacitors can go through hundreds of thousands of charging cycles with no degradation.
Ultracapacitors are also known as double-layer capacitors or supercapacitors.
Unit 4 -2 energy management in adhoc wireless networkdevika g
Unit 4 -2 energy management in adhoc wireless network unit 4-2 mobile computing ,classification of energy management transimmission power power management
Similar to Energy storage systems for electric & hybrid vehicles (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Introduction to Energy Storage Systems in
Electric & hybrid vehicles
Introduction to energy storage requirements in Hybrid and
Electric vehicles
Battery-based energy storage
Ultra capacitor based energy storage
Flywheel based energy storage system
. Fuel cell based energy storage system
Hybridization of energy sources for Hybrid and Electric vehicle: -
Hybridization of drive trains in HEVs
3. Energy storage system issues
Energy storage technologies, especially batteries, are critical enabling
technologies for the development of hybrid vehicles or pure electric vehicles.
Recently, widely used batteries are three types: Lead Acid, Nickel-Metal
Hydride and Lithium-ion.
In fact, most of hybrid vehicles in the market currently use Nickel-Metal-
Hydride due to high voltage requirement in its battery system.
Lithium-ion batteries have relatively lighter weight and higher energy
density.
However, there are still many technical barriers which have to be
overcome before the batteries are widely used. These barriers include cost,
performance, life, and durability
Battery storage system
4. Energy storage system issues
High power density, but low energy density
can deliver high power for shorter duration
Can be used as power buffer for battery
Recently, widely used batteries are three types: Lead Acid, Nickel-Metal
Hydride and Lithium-ion.
In fact, most of hybrid vehicles in the market currently use Nickel-Metal-
Hydride due to high voltage requirement in its battery system.
Lithium-ion batteries have relatively lighter weight and higher energy
density.
However, there are still many technical barriers which have to be
overcome before the batteries are widely used. These barriers include cost,
performance, life, and durability
Ultra capacitor storage system
6. Working principle of Battery
• A basic secondary battery cell consists of two electrodes immersed in an
electrolyte.
• The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs whereby electrons are
transported out of the cell to the cathode via the load circuit.
•The cathode is the electrode where reduction takes place and where electrons
from the external load return to the cell.
.
• Electrons are transported via ion migration from one electrode to the other through
the electrolyte, thus creating a potential across the cell.
•During a battery cell charging operation, the process is reversed.
•Electrons are externally injected into the negative electrode while oxidation takes
place at the positive electrode.
• Reaction rates during charge and discharge are not same
•Generally, the charge release rate of a battery system is higher than the charge
acceptance rate
7. From the electric vehicle designer’s point of view the battery can be
treated as a ‘black box’ which has a range of performance criteria. These
criteria will include:
• specific energy
• energy density
• specific power
• typical voltages
• energy efficiency
• amp hour efficiency
•
• energy efficiency
• commercial availability
• cost, operating temperatures
• self-discharge rates
• number of life cycles
• recharge rates
•
The designer also needs to understand how energy availability
varies with regard to:
• ambient temperature
• charge and discharge rates
• battery geometry
• optimum temperature
• charging methods
• cooling needs.
most of the disappointments connected with battery use, such as their
limited life, self-discharge, reduced efficiency at higher currents.
Battery system performance parameters
8. V = E - IR
External load
Cell and battery voltages
• All electric cells have nominal voltages which gives
the approximate voltage when the cell is delivering
electrical power.
• The cells can be connected in series to give the
overall voltage required.
• The battery is represented as having a fixed voltage
E, terminals is voltage V , because of the voltage
across the internal resistance R.
Battery parameters
Charge (or Ahr) capacity
The electric charge that a battery can supply is clearly a most crucial parameter.
The SI unit for this is the Coulomb, the charge when one Amp flows for one
second. The capacity of a battery might be, say, 10Amphours. This means it can
provide 1Amp for 10 hours.
9. Battery parameters
Energy stored.
The energy stored in a battery depends on its voltage, and the charge
stored. The SI unit is the Joule, but this is an inconveniently small unit,
and so we use the Whr instead.
Energy in Whr = V ´ Ahr
Specific energy
Specific energy is the amount of electrical energy stored for every
kilogram of battery mass. It has units of Wh.kg−1.
Energy density
Energy density is the amount of electrical energy stored per cubic metre
of battery volume. It normally has units of Wh.m−3.
12. EV Battery types and characteristics
Lead Acid
Lead acid batteries are the most prevalent batteries used for vehicle starting and other ancillary power
functions. They have advantages of low cost per watt-hour, robust, durable, low self-discharge rate, and no
memory effect characteristics. The drawbacks of the lead acid battery include low power and energy densities,
and potential environmental impact, where the lead electrodes and electrolyte can cause environmental harm
if not disposed properly at a recycling facility [30].
13. Energy storage system II: Ultracapacitor
• Capacitors are devices with two conducting plates are separated
by an insulator.
• one plate being positive the other negative,the opposite charges
on the plates attract and hence store energy.
• The charge Q stored in a capacitor of capacitance C Farads at a
voltage of V Volts is given by the equation:
The large energy storing capacitors with large plate areas have
come to be called super capacitors. E =1/2 CV 2
where ε: permittivity
A : plate area
d : distance bet plates
reduce d
high C Ultracapacitor/
supercapacitor
increase A
Low voltage rating leading
to low energy holding capacity
Q = C V
+ C
-V
14. Energy storage system II: Ultracapacitor
• Attractive Features
• typically store 10 to 100 times more enrgy/unit volume
than electrolytic capacitors
• Capacitance ranges to 5000 F.
• No chemical reaction involved.
• Much more effective at rapid,
regenerative energy storage than chemical batteries .
• Works even at low temperatures -40 degrees Celsius.
• Ultracapacitors can store 5 percent as much energy as a modern lithium-
ion battery.
• 5000 farads measure about 5 centimeters by 5 cm by 15 cm, which is an
amazingly high capacitance relative to its volume.
• Can effectively fulfill the requirement of High current pulses that can kill a
battery if used instead.
15. Inside a Ultracapcitor
Two Electrodes coated with sponge
like activated carbon’
Electrolyte :Contains free mobile
ions.
Porous Separator-:Prevents
electrodes from shorting out.
Originally electrodes were made of
aluminum and coated with activated
carbon
. ESR
EPR
C
Ultracapaci
tor model
EPR :represents the current leakage and
influences the long-term energy storage.
the EPR influences the cell voltage
distribution due to the resistor divider
effect.
ESR : represents static field resistance
Seperator
Electrodes with
activated carbon
layer
16. Energy storage system II: Ultracapacitor
Characteristics of Ultra Capacitor as energy storage system
1. Low energy density compared to Battery, typically holds one-fifth to one-
tenth the energy of an electrochemical battery
2. High power density compared to battery
3. low voltage rating, needs to be connected in series-parallel combination
4. Requires additional Voltage equalisation circuit and sophisticated electronic
control and switching equipment
4. Can rapidly charge and discaharge
4. High self-discharge - the rate is considerably higher than that of an
electrochemical battery
5. Low capacity
6. Low impendence
17. Ragone plot of Batteries and Supercapacitor
Having less energy density, can be hybridised with Battery and can
be used to delivery high current pulses required by vehicle or
regerative pulse current to get charged
18. Sizing of Ultracapacitor:
Power and Energy requirement
• Sizing of an ultracapacitor system requires the specification of the
power and energy requirements.
• For a fixed ultracapacitor bank, these quantities dictate the number
of ultracapacitors needed
• The minimum number of ultracapacitors needed is determined by the
energy profile that the supercapacitive bank has to supply.
• Due to the voltage decay property , all the stored energy can not be
utilised.
• Therefore the sizing is based on the usable energy that the
ultracapacitor bank can transfer.
Energy available is proportional to square of voltage,which decays
over time.
Therefore the available energy of an ultracapacitor bank during
discharge follows
19. Supercapacitors vs Batteries
Chemistry
Nom.
Voltage Energy Power Density Cycle life
(V) Density (W/kg)
(Wh/kg)
Lead-acid 2 30-40 180 ≤800
Ni-Cd 1.2 ~50 150 ≤500
Ni-Mh 1.2 55-80 400-1200 ≤1000
Li-Phosphate 3.2~3.3 80-125 1300-3500 ≤2500
Li-ion 3.6 80-170 800-2000 ≤1500
Li-Manganese 3.7 110-130 ≤2000
Li-polymer 3.7 130-200 1000-2800 ≤1500
Usually when two or more energy sources are involved in a hybrid energy storage system for an electric vehicle, these sources can be
20. Flywheel Energy storage system
• The energy can be captured by connecting an electrical generator
directly to the disc .
• Power converter is used to match the generator output to a form
where it can drive the vehicle motors.
• The flywheel can be re-accelerated, acting as a regenerative brake.
Alternatively the flywheel can be connected to the vehicle wheels
via a gearbox and a clutch.
• Whether mechanical or electrical, the system can also be used to
recover kinetic energy when braking.
• The flywheel can be accelerated, turning the kinetic energy of the
vehicle into stored kinetic energy in the flywheel, and acting as a
highly efficient regenerative brake.
21. Flywheel hybrid mechanism
• Primarily consists of a rotating flywheel, (CVT),
a step up gearing (along with a clutch)
between the flywheel and the CVT and clutch which
connects this system to the primary shaft of
the transmission.
• When the brakes are applied or the vehicle decelerates,
the clutch connecting the flywheel system to the
driveline/ transmission is engaged, causing energy
to be transferred to the flywheel via the CVT.
• When the vehicle stops, or the flywheel reaches its maximum speed, the
clutch disengages the flywheel unit fromthe transmission allowing the
flywheel to rotate independently.
• Whenever this stored energy is required, the clutch is engaged and the
flywheel transmits this energy back to the wheels, via the CVT.
22. Energy storage device III :
Fuel cell
Hydrogen Fuel Cell : Basic principle
Electrode reactions
• fuel cell is the release of energy following a
chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
• The key difference between this and simply burning
the gas is that the energy is released as an electric
current, rather that heat.
How is this electric current produced?
A cell based on an acid electrolyte, we shall consider the
simplest and the most common type.
• At the anode of an acid electrolyte fuel cell the hydrogen
gas ionizes, releasing electrons and creating H+ ions (or protons).
2H 2 + O2 = 2H 2O
This reaction releases energy. At the cathode, oxygen reacts with electrons taken
from the electrode, and H+ ions from the electrolyte, to form water.
23. Main issues in the fuel cell
There are many problems and challenges for fuel cells to become an alternative to
a Battery.
• Cost: Fuel cells are currently far more expensive than IC engines, and even hybrid
IC/electric systems.
• Water management: It is not at all self-evident why water management should be
such an important and difficult issue with automotive fuel cells
• Cooling: The thermal management of fuel cells is actually rather more difficult
than for IC engines.
• Hydrogen supply: Hydrogen is the preferred fuel for fuel cells, but hydrogen is
very difficult to store and transport. There is also the vital question of ‘where does
the hydrogen come from.
However, there is great hope that these problems can be overcome, and fuel cells
can be the basis of less environmentally damaging transport.
25. Fuel cell technology advancement
In Hydrogen fuel cell,
• Hydrogen is fed to one electrode, and oxygen, usually as air (for oxygen) to the
other.
• A load is connected between the two electrodes, and current flows.
• However, in practice reaction of both hydrogen and oxygen is very slow in fuel cell
• Normally the rate of, which results in a low current, and so a low power.
• The three main ways of dealing with the slow reaction rates are which can be
overcome by:
1. use of suitable catalysts on the electrode, (electrode is coated with a catalyst layer)
2. the temperature
3. increasing the electrode area (electrode made highly porous )
26. Types of Fuel cells
• Types of fuel cell are based on different electrolytes
• The situation now is that six classes of fuel cell have emerged as viable systems
for the present and near future
• The PEM fuel cell capitalizes on the essential simplicity of the fuel cell. The
electrolyte is a solid polymer, in which protons are mobile
• In DPEM, hydrogen supply problem is to use methanol as a fuel instead
27. Fuel cell vs Battery/Fossile fuel
• Most fuel cells operate silently, compared to internal combustion engines.
• They can have high energy density and power density as it takes Hydrogen as
input
• Fuel cells can eliminate pollution caused by burning fossil fuels; for hydrogen
fuelled fuel cells, the only by-product at point of use is water.
• Hydrogen is cheaper than Gasoline/Ptrol
• Critics of hydrogen fuel cells argue that although these cells do not emit carbon
after burning, they give out nitrogen dioxide and other emissions.
• transporting hydrogen can be expensive
• Highly Flammable
• battery makes electricity from the energy it has stored inside the battery and a
fuel cell makes its electricity from fuel in an external fuel tank
• This means that while a battery may run dead, a fuel cell will make electricity as
long as fuel is supplied.
• For hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen is the fuel and it's stored in a tank connected
to the fuel cell. When hydrogen in the tank runs low, you refill it, or replace it
with a full tank.
31. Hybridization of Energy storage systems
Why Hybrid energy storage system (HESS)
• When two or more energy sources are involved in a hybrid energy
storage system (HESS)
• these sources can be distinguished by their energy storage and power
delivery capacities respectively.
• For a pure electric vehicle, sources with high energy density would be
considered as the main energy source such as battery packs and fuel cells.
• Primary Energy source is having high energy density but suffering from
low power delivery problem during vehicle moving from point A to point B
• To boost overall power delivery capacity to a reasonable level, an
auxiliary energy source synonymous with high power density is usually
utilized.
• Popular choices for this source include high power batteries and
supercapacitors.
• So, Battery can be a primary energy source and Ultracapacitor will be
Auxillary source
33. Hybridization of Energy storage systems
•There are usually N storage devices
( Presently 2)
•W: weight factor for adjusting the rate at which
energy is being drawn (power) from each source.
•∑: algorithm to coordinate the power flow by
dynamically varying the weight factors in load.
• Also taking into consideration the system
constraints such as depletion levels or limits of
the energy storage systems
•The load requests fluctuate through a drive
cycle in the case of an electric vehicle
•the supercapacitor is acting as the auxiliary
source while a battery pack or fuel cell, as the
case may be, is used as the main energy source.