The document discusses marine electrical systems commonly found on small to medium auxiliary sailboats, including AC and DC systems, components, installation, repair, and troubleshooting. It covers topics such as shore power connections, electrical panels, battery chargers, inverters, hot water heaters, batteries, alternators, starters, and tools/materials for working on these systems. Safety precautions for working with batteries and electrical systems are also outlined.

1. Marine Electrical Systems on Auxiliary Sailboats

2. Topics To Discuss Major AC and DC electrical systems typically found on small to medium size auxiliary sailboats. Tools and supplies needed to install or repair those systems. Troubleshooting techniques for common problems. Safety

3. Nomenclature AC – Alternating Current (120 volts AC) DC – Direct Current (12 volts DC) V – voltage - volts I – current – amperage or amps R – resistance - ohms

4. AC Systems

5. AC Systems & Components Shore Power Connection AC Electrical Panel Cabin Outlets Battery Charger Inverter / Chargers Hot Water Heater Galvanic Isolator

6. Shore Power Connection

7. Shore Power Cables

8. AC Panel Sometimes separate but often integrated with the DC Panel. AC Main circuit breaker - 30 amp. Individual load circuit breakers - 15 amp. Reverse Polarity Indicator – warning when neutral line is not at ground potential.

9. AC Only Panels

10. Integrated AC / DC Electrical Panel

11. Reverse AC Polarity Problem AC circuit breakers are single pole which means they only disconnect hot wire. If polarity is reversed then neutral is hot and not switched. If neutral is tied to the metal case of an appliance then there is a shock hazard. Reverse polarity indicator will not function if ground is missing. Always best to disconnect shore power cord when working on AC systems.

12. Reverse Polarity Indicator Circuit

13. AC Outlets Same as those in your house – 120 volts 15 amps

14. Battery Charger Typically provides 10 to 50 amps of charging current depending on manufacture and model. Normally has charge state indicators but often mounted where they cannot be seen. Better models provide 3 charge stages; bulk, absorption, and float.

15. Battery Chargers 20 amps max 50 amps max

16. Inverter / Charger At the dock charges the both house and starting batteries. Away from the dock provides 120 Volts AC from the house battery. Usually include automatic transfer switch for AC loads. Available battery charging current and AC power output depends on size.

17. Inverter / Chargers

18. Hot Water Heater Typically 120 Volts, 1500 watts, 12.5 amps Can be round or rectangular, horizontal, or vertical. Often include a heat exchanger that uses engine coolant to heat water when under power.

19. Hot Water Heaters

20. Galvanic Isolator

21. Bonding (Grounding) System

22. Galvanic Isolator Not really an AC system but is connected in the AC line. Isolator prevents low voltage DC path in shore power ground wire. Engine, metal through hulls, prop and shaft are often all electrically connected or bonded together and connected to boat ground. Zincs attached to shaft and bonding system are sacrificial anodes to prevent corrosion of bronze prop and through hulls Common shore power ground will provide conduction path to other boats and dock with potential corrosion problem.

23. Galvanic Isolator

24. DC Systems

25. DC Systems Main Battery Switch DC Panel Batteries Engine Alternator Engine Starting Motor Typical Loads

26. Main Battery Switch All major connections to batteries go through this switch. Exceptions are battery chargers and auto bilge pumps Allows selection of Battery 1, Battery 2, Both or Off (None)

27. Main Battery Switch

28. DC Panel Sometime separate but often integrated with the AC Panel. Usually has a MAIN DC circuit breaker. Circuit breakers for individual loads. DC Voltmeters and Ammeters.

29. DC Only Panels

30. AC / DC Electrical Panel

31. Typical DC Loads Starter Motor Lights VHF Radio Instruments (Depth, Speed, Wind) GPS – Chart Plotter Auto Pilot Stereo Water Pressure Pump

32. Batteries

33. Batteries Lead, Lead Dioxide, Sulfuric Acid Normally 12 Volts DC, sometimes two 6 volt batteries connected in series for 12 volts. Sometimes grouped in parallel for higher current. 12 volt battery constructed of 6 individual cells that are two volts each. Types: Starting, Deep Cycle, and Marine/Hybrid/Dual Purpose Construction: Wet Cell, Gell Cell, AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat)

34. Series / Parallel Configurations Two 6 Volt Batteries in Series Two 12 volt batteries in parallel

35. Starting Battery Designed for high current - short duration use. Large number of thin plates for maximum surface area. May last for thousands of 2% to 5% of capacity discharges. However, if deep cycled the thin plates will quickly be consumed and fall to the bottom of the cells. Will generally fail after 30 to 150 deep cycles of 20% to 80% depending on design.

36. Deep Cycle Designed to be discharged down to as much as 80% of capacity. Thicker plates than a starting battery. Fewer thicker plates mean less surface area and therefore less current capability. However, Deep Cycle batteries can still be used for starting if large enough.

37. Marine / Hybrid / Dual Purpose Designed as a compromise between Starting and Deep Cycle. Some Marine batteries are actually Deep Cycle. In some hybrid designs plates are composed of lead sponge but coarser than true Starting batteries. Often hard to tell what it is without opening the case which is not an option.

38. Wet / Flooded Cell Batteries Most common and usually least expensive. Can be designed for starting, deep cycle or hybrid use. Liquid electrolyte so mounting is important, must be mounted horizontally. May vent hydrogen and oxygen generated by electrolysis at end of charge or if overcharged. Cases need to be vented. Electrolyte level must be monitored and topped up periodically.

39. Gel Cell Batteries Normally designed for deep cycle applications. A thickening agent immobilizes the electrolyte. Valve-regulated design means batteries are sealed so mounting is not critical. However, if overcharge hydrogen and oxygen will escape through valves. Since batteries are sealed and cannot be refilled with electrolyte charging is more critical. Gel cells use slightly lower charging voltages than wet cells and thus the set-points for charging equipment have to be adjusted

40. AGM, (Absorbed Glass Mat) Batteries Normally designed for deep cycle applications. Liquid electrolyte. Uses a fiberglass like separator to hold the electrolyte in place by capillary action. Physical bond between the separator fibers, the lead plates, and the container make AGMs spill-proof and the most vibration and impact resistant lead-acid batteries. Valve-regulated, sealed, so electrolyte cannot be replaced. Small amounts of hydrogen and oxygen will be trapped and recombine. Large amounts will vent. AGMs use almost the same voltage set-points as flooded cells and thus can be used as drop-in replacements for flooded cells.

41. Flooded Electrolyte Batteries

42. AGM Batteries

43. Gel Cell Batteries

44. Lead Acid Battery State of Charge After 3 hour rest State of Charge 12 Volt battery Volts per Cell 100% 12.7 2.12 90% 12.5 2.08 80% 12.42 2.07 70% 12.32 2.05 60% 12.2 2.03 50% 12.06 2.01 40% 11.9 1.98 30% 11.75 1.96 20% 11.58 1.93 10% 11.31 1.89 0 10.5 1.75

45. Why Batteries Fail Leaving batteries in a discharged state which leads to Lead Sulfation. Deep discharging a Starting Battery which damages the plates. Excessive vibration and shock damaging the plates. Long term sulfation due to normal battery use.

46. Lead Sulfation When batteries are discharged amorphous lead sulfate is formed on the plates. If recharged soon the lead sulfate is easily converted back to lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid. However, if the battery is left in a discharged state too long the lead sulfate will convert to a crystalline form and will not convert back to lead, etc., during normal charging. This process will eventually coat the plates with non-conductive crystalline lead sulfate and kill the battery.

47. Lead Acid Battery Charge Stages Bulk – Charge current is set to maximum safe rate batteries will accept until voltage rises to near (80-90%) full charge level. Voltages at this stage typically range from 10.5 volts to 15 volts. Absorption - Voltage remains constant and current gradually tapers off as internal resistance increases during charging. It is during this stage that the charger puts out maximum voltage. Voltages at this stage are typically around 14.2 to 15.5 volts. Float - After batteries reach full charge, charging voltage is reduced to a lower level (typically 12.8 to 13.2) to reduce gassing and prolong battery life.

48. Lead acid Battery Charge Curves

49. Battery Maintenance Keep correct electrolyte level using only distilled water. (Wet cells only) Keep terminals clean. Keep batteries dry, especially the top. Make sure charging levels are correct. Keep batteries fully charged.

50. Battery Safety Issues Batteries contain sulfuric acid which can cause eye and skin burns and damage clothes. A charging battery may contain significant amounts of hydrogen which could explode if ignited. Batteries can source hundreds of amps of current and can melt jewelry around your finger or arm. Therefore: DO - wear safety glasses and protective clothing. DON’T - wear rings, bracelets or expensive clothes. DON’T – allow sparks or flames near batteries, especially when they are charging .

51. Engine Electrical Systems

52. Engine Alternator Basically the same as the one in your car. Provides current to charge batteries and operate equipment, 40 to 100 amps. Usually has an internal voltage regulator but high end ones have an external regulator. High current load requires significant force to turn alternator so keeping belt tight is important. Output voltage varies depending on model and voltage regulator specifications. Range is 13.0 Vdc to 14.6 Vdc which presents an issue for proper battery charging.

53. Marine Engine Alternators

54. Yanmar 2/3 QM

55. Yanmar 2/3 QM

56. Starting Motor & Solenoid Solenoid – relay that switches high current to starter motor, typically draws around 10 amps. Starting motor may require 100 amps or more. Starting motor circuit requires very large gauge wires to minimize voltage drop and therefore power loss.

57. Starting Motor & Solenoid

58. Yanmar Starter Motors

59. Installation Repair Troubleshooting

60. Installation & Repair Tools Supplies Ohms Law / DC Power Wire Size Relative to Load Wire Terminals Wire Insulation Stripping

61. Tools Book: Boatowner’s Mechanical & Electrical Manual by Nigel Calder AC/DC Multimeter Assorted flat blade and phillips screw drivers Assorted pliers and cutters Adjustable, open and box end wrenches Wire stripper and terminal crimper

62. Repair and Installation Materials Wire Wire Terminals Electrical tape Shrink tubing Tie raps

63. Ohms Law I = V/R, V=I*R, R = V/I What is the voltage drop in a wire with a resistance of 1 ohm carrying 10 amps of current? V = I*R = 1*10 = 10 volts

64. DC Power P = V*I, V=P/I, I = P/V What is the current for a 12 watt light bulb connected to a 12 volt battery? I = P/V = 12/12 = 1 Amp

65. Wire Gauge for 3% Voltage Drop (Critical Loads) Current (Amps) 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Length (Feet) Wire Gauge (AWG) 10' 18 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 15' 16 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 20' 14 12 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 25' 14 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 30' 12 10 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 1 1/0 1/0 40' 12 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 1 1/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 50' 10 8 6 4 4 2 2 1 1/0 1/0 2/0 3/0 3/0 60' 10 6 6 4 2 2 1 1/0 2/0 1/0 3/0 3/0 4/0

66. Wire Gauge for 10% Voltage Drop (Non-Critical Loads) Current (Amps) 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Length (Feet) Wire Gauge (AWG) 10' 18 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 10 8 8 6 6 15' 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 8 8 6 6 20' 18 16 16 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 25' 18 16 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 30' 18 16 14 12 10 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 4 40' 16 14 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 50' 16 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 60' 16 12 10 8 8 8 6 4 4 4 2 2 2

67. Wire Diameter versus Gauge AWG Diameter (inches) AWG Diameter (inches) OOOO 0.46 8 0.1285 OOO 0.4096 9 0.1144 OO 0.3648 10 0.1019 0 0.3249 11 0.0907 1 0.2893 12 0.0808 2 0.2576 13 0.072 3 0.2294 14 0.0641 4 0.2043 15 0.0571 5 0.1819 16 0.0508 6 0.162 17 0.0453 7 0.1443 18 0.0403

68. Wire & Wire Terminals Should always use stranded wire not solid. Marine environment exposes wire to shock and vibration which could fracture solid wire. Tinned stranded provides much better corrosion protection than bare copper. Use crimped on terminal to make connection. Use proper tool to crimp on terminal. Use pull test after crimping to insure proper crimp. If you can pull the terminal off by hand, the crimp is poor.

69. Marine Grade Wire – Tinned Stranded Copper Tinned stranded copper wire. Corroded copper wire. Clean copper wire

70. Wire Terminals

71. Wire Insulation Stripping Do it right, use a wire stripping tool. If possible avoid using side cutters or a knife which will nick the wire and cause strands to break off. Strip off only enough insulation to crimp on the terminal.

72. Wire Strippers

73. Wire Terminal Examples Excellent crimp on small terminal. Notice the slight extension of wire beyond the crimp. Heavy gauge wire terminals. Sealing heat shrink tubing was used. Notice the small amount of sealing compound to the left of the tubing. This should be a water tight connection with maximum corrosion resistance.

74. VHF Radio Antenna Coax Cable Coax cable has center conductor, spacer, shield, and outside sheath or cover. Spacing between conductor is critical. Should not be bent to small radius as this will change spacing of conductor and reduce signal. For marine applications both center conductor and shield should be tinned copper. Best connectors require special tools for installation but there are tool-less versions.

75. Shrink Tubing, Tie Wraps, Electrical Tape

76. Trouble Shooting & Installation Basics Light doesn’t work. VHF Radio doesn’t work. Batteries don’t charge. Engine won’t turn over. Bilge Pump Installation

77. Trouble Shooting Basics One of four possible problems Intermittent connection Open connection (Blown fuse or open breaker) Reverse connection Short (Usually includes a blown fuse or open breaker)

78. Light Doesn’t Work Verify battery is on, main breaker is on and load breaker is on. If there is a fuse instead of a breaker remove and check for continuity. Remove light bulb, do visual check or test bulb for resistance, should be less than 100 ohms. Test voltage at socket pins, be careful not to short test leads together or to metal case. Open up panel and check for voltage on both sides of circuit breaker. If everything checks OK then problem is in wiring.

79. VHF Radio Doesn’t Work Verify battery is on, main breaker is on and load breaker is on. If there is a fuse instead of a breaker remove and check for continuity. Make sure unit is turned on, volume is up and squelch is off. Select weather channel. Make sure antenna coax connector is attached. Remove power connector and test for 12 volts. Remove antenna coax connector and check for short between center conductor and shield. If you have static but no signal connect an external antenna. This can be just a piece of wire stuck into the center of the connector.

80. Batteries Don’t Charge Measure voltage across batteries with all loads off, engine off, and battery charger off. Should be approximately 12.7 volts for a fully charged battery. (See battery charge state chart.) If possible start engine and check battery voltage, should be greater and increasing with maximum of approximately 13.8 volts. If not then alternator problem. Turn on battery charger and check battery voltage. Should be greater and increasing with maximum of approximately 14.4 volts. If not then battery charger problem. If battery voltage increases with either engine running or battery charger on, then batteries will charge. Batteries may not hold a charge if they are old or damaged.

81. Bilge Pump Installation Rule – Mate RM750A 750 GPH Current at 13.6 Vdc is 3.1 amps Want as much output as possible so this is a critical application. From wire size table 16 gauge is a good choice. If automatic operation is desired wire directly to battery or battery switch with in-line fuse.

82. Safety Causes of Fires Started On Board * AC and DC wiring/appliance 55% DC shorts/wiring - 30% DC engine voltage regulator - 12% AC appliance/heater - 4% Shore power - 4% AC wiring/panel - 2% DC battery charger - 2% AC power surge - 1% * (Source – Boat US Blog – Data not verified)

83. Post Class Recommendations Get a copy of Nigel Calder’s book and read it cover to cover. Sign up for a boat team to get hands on experience.