Admiral Zheng He's Naval Expeditions Promoted Peace

ADMIRAL ZHENG HE
BY Lcdr NS Wickramasinghe

 Introduction
 Aim
 Background
 Expeditions of Admiral Zheng He
 Leadership Styles and Traits
 Application of Principles of War
 Lessons Learnt
 Conclusion
2
SEQUENCE

3
ADMIRAL ZHENG HE
Cont…
Greatest diplomat

4
ADMIRAL ZHENG HE
…cont
Seven voyagers before Portuguese reach India

5
ADMIRAL ZHENG HE
Cont…
Greatest diplomat

7
INTRODUCTION
Violence, radicalism and terrorism are issues
Challenge our civilization
Used fights against adversary to achieve peace
Question is where should we begin?
Cont…

9
INTRODUCTION
Cont…
Voyages represent largest overseas expedition
…cont

10
INTRODUCTION
Cont…
Promote peace, tolerance, mutual understand and respect
…cont

11
INTRODUCTION
Fleet consist 27,800 sailors onboard 200 ships
Variety of routes and visited over thirty countries
Changed the face of the region
Cont...
…cont

12
INTRODUCTION
Used diplomacy of trade and good neighborliness
Promoted benign image of Ming China
Disseminated Chinese soft power
…cont

13
To examine facets of “Command” And “Leadership qualities”
of “Admiral Zheng He”
AIM

15
BACKGROUND
Cont…
Zheng He’s birthplace ‘Yunnan Province’
China
Yunnan
Province
…cont

16
BACKGROUND
Cont…
Prince ‘Zhu Di’ later became Yongle Emperor

17
BACKGROUND
Prince Zhu Di governed Beiping (Beijing)
Northern frontier control by Mongol tribes
Ma He actively participated Zhu Di's military campaigns
…cont
Cont...

18
BACKGROUND
Cont…
Victory against Mongol Commander ‘Naghachu’
…cont

19
BACKGROUND
Cont…
‘Ma He’ received proper education
…cont

20
BACKGROUND
Cont…
…cont
MING EMPIRE
Beijing
Nanjing
MONGOL EMPEROR
Jingnan Campaign
1399-1402
Capture Nanjing
1402

21
BACKGROUND
Cont…
Prince ‘Zhu Di’ sworn as Emperor
…cont

22
BACKGROUND
Cont…
‘Ma He’ promoted as Grand Directorate of Palace
…cont

23
BACKGROUND
Cont…
Chief Envoy for Sea Voyages
…cont

24
EXPEDITIONS OF
ADMIRAL ZHENG HE
24

EXPEDITIONS OF ADMIRAL ZHENG HE
25
Ming dynasty - tribute system
25

Ming dynasty - Naval power
28

27
Ming dynasty – Foreign trade
Gold Silver Porcelain Silk
29

28
Ming dynasty – diplomatic relation
30

29
Ship advance technology
Cargo Interior
Lion Crest
Upper Deck
Upper Deck
Cannon
31

30
Ship building
Escort Ship
Guard battle Ship
Treasure Ship
32

31
Nine mast large naval ships
33

 1405 – 1407
 1407 – 1409
 1409 – 1411
 1413 – 1415
 1417 – 1419
 1421 - 1422
 1431 - 1433
34

Voyage 01 – (1405 – 1407)
AstronomerSoldiers Diplomatic specialist
Cont…
35

34
Voyage 01 (1405 – 1407)
China
India
Vietnam
Java
Malacca
Thailand
Cochin
Distance
approximately
5,400 Nm
…Cont
Cont… 36

35
Voyage 01 (1407 – 1409)
Pepper GemsCorals
…Cont
37

36
Voyage 02 (1407 – 1409)
China
India
Malacca
Cochin
Distance
approximately
4,100 Nm
38

37
Voyage 03 (1409 – 1411)
China
India
Malacca
Cochin
Distance
approximately
4,300 Nm
Cont… 39

38
Voyage 03 – (1409 – 1411)
Kingdom of Calicut Calicut Governors
Cont…
…Cont
40

39
Voyage 03 – (1407 – 1409)
Cont…
…Cont
41

40
Voyage 03 – (1407 – 1409)
Stone Tablets - Galle
 Trilingual inscription
(Chinese, Tamil and Persian)
 Text says that Zheng helped
Buddhist temples
…Cont
42

41
Voyage 04 (1413 – 1415)
Distance
approximately
6,400 Nm
China
India
Hormuz
Cont… 43

42
Voyage 04 – (1417 – 1419)
Persian Gems Carpet Horse Camel
Cont…
…Cont
44

43
Voyage 04 (1413 – 1415)
Distance
approximately
8,400 Nm
China
India
Hormuz
Mogadishu
Malindi
Cont…
…Cont
45

44
Voyage 04 – (1413 – 1415)
…Cont
46

45
Voyage 05 (1417 – 1419)
Distance
approximately
8,400 Nm
China
India
Hormuz
Mogadishu
Malindi
47

46
Voyage 06 (1421 – 1422)
Distance
approximately
10,000 Nm
Mogadishu
Malindi
India
China
Gulf Of Aden
Mozambique
48

47
Voyage 07 (1431 – 1433)
Distance
approximately
8,000 Nm
India
China
Jiddah
Hormuz
49

48
Voyage 07 – (1431 – 1433)
…Cont
Cont…
50

49
Voyage 07 – (1431 – 1433)
 Zheng He passed away in 1432
during sea voyage at Calicut
 Buried at sea
…Cont
51

50
Summary of the Zheng He’s voyages
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1405-1047 1407-1409 1409-1411 1413-1415 1417-1419 1421-1422 1431-1433
DISTANCETRAVEL(NM)
VOYAGE
52

52
LEADERSHIP STYLE
Autocratic leader - individual control over all decisions
Participative leader - invites input from employees
Persuasive leader - makes choices based on persuasion of subordinates

While commanding used Autocratic Style
De-centralized Command Structure
A Cooperative Leader with excellent collaboration with others
Most suitable to categorize as a Persuasive Leader
LEADERSHIP STYLE
55

55
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Alertness
Bearing
Courage
Knowledge
Decisiveness
Endurance
Justice
Loyalty

Alertness
 Value of Persian Gulf
economic boom
 Undertake trade between
Hormuz and Ming Dynasty
56
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Ming Dynasty
Hormuz

 Desirable physical appearance
 Exercise a dominating and
permeating influence
 Sound knowledge to lead expedition
57
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Bearing

 Mental state, strength and
intellectual ability
 Voyages not limited to the
One location
 Long-standing courage
58
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Courage

 Knowledgeable about the
intention of the emperor
 Long-distance commercial and
diplomatic relationships
 Navigational experience
59
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Knowledge
Cont….

 Sound Knowledge of
Ship building technology
 Length of ship is approx.
400 ft with 9 masts
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
…cont
62
Knowledge
440 ft

 Admiral had ability to
make decisions quickly
 Defeat pirates in Malacca
strait
61
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Decisiveness
A picture on defeating Pirate Lord Chen Suyi

 Mental and physical
endurance are essential
 Strategic logistic supply
chain management system
62
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Endurance
Continues 07 Voyages to Asia and Africa

 Admiral had quality of impartial
and reliable exercising command
 Voyage to Ceylon and stability of
the maritime routes
 Re-establishment of Ceylon
kingdom
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Justice
65

 Admiral had quality of being faithful
 Voyagers spread the culture, maintaining friendly and peace
 Symbol of peace and harmony
64
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Loyalty

APPLICATION OF
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
67

Selection and Maintenance of Aim
 Not to conquer the world by decisive battles
 Differ from European’s colonization tactics
 Used soft power instead of hard power
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE OF WAR
Cont.. 68

…cont
The aim of Admiral Zheng He’s sea expeditions
“
69Cont..

…cont
 Maritime Proto- Colonization by displaying Might of the
Ming to Smaller States
 Controlled Aggressive attempts but priority given to the main
aim
 Capitulation of Veera Alakeshwara in Ceylon in return journey
70

 Good mentor, motivator and mediator.
 Strong large fleet consisting with support arms
 Continues progress with series of voyages
 Strong physical and mental ability of the crew
Maintenance of Moral
71

 Appropriate use against oppressions
 Decisive Offensive Actions
 Defeated Chinese Pirate Lord Chen
Zuyi
 Defeated Veera Alakeshwara and
crowned Parackramabahu VI Imprisonment of Veera
Alakeshwara
Offensive Action
72

 Large fleet with bigger ships and
soldiers
 Continues development of the fleet
 Higher conceptual, physical and
moral power
 Superior fighting power
Admiral Zheng He’s
large fleet with
different sizes of
ships
Concentration of Force
73

 Continues voyages for more than three decades
 Durability and sustainability of ships and craft was high
Sustainability
1st Voyage
1405-07
3rd Voyage
1409-11
5th Voyage
1417-19
7th Voyage
1431-33
1400 1405 1410
2nd Voyage
1408-09
1415
4th Voyage
1413-15
1420
6th Voyage
1421-22
1425 1430 1435
The continuity of Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages 74Cont..

…cont
 Sea expeditions were terminated due to
 Non availability of support from emperor
 Non-availability of second level leadership
 Inability to commit the worriers and keep them away from country
 High cost incurred
 Engage with several war front at land
Sustainability
75

 A questionable principle
 No Significant long-lasting benefit
to China
 Compare to Western sea fearers
minimum influence to the world
Economy of Efforts
Columbus reached to
America
Vasco Da Gama
reached to India
Lorenzo Da Almeida
reached to Sri Lanka
76Cont..

British Colonization
Economy of Efforts
Spanish ColonizationFrench Colonization
77
…cont

 The Art of Collaboration
 An innovative leader
 A Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
 Good cooperation with Superiors,
Subordinates, Foreign Counter parts
 Utilize as a Foreign Diplomat of Emperor
Cooperation
Diplomatic Mission
Across Indian Ocean
78

 Conquering the world by a non aggressive manner
 Art of use of Soft Power instead of hard military power
 Instead of war fighting, prefer to extend the hands of friendliness
LESSONS LEARNT
80

 Zheng’s Voyages and One Belt One Road Initiative
LESSONS LEARNT
Seven Voyages of
Zheng He in 15th
Century
Maritime Silk
Road Initiative of
Xi Jing Ping in 21st
Century
81

 Organizing Capability
 07 voyages under a same leader
 Use of power timely and proportionately
 Dedication, determination and commitment to the work
LESSONS LEARNT
82

 07th Voyage at the age of 60
 Waited for approximately 10 years to launch 07 voyage
LESSONS LEARNT
Waited 10 years
for 07th Voyages
83

 Art of wining the heart and mind of people as a leader
 Importance of second level leadership
 Importance of South Asia in world maritime power network
LESSONS LEARNT
84

 Proportionate use of power
 Dedication, determination and commitment to the work
 Be patient as a leader
 Importance of second level leadership
 Importance of South Asia in world maritime power
LESSONS LEARNT
85

LESSONS LEARNT
 Maritime Day of China on 11 July ( The first day 01st Expedition
began in 1405)
 Steles in Nanjing, Taicang, Nanshan
 Tomb and Museum at Nanjing
 Zheng He International Airport at Kunming Changshui
 PLAN Zheng He
The Legacy
86

LESSONS LEARNT
The Legacy
 Ong Bon Temple at Saigon, Vietnam
 Zheng He Gallery at Malacca
 Dedicated Stamp, temples and Mosque in Indonesia
 USS Cheng Ho (IX-52 ) named after Admiral Zheng
 ROCS Cheng Ho missile frigate in Taiwan
 Inscriptions in Sri Lanka
87

86
LESSONS LEARNT
The Legacy
86
Zheng He’s Tomb - Nanjing Zheng He Mosque – Indonesia Zheng He Museum - Nanjing
USS Cheng He - USAA Stamp – Indonesia Ong Bon Temple – Vietnam 88

 Large over sea expedition prior to European colonization
 Pinnacle of Chinese sea expeditions
 Importance of Asia in world trading network
 Uniqueness of charismatic leadership
 Importance of being a persuasive leader
 If continue… This world would have been a “Mandarin-Speaking World”
CONCLUSION
89

By Hongwu Emporer the founder of Ming Dynasty (Huang ming Zuxun)
in 1395
90
1. Preface
2. Personal Austerity
3. Ritual Observances
4. Coronation
5. National Policy
6. Protocol
7. Legislation
8. The inner chambers
9. The inner offices
10. Administration
11. Guards
12. Public Works
13. Public Works
Ancestor’s Instructions

Types of Ships
• Chinese treasure ships (宝船; Bǎo Chuán), used by the commander of
the fleet and his deputies, nine-masted, about 127 metres (417 feet)
long, 52 metres (171 feet) wide, with four decks.
• Equine ships (馬船; Mǎ Chuán), carrying horses and tribute goods and
repair material for the fleet, eight-masted, about 103 m (338 ft) long and
42 m (138 ft) wide.
• Supply ships (粮船; Liáng Chuán), containing staple for the crew, seven-
masted, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide.
• Troop transports (兵船; Bīng Chuán), six-masted, about 67 m (220 ft)
long and 25 m (82 ft) wide.
• Fuchuan warships (福船; Fú Chuán), five-masted, about 50 m (160 ft)
long.
• Patrol boats (坐船; Zuò Chuán), eight-oared, about 37 m (121 ft) long.
• Water tankers (水船; Shuǐ Chuán), with 1 month's supply of fresh water.
91
SHIPS DATA

92
a. Fredrik, Tobias, Karl Hack, 2006. Imperial Systems of Power, Colonial Forces, and the Making
of Modern Southeast Asia, London: Singapore Management University .
b. Ward, S., Nov 2006. Chinese Whisper; Zheng He's treasure ships in the context of Chinese
Maritime Policy in Ming Dynasty, Dalian: Dalian Maritime University.
c. Asia, M. (2014) ‘Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages to the “West Oceans”’, 19(2).
Dynasty, M. and Dreyer, E. L. (2007) ‘Zheng He : China and the Oceans in the Early’, 60(4).
d. Lin, C. (2011) ‘China ’ s New Silk Road to the Mediterranean : The Eurasian Land Bridge and
Return of Admiral Zheng He’, 49(165), pp. 1–23.
e. Mccarthy, M. (2015) ‘Zheng He and the Southland : the context for the belief he may have
travelled’, (January 2005).
REFERENCES

Admiral Zheng He's Naval Expeditions Promoted Peace

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