This document provides information about different types of diagrams used to represent data visually, including bar diagrams, pie charts, and their construction. It discusses bar diagrams (simple, horizontal, subdivided, percentage, and multiple), pie charts, and how William Playfair introduced these forms of data visualization in the late 18th/early 19th century. Guidelines are provided for accurately constructing each type of diagram.

1. WELCOMESasna.p.s

2. William playfair
(1786 –bar diagram)
(1801-pie chart)

3. Bar diagram

4. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING BAR DIAGRAMS
 1.IT IS BETTER TO CONSTRUCT A DIAGRAM ON A GRAPH
PAPER ,IN AS MUCH AS IT FACILITATE ACCURATE
DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF THE BAR,AND
FACILITATE THE IR COMPARISON
 2.ALL BARS ARE DRAWN IN A SINGLE STUDY SHOULD BE
OF THE SAME WIDTH.
 3.THE DIFFERENT BAR SHOULD BE SEPERATED BY EQUAL
DISTANCE .THIS GIVES IT A PLEASING EFFECT
 4.ALL THE BARS SHOULD BE REST ON A SAME LINE
CALLED THE BASE
 5.THE BAR SHOULD BE ARRANGED FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
(or from top to bottom in the case of horizontal position)
 6.THE SCALE CAPTION,OR DESIGNATION MUST BE
WRITTEN ON THE TOP OF THE DIAGRAM
 7.ALL DIAGRAM SHOULD BE DRAWN ON SUCH A SCALE
SO AS TO SHOW MOST EFFECTIVELY THE VARIABLE
UNDER STUDY

5. SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
A SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM IS A ONE
DIMENTIONAL DIAGRAM IN WHICH
THE BARS REPRESENTS THE WHOLE OF
MAGNITUDE
(QUESTION:-THE BIRTH RATE OF FEW COUNTRIESOF THE WORLD.IN
THIS ;THE FIGURES THE BARS ARE IN VERTICAL POSITION)

6. SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM OR VERTICAL BAR DIAGRAM -(BIRTH RATE
OF FEW COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
BIRTH RATE
BIRTH RATE
COUNTRY BIRTH
RATE
MALAYSIA 40
IRAN 33
MEXICO 30
LIBYA 20
KENYA 16
SWEDEN 15

7. HORIZONTAL BAR DIAGRAM
 IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO DRAW
HORIZONTAL BAR DIAGRAM .. WHICH
MEANS THAT THE LONGER THE
BAR,LARGER THE CATEGORY.
 IT IS AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF PRESENTING
DATA WHEN THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
HAVE LONG TITLES,THAT WOULD BE
DIFFICULT TO INCLUDE BELOW A
VERTICAL BAR.(OR WHEN THERE ARE LARGE
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES) AND THERE
IS ENOUGH SPACE TO FIT ALL COLOUMN
REQUIRED FOR A VERTICAL BAR CHART
ACROSS THE PAGE

8. HORIZONTAL BAR DIAGRAM
0 10 20 30 40 50
MALAYSIA
IRAN
MEXICO
LIBYA
KENYA
SWEDEN
BIRTH RATE
BIRTH RATE

9. SUB DIVIDED BARDIAGRAM
 THE BARDIAGRAM USED TO EXHIBIT
THE DIVISIONS OF WHOLE IN TO
COMPARTMENTS(THE GIVEN MAGNITUDE CAN BE
DIVIDED IN TO SUB DIVISIONS OR A SIPLE BAR MAY BE
SUBDIVIDED IN THE RATIO OF THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS TO
EXHIBIT THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PART S TOTHE WHOLE)
 IT SHOULD REMEMBERED THAT
THE ORDER IN WHICH THE
COMPONENTS ARE SHOWN IN A
BAR IS FOLLOWED IN ALL THE
BARS USED IN THE DIAGRAM

10. THE QUANTITY OF WHEAT,BARLEY,OATS
DURING THE YEAR OF 2011-2014
YEARS WHEAT BARLEY OATS
2011 34 18 27
2012 43 14 24
2013 43 16 27
2014 45 13 34

11. THE QUANTITY OF WHEAT, BARLEY ,OATS
DURING THE YEAR OF 2011-2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM
OATS
BARLEY
WHEAT

12. PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
 THIS IS THE BARDIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTED ON PERCENTAGE BASIS
 THIS DIAGRAM IS USEFUL WHEN
RELATIVE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES
IN THE SIZE OF THEIR COMPONENTS
ARE TO BE HIGHLIGHTED
 IN THIS TYPE A SINGLE BAR MAY BE
DIVIDED INTO TWO OR MORE THAN
TWO COMPONENTS

13. PERCENTAGE DIAGRAM (monthly
expenditure of two families)
FAMILY 1 500 RS
INCOME % CUM %
FOOD 140 28 28
CLOTHING 80 16 44
RENT 100 20 64
EDUCATION 30 6 70
FUEL 40 8 78
ELECTRICITY 40 8 86
SAVINGS 70 14 100
FAMILY 2 800 RS
INCOME % CUM %
FOOD 240 30 30
CLOTHING 160 20 50
RENT 120 15 65
EDUCATION 80 10 75
FUEL 40 5 80
ELECTRICITY 80 10 90
SAVINGS 80 10 100

14. PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
FAMILY 1 FAMILY 2
SAVING
ELECTRICITY
FUEL
EDUCATION
RENT
CLOTHING
F00D

15. MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
 IN MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM TWO OR
MORE SETS OF DATA INTER-RELATED
ARE PRESENTED
THE TECHINIQUE OF DRAWING
DIAGRAM IS THAT OF A SIMPLE BAR
DIAGRAM
THE DIFFERENT BAR ARE
DIFFERENTIATED USING DIFFERENT
COLOURS,SHADES,DOTS,OR CROSSING

16. MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
YEARS IMPORTS EXPORTS
2010 7930 4260
2011 8850 5225
2012 9780 6150
2013 11720 7340
2014 12150 8145

17. MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM(MULTIPLE BAR
DIAGRAM SHOWING IMPORTS &EXPORTS FOR THE YEAR 2010-2014)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
imports
exports

18. Bilateral bar diagram
 BILATERAL CHARTS,ALSO CALLED “GAIN
OR LOSS”CHARTS;EMPLOY BARS TO SHOW
PLUS AND MINUS DIRECTION FROM THE
POINT OF REFERENCE.

20. PIE DIAGRAM
 PIE DIAGRAM REPRESENT BY MEANS
OF SECTORS AND CIRCLES,WHERE THE
ANGLE OF SECTORS ARE PROPOTIONAL
TOTHE RESPECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF
THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS
PERCENTAGE=FREQUENCY/TOTAL X100
DEGREE=FREQUENCY/TOTAL X360

21. HOW TO CONSTRUCT PIE DIAGRAM
• GATHER YOUR NUMERICAL DATAAND LABEL
INFORMATION AND WRITE IT DOWN WITH ONE DATA
POINT PER LINE
• ADD THE DATAALL TOGETHER CALCULATETHE TOTAL
.THIS NUMBER WILL BE DENOMINATOR
• CALCULATE THE % OF THE TOTAL FOR EACH DATA
POINT BY DIVIDING EACH ONE BY THE DENOMINATOR
CALCULATED .
• CALCULATE THE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM BY MULTIPLY
WITH 360
• USE MATHEMATICAL COMPASS TO DRAW DATA
• DRAW THE RADIUS
• USE PROTRACTER TO POSITION THE ANGLE
• DRAW EACH SECTION
• COLOUR EACH SEGMENT

22. PIE DIAGRAM
DISEASE FREQUENCY
(NO .DIED)
PERCENTAGE DEGREE
CANCER 18 36 129.6
TB 13 26 93.6
DENGUE FEVER 4 8 28.8
CHOLERA 15 30 108
TOTAL 50 100 360

23. PIE DIAGRAM
(FREQUENCY)
CANCER
TB
DENGUE
CHOLERA

24. THANK
YOU