The document discusses different methods of presenting data, including textual, tabular, and diagrammatic/graphical presentation. There are three main types of diagrams: geometric diagrams like bar charts and pie charts; frequency diagrams which include histograms, frequency polygons, and frequency curves; and time series graphs. Each method has advantages for presenting certain types of data clearly and effectively.

1. PRESENTATION OF DATA

2. PRESENTATION:
It is the process of presenting voluminous data
collected through different Statistical tools.
There are generally three forms of presentation of
data. They are
1. Textual presentation
2. Tabular presentation
3. Diagrammatic or Graphical presentation

3. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA:
In textual presentation, data are described within the text.
When the quantity of data is not too large this form of
presentation is most suitable.
Example :
In 1999, out of a total of five thousand workers of a
factory, four thousand and two hundred were members of
a Trade Union. The number of female workers was
twenty per cent of the total workers out of which thirty
per cent were members of the Trade Union.

4. TABULAR PRESENTATION:
In tabular presentation , data are
presented in rows and columns. The
most important advantage of tabular
presentation is used for further
Statistical calculations and decision
making.

6. PARTS OF A TABLE:
There are eight functional parts of a
Statistical table. They are the following.
1.Table Number:
It is assigned on the top of a table. It assigned for
easy identification.
2. Title:
It narrates about the content of the table.
3. Captions OR Column headings:
At the top of each column in a table a designation is given.
it is caption.
4. Stubs OR Row headings:
The designation of a row is called stubs.

7. 5. Body of the table:
It is the main part of a table. It contains the actual data.
6. Unit of measurement:
It shows the unit which is used to measure the figures in
the table.
7. Source:
It contains the source of the data presented in the table.
8. Note:
It gives additional information about the table

9. DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA
This is the third way of presentation. It provides the
quickest understanding of actual situation.
Diagrams maybe less accurate but are much more
effective than tables in presenting the data. There
are various kinds of diagrams. Amongst them the
important ones are the following .

10. Geometric
diagrams
Frequency
diagrams
TYPES OF DIAGRAMES
BAR
DIAGRAMS
FREQUENCY
POLYGUN
FREQUENCY
CURVE
HISTOGRAM
Time series
graph
OGIVES

11. GEOMETRIC DIAGRAMS:
Simple bar diagrams ,Multiple bar diagrams, Component bar
diagrams, percentage bar diagrams, pie diagrams are come
under this category.
1. SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM:
It comprises a group of equispaced and equiwidth
rectangular bars for each class of data. Height of the bar
reads the magnitude of data. The lower end of the bar
touches the base line such that the height of a bar starts from
the zero unit .Bars of a bar diagram can be visually
compared by their relative height

12. The following table gives the birth rate per thousand of
different countries over a certain period. Represent the
Data in a simple bar diagram
Countries Birth rate
India 33
Germany 16
UK 20
China 40
New Zealand 30
Sweden 12

13. 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
India Germany UK China New Zealand Sweden

14. Fruit: Apple Orange Banana Kiwifruit Blueberry Grapes
People: 35 30 10 25 40 5
A survey of 145 people asked them "Which is the nicest
fruit?":Their opinion is shown in the following table .
Represent the data in a simple bar diagram

15. MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM:
Multiple bar diagrams are used for comparing two or more
sets of variable. for example income and expenditure or
import and export
The data below give the yearly profits of two companies A
and B in thousand rupees
YEAR A B
1966 120 90
1967 135 95
1968 140 108
1969 160 120
1970 179 130

16. 25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
A
B

17. Years Imports Exports
1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 8145
Draw a multiple bar chart to represent the imports and exports
of Canada(values in $) for the years 1991 to 1995.

18. COMPONENT BAR DIAGRAM:
It is also called sub- divided bar diagram. It is very useful in
comparing the sizes of different parts of data. and also for
throwing light on the relationship among these integral parts
During 1968-1970 the number of students in university x
are as follows .Represent the data in a component bar
diagram
YEAR ARTS SCIENCE LAW TOTAL
1968 20000 10000 5000
1969 26000 9000 7000
1970 31000 9500 7500

19. 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1968 1969
50
1970

20. PIE DIAGRAM:
It is a circle whose area is proportionally divided among the
components it represents. It is also called pie chart. Pie
charts usually are not drawn with absolute values of a
category. The values of each category are first expressed as
percentage of the total value of all the categories. A circle in
a pie chart, irrespective of its value of radius, is thought of
having 100 equal parts of 3.6° (360°/100) each. To find out
the angle, each percentage figure of every component is
multiplied by 3.6°.

21. Distribution of Indian population (2011) by their working
status (crores)
Status Population percentage angle
Marginal Worker 12
Main Worker 36
Non Worker 73

23. Football Hockey Cricket Basketball Badminton
10 5 5 10 10
imagine a teacher surveys her class on the basis of their
favorite Sports:

24. FREQUENCY DIAGRAMS:
Data in the form of grouped frequency distributions are
generally represented by frequency diagrams. The following
are the most commonly used frequency diagrams
HISTOGRAM:
It is a two dimensional diagram. It represents a continuous
frequency distribution. It is a graph of a frequency distribution
consisting of rectangles in which the class intervals are plotted
along the x-axis and their respective frequencies on the y-axis.
It can helpful in locating mode. Histogram gives value of
mode of the frequency distribution graphically through the
highest rectangle.

26. 2
4
6
8
10
10 20 30 40 50 60
0

27. Calculate the mode graphically for the given data
CLASS FREQUENCY
0-5 5
5-10 3
10-15 12
15-20 2
20-25 3

28. Calculate the mode graphically for the given data
CLASS FREQUENCY
0-9 5
10-19 8
20-29 12
30-39 10
40-49 5

29. Calculate the mode graphically for the given data
CLASS FREQUENCY
0-5 5 5
5-10 3 3
10-20 12 12/2=6
20-40 20 20/4=5
40-45 3 3
10 5 10/5=2
20 5
20/5=4

30. 2
4
6
8
10
5 10 15 20 25 30
0 35 40 45

31. FREQUENCY POLYGON:
It is a plane bounded straight lines ,usually four or
more lines.lt can be construct with or without
constructing of a histogram. The simplest method of
drawing a frequency polygon is to join the midpoints
of the topside of the consecutive rectangles of the
histogram using straight lines.
FREQUENCY CURVE
The frequency curve is obtained by drawing a smooth
free hand curve passing through the points of the
frequency polygon as close as possible.

32. DRAW FREQUENCY POLYGON FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA
CLASS FREQUENCY
0-10 3
10-20 4
20-30 8
30-40 10
40-50 8
50-60 2

33. 2
4
6
8
10
10 20 30 40 50 60
0

34. DRAW FREQUENCY POLYGON FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA
CLASS FREQUENCY MID POINT
0-10 3 5
10-20 4 15
20-30 8 25
30-40 10 35
40-50 8 45
50-60 2 55

35. 2
4
6
8
10
10 20 30 40 50 60
0

36. DRAW FREQUENCY CURVE FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA
CLASS FREQUENCY
0-10 3
10-20 4
20-30 8
30-40 10
40-50 8
50-60 2

37. 2
4
6
8
10
10 20 30 40 50 60
0

38. OGIVE (or Cumulative Frequency Curve)
A cumulative frequency curve or ogive is obtained by plotting
the cumulative frequencies along the y-axis and the class
limits along the x-axis in a cumulative frequency distribution.
As there are two types of cumulative frequencies — ‘less than’
type and ‘more than’ type, accordingly there are two ogives
for any grouped frequency distribution data. An interesting
feature of the two ogives together is that their
intersection point gives the median
• For ‘less than’ ogive, cumulative frequencies are plotted
against the upper limits of the class intervals.
• For ‘more than’ ogive, cumulative frequencies are plotted
against the lower limits of the class interval.

39. Draw less than and more than ogives for the following
data
CLASS FREQUENCY LESS THAN CF MORE THAN CF
0-20 6
20-40 5
40-60 33
60-80 14
80-100 6
6
11
44
58
64
64
64
6
20
53
58

40. 10
20
30
40
50
20 40 60 80 100
0
60
70

41. Arithmetic Line Graph
An arithmetic line graph is also called time series graph.
In this graph, time (hour, day/date, week, month, year,
etc.) is plotted along x-axis and the value of the variable
(time series data) along y-axis.
A line graph by joining these plotted points, thus,
obtained is called arithmetic line graph (time series
graph). It helps in understanding the long-term trend,
periodicity, cyclicity etc., in a long-term time series data.

42. 10
20
30
40
50
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0
60
2018

43. Year 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Production
of wheat
(in million
tonnes)
5 8 13 16 20 17 22
Represent the following data (hypothetical data) graphically.
Deposits (in
₹)
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Interest (in ₹) 750 1,500 2,350 3,300 4,400
Draw the graph of interest on deposit for a year