BY KANAV MANSOTRA

1. SEMINAR
ON
“BALLISTIC MISSILES”
BY : KANAV MANSOTRA

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Missile Components
• Classification Of Missiles
• GUIDANCE SYSTEM
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
• The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally means "to send".
• A flying weapon that has its own engine so that it can travel a long distance before exploding at
the place that it has been aimed at .
• Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-selected
target.
WORKING PRINCIPLE :
• The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e. Action and reaction are equal and
opposite
• The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It produces thrust by
ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant.
• The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical reactions.
• The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the missile to
move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).

4. Classification of Missiles
Type Range Propulsion
Guidance
Systems
Launch
Mode
1. Surface-to-Surface
Missile
2. Surface-to-Air Missile
3. Surface (Coast)-to-Sea
Missile
4. Air-to-Air Missile
5. Air-to-Surface Missile
6. Sea-to-Sea Missile
7. Sea-to-Surface (Coast)
Missile
8. Anti-Tank Missile
1. Short Range
Missile
2. Medium Range
Missile
3. Intermediate
Range Ballistic
Missile
4.
Intercontinental
Ballistic Missile
1. Wire Guidance
2. Command Guidance
3. Terrain Comparison
Guidance
4. Terrestrial Guidance
5. Inertial Guidance
6. Beam Rider
Guidance
7. Laser Guidance
8. RF and GPS
Reference
1. Solid
Propulsion
2. Liquid
Propulsion
3. Hybrid
Propulsion
4. Ramjet
5. Scramjet
6.
Cryogenic
1. Cruise
Missile
2. Ballistic
Missile

6. BALLISTIC MISSILES
• A ballistic missile is a missile that has a
ballistic trajectory over most of its flight
path ,regardless of whether or not it is
weapon-delivery vehicle .
• Guided only during boost phase of flight.
• For example ,Prithvi -I ,Prithvi- II ,Agni-
I , Agni- II and Dhanush ballistic missiles
are currently operational in the Indian
Defence Forces.

9. MISSILE COMPONENTS
• Guided missiles are made up of a series of sub-assemblies.
The major sections are carefully joined and connected to
each other. They form the complete missile assembly.
• The major components of a missile are:
 WARHEAD
 GUIDANCESYSTEM
 PROPULSIONSYSTEM
 FINS

11. A WARHEAD IS AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE USED IN
MILITARY CONFLICTS, USED TO DESTROY ENEMY
VEHICLES OR BUILDINGS.
-TYPICALLY, A WARHEAD IS DELIVERED BY A MISSILE ,
ROCKET OR TORPEDO. IT CONSISTS OF THE EXPLOSIVE
MATERIAL, AND A DETONATOR
Types of warhead :-
Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate
the target, and damage surrounding areas
Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is
dispersed, which is designed to injure or kill human
beings.
Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is
dispersed, which is designed to sicken and kill humans.
Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction
causes immense energy release.
Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high
velocity to cause damage or injury.
WARHAED

12. PROPULSION SYSTEM
• Propulsion is the means of providing power to accelerate the missile body and sustain, if
necessary, to reach the required target. The basis for the working of missile propulsion
systems are the well-known Newton's laws of motion.
• The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It produces thrust
by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant.
PROPELLANT= FUEL + OXIDIZER , WHICH PRODUCES “THRUST”
• The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical
reactions.
• The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the
rocket to move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).
SOLID PROPELLANT
LIQUID
PROPELLANT
HYBRID PROPULSION= LIQUID PROPELLANT + SOLID
PROPELLANT
PROPUSION SYSTEM

14. GUIDANCE SYSTEM
• The purpose of a guidance system is to direct the missile to target. .
GPS-based GUIDANCE SYSTEM
• What is GPS?
• How Does it work?
• How is it useful in Guiding
Missiles?

15. WHAT IS GPS?
• GPS-stands for Global Positioning System
• GPS (the full description is: Navigation System with Timing And Ranging Global
Positioning System, NAVSTAR GPS).
• Using the Global Positioning System the following two values can be determined
anywhere on Earth:
• 1. One’s exact location (longitude, latitude and height co-ordinates) accurate to
within a range of 20 m to approx. 1 mm.
• 2. The precise time accurate to within a range of 60ns to approx. 5ns. Speed and
direction of travel (course) can be derived from these co-ordinates as well as the
time. The coordinates and time values are determined by 29 satellites orbiting the
Earth.

16. ELEMENTS OF GPS :
• GPS has three parts: the space segment, the user segment, and the
control segment. The space
• segment consists of a constellation of 24 satellites plus some spares,
each in its own orbit 11,000 nautical miles above Earth. The user
segment consists of receivers, which we can hold in our hand or
mount in a vehicle. The control segment consist, of ground stations
that make sure the satellites are working properly.

17. HOW DOES IT WORK?
• The operational GPS Constellation uses 29 satellites of which 5 are spares, orbiting
in precise 12 hour orbits.
• The orbit geometry is adjusted so that these orbits repeat the same ground track
once per day, and at any point on earth’s surface and at any given time the same
configuration of satellites should be seen.
• The satellites are grouped in sets of four into six orbital planes, each of which is
inclined at approx. 55 degrees to the polar plane.
• Each satellite transmits its exact position and its precise on board clock time to
Earth at a frequency of 1575.42 MHz. These signals are transmitted at the speed of
light (300,000 km/s) and therefore require approx. 67.3 ms to reach a position on the
Earth’s surface.

19. HOW DOES IT WORK?
• An inertial navigation system (INS) is a navigation aid that
uses a computer, motion sensors and rotation sensors
(gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning
the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed
of movement) of a moving object without the need for
external references.
• The ‘Missile guidance using GPS’ uses this ‘Inertial
Navigation System’ as its basic concept.

20. HOW DOES THE ‘INERTIAL NAVIGATION
SYSTEM WORKS???
• Inertial navigation relies on devices onboard the missile that senses
its motion and acceleration in different directions. These devices are
called gyroscopes and accelerometers.

21. MISSILE GUIDANCE USING GPS
• Missile guidance concerns the method by which a missile receives its commands to
move along a certain path to reach its target.
• On some missiles these commands are generated internally by the missile computer
auto-pilot. On others it is generated by some external source.
• The missile sensor or seeker, is a component within a missile that generates data fed
into the missile computer.
• This data is processed by the computer and used to generate guidance commands.
• Sensor types commonly used today include infrared, radar, and the global positioning
system.
• Based on the relative position between the missile and the target at any given point in
flight, the computer autopilot sends commands to the control surfaces to adjust the
missile's course.

22. THANK YOU