BALLISTIC BASICS AND CONTROL

1. BALLISTIC
MISSILE
SYSTEM
by: k. sai kiran
reg.no- 140921184
7 sem. I.C.E sec B

2. CONTENTS
1) Introduction
2) Missiles and their classification
3) Ballistic Missiles
4) Working Principle
5) Components of Missile
6) Weapon delivery system
7) Phases of ballistic missile
8) Ballistic missile control
9) Guidance laws
10) Ballistic intercept
11) Conclusion
12) References

3. INTRODUCTION
• Missile: Flying weapon which can travel long distances with/without guiding having it’s own set of
mechanisms set to aim target and destroy.
• OR can be defined as “self propelled precision-guided ammunition system”
• They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes only.
• Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-selected
target. Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering destructive force (usually in the
form of an explosive warhead) upon a target.
• Apart from explosives, There are other possible types of destructive missile payloads are various
forms of chemical or biological agents, nuclear warheads,Kinetic missiles etc.,

4. MISSILES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
• Missiles Have Four System Components:
• 1)Targeting or missile guidance,2) Flight system , Engine and 3) Warhead
• All known existing missiles are designed to be propelled during flight by chemical
reactions inside a rocket engine , jet engine , or other types.
• Non self propelled airborne explosive devices are generally referred as shells and
usually shorter range than Missiles.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MISSILES
TYPE LAUNCH MODE RANGE PROPULSION GUIDANCE
SYSTEMS
• 1)Cruise
missile
• 2)Ballistic
missile
• Surface to surface
• surface to air
• Surface to sea
• Air to air
• Air to surface
• sea to sea
• Sea to surface
• Anti tank missile
• Short
• Medium
• Intermediate
• Inter
continental
• Solid
• Liquid
• Hybrid
• Ramjet
• Scramjet
• cryogenic
• Wire
• Command
• Terrestrial
• Inertial
• Beam rider
• Laser
• RF and GPS

6. HISTORY OF MISSILES IN INDIA
• Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD)
but its first practical use for serious purpose took place
in 1232 AD by the Chinese against the Mongols.
• There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of
Mysore in south India) perfected the rocket's use for
military purposes, very effectively using it in war
against British colonial armies.
• At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian
soldiers launched a huge barrage of rockets
against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of
British forces.
• Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion
chamber was made of wood (bamboo), Tipu's rockets
(weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder
casings that allowed greater pressure, thrust and
range (1.5 to 2.5 Km). This impressed British.

7. • After regaining independence in 1947, India
focused all its energy in nation building,
primarily on economic and industrial
development fully understanding the key role of
science and technology.
• Hon. President of India Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
played a key engineering role in realizing both
the Indian SLV-3 space launcher as well as the
Prithvi and Agni missiles
• Initial missile programs like Project Devil (a
theatre ballistic missile) and Project Valiant (an
intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered
and stymied by many issues. But the success of
all our missile programs including BRAHMOS
makes up for the shelved old projects.

8. BALLISTIC MISSILES
• There are Missiles belonging two
• 1) unguided or ballistic: which move freely towards target. There is no control on it after
launched
• 2) guided or cruise: missiles are controlled after launching.
CRUISE:
• Unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle
• Sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path
• Primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a target.
• Use jet engine technology. Depending upon the speed such missiles are classified as :
1. Subsonic cruise missile 2. Supersonic cruise missile 3. Hypersonic cruise missile
• MACH Number : Ratio of flow speed relative to a boundary and the local speed of sound
• Subsonic Speed of about 0.8 mach ex : Harpoon of USA , Exocet of France
• Supersonic Speed of about 2-3 mach ex: BRAHMOS
• Hypersonic Speed of more than 5 mach ex : BRAHMOS - II

9. BALLISTIC MISSILES
• BALLISTIC: Missile following the ballistic trajectory which is set for an
objective of delivering two or more war heads targeting predetermined enemy
lines.
• It’s History Dates Back To The 13th Century. A Pioneer Ballistic Missile Was
The A-4, Commonly Known as The V-2 Rocket Developed By Nazi Germany In
The 1930s and 1940s Under The Direction Of Wernher Von Braun. The First
Successful Launch Of a V-2 Was on October 3, 1942, and It Began Operation
On September 6, 1944 Against Paris, Followed By an Attack On London Two
Days Later. By The End Of World War II In May 1945, Over 3,000 V-2s Had
Been Launched.
• The R-7 Semyorka was the first intercontinental ballistic missile.
• A total of 30 nations have deployed operational ballistic missiles. Development
continues with around 100 ballistic missile flight tests in 2007 (not including
those of the US), mostly by China, Iran, and the Russian Federation. In 2010,
the U.S. and Russian governments Signed a Treaty to Reduce Their Inventory
Of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) Over a Seven-Year Period (to
2017) to 1550 Units Each.

10. BALLISTIC MISSILES
• Ballistic missiles can be launched from a variety of
platforms, including silos, trucks, trains, submarines, and
warships. There are four general classifications based on
the maximum distance the missile can travel: short range
(less than 1,000 kilometers); medium range (1,000–3,000
kilometers); intermediate range (3,000–5,500 kilometers);
and intercontinental (more than 5,500 kilometers).
• Here Are Some Of The Classifications:
• air- launched ballistic missile or ALBM is a ballistic missile
launched from bomber.
• Tactical ballistic missile
• Theatre ballistic missile (TBM)
• Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or long-range
ballistic missile (LRBM)
• Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
• Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)

11. WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Missile Works on newton’s principles. The continuous
ejection of a stream of hot gases in one direction causes a
steady motion of the missile in the opposite direction.
• A missile is a machine that develops thrust by the rapid
expulsion of matter. The major components of a chemical
assembly are a engine, propellant consisting of fuel and
an oxidizer, a frame to hold the components, control
systems and a payload such as a warhead.
• A rocket differs from other engines in that it carries its
fuel and oxidizer internally, therefore it will burn in the
vacuum of space as well as within the Earth's
atmosphere. A rocket is called a launch vehicle when it is
used to launch a satellite or other payload into orbit or
deep space. A rocket becomes a missile when the payload
is a warhead and it is used as a weapon.

12. COMPONENTS
• The major components are:
1) WAR HEAD 2) FUSION 3) GUIDANCE SYSTEM 4) PROPULSION SYSTEM
5) FINS

13. WAR HEADS
A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy vehicles
or buildings.
• Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile , rocket or torpedo. It consists of the
explosive material, and a detonator.
• Types of warhead :-
• Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage
surrounding areas with a shockwave.
• Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to injure
or kill human beings
• Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to sicken
and kill humans.
• Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy release.
• Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or
injury.
• Shaped Charge: The effect of the explosive charge is focused onto a specially shaped
metal liner to project a hypervelocity jet of metal, to perforate heavy armour.

14. FUSION
• It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to
function in proper relation to the target.
• There are two general types of fuzes used in guided missiles •proximity fuzes and
contact fuzes.
• Some common methods of fusing are:-
• 1) Radio frequency sensing : The shell contains a micro transmitter which uses the
shell body as an antenna and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180–220 MHz. As
the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created. This
causes a small oscillation of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator
supply current of about 200–800 Hz, the Doppler frequency. This signal is sent
through a band pass filter , amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a
given amplitude
• 2) Optical sensing : Based on the use of petoscope which is an optoelectronic device
for detecting small, distant objects such as flying aircraft.
• 3) Magnetic sensing : only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. It
is used in mines and torpedoes.
• 4) Acoustic sensing : used a microphone in a missile.
• 5) Pressure wave sensing : are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing
overhead.

15. GUIDANCE SYSTEMS
• Missiles may target in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some
form of radiation , such as infrared , lasers or radio waves , to guide the missile onto
its target.
• There are FIVE types of guidance system given below:
• Laser Guidance - A laser designator device calculates relative position to a
highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology
on Laser-guided bomb. The space shuttle crew leverages a hand held device to feed
information into rendezvous planning. The primary limitation on this device is that
it requires a line of sight between the target and the designator.

16. • Celestial navigation : It is a position fixing
technique that was devised to help sailors. The
Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators
can use the Moon, planets or one of 57
navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated
in nautical almanacs.
• Long-range Navigation (LORAN) : This was the
predecessor of GPS and was (and to an extent still
is) used primarily in commercial sea
transportation. The system works
by triangulating the ship's position based on
directional reference to known transmitters.
• Wire-Guidance -A wire-guided missile is a missile
guided by signals sent to it via thin wires reeled
out during flight.

17. • Global Positioning System (GPS) : GPS was designed
by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types:
military and a commercial. GPS is a system of 24
satellites orbiting in unique planes 10.9-14.4 Nautical
miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well
defined orbits and transmit highly accurate time
information which can be used to triangulate position.
• Inertial Navigation System: Includes 1) a computer
and a platform containing accelerometers, 2)
gyroscopes, 3) other motion-sensing devices.
1. Accelerometers measure the vertical, lateral, and
longitudinal accelerations of the controlled missile .
2. Gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of the
system.

18. PROPULSION SYSTEMS
• Missiles use propulsion technique.

19. ATMOSPHERIC ROCKETS

20. WEAPON DELIVERY SYSTEM
• Weapon delivery is divided into three phases
and includes the following: (a) target
acquisition, (b) maneuvering to weapon release,
and (c) post release egress maneuver.
• The weapon delivery function can improve both
survivability and delivery accuracy
• The weapon delivery system provides the
capability to attack either preplanned or in-
flight designated surface targets.
• Fire Control Computer: The fire control
computer (FCC) can be considered an integral
part of the navigation weapon/delivery system.
• FCC is the principal component of the weapons
control subsystem, and provides real-time
computations for the following functions: (a)
automatic air-to-surface weapon deliveries, (b)
air-to-air missile algorithms, (c) navigation-
related data, (d) stores data select, (e) display
control, (f) self-test, (g) fix taking, and (h)
energy management information
+
–
Predict
weapon
trajectory
Compute
time to go
and steering
Issue
weapon
release
Selection of
weapon data
NAV
parameters
Air
data
Release
conditions
satisfied
?
Weapon
release
Display
Time to
go
steering
Time of
Continue solution
Range to
target
R
x
R
y
Miss
distance
R
TX
R
TY
Yes

21. PHASES OF BALLISTIC MISSILE
• Powered Flight: The portion, which lasts from the time of launch to missile motor thrust cutoff or
burnout and exit from the atmosphere. More specifically, this is the flight through the atmosphere
and extending into free space where the aerodynamic forces may be neglected.
• Free-Flight (or Free-Fall): The portion that constitutes most of the trajectory. The free-flight
trajectory is a conic section (i.e., an ellipse). This is also called “vacuum flight.” For this phase of
the flight, the initial conditions determine the parameters of the orbit; in other words, these
parameters establish the trajectory to be followed
• Reentry: The portion that begins at some point where the atmospheric drag becomes a significant
force in determining the missile’s path and lasts until impact (i.e., target on the surface of the
Earth). The reentry trajectory is determined to a great extent by the conditions of flight that obtain
as the missile approaches the effective atmosphere of the Earth.

22. BALLISTIC MISSILE CONTROL
• Ballistic missiles with thrust magnitude control, that is, missile engines whose thrust can be
controlled, have more flexibility than those without magnitude control. By controlling the direction
(i.e., steering) and the magnitude (i.e., throttling) of the thrust it is possible to match the stored
profiles to an arbitrary degree, depending only on the response of the control system
• There are two basic requirements that must be satisfied by the steering control system of a ballistic
missile. The control system must:
1)satisfactorily control the missile during the highly critical period of high aerodynamic pressure
that occurs as the missile climbs out of the atmosphere at high velocity, and
2)steer the missile to the proper cutoff condition, that is, Vg = 0.
• For stability purposes, a rate autopilot, utilizing feedback of rate information, is necessary.
• where KT is the autopilot constant, dθc/dt is the commanded pitch rate, and dθ/dt is the pitch rate.
θ
–
+
K
T
T e
1
Is
c
θ θ
c
θ
·
θ
·
–

23. GUIDANCE LAWS
• The function of a ballistic missile’s guidance system is to generate a sequence of command signals
that will steer the vehicle and terminate its thrust in such a way that the intended mission is
accomplished and all of the guidance constraints are satisfied. Once the guidance system has
selected a course and calculated the initial conditions that will place the missile on this course, it is
up to the flight control and propulsion systems to obtain these initial conditions with sufficient
accuracy.
• There are several guidance techniques of various degrees of difficulty available to the missile
designer. Three of the more common types are :
• (1) explicit guidance,
• (2) implicit guidance, and
• (3) delta guidance. Vehicle
dynamics
Measured
vehicle state
Kalman
filter
Computation
( explicit or implicit )
Error
prediction
x
zu

24. BALLISTIC INTERCEPT
• several ballistic missile intercept concepts have been proposed as part of the overall
ballistic missile defense (BMD) program. One such program was the midcourse concept.
The missile defense technologies pursued presently include (a) the airborne laser (ABL),
(b) the space-based laser (SBL), (c) the sea-based kinetic energy kill concept, and (d) the
space-based hit-to-kill experiment.
• the concept of the layered missile defense system.
1) Boost-Phase: The boost-phase defense is the airborne laser (ABL). This speed-of-light
laser system, as will be discussed later, would strike missiles shortly after launch. The
agency is also looking at other sea-based and ground systems.
2) Midcourse: Midcourse defenses include the exo-atmospheric kill vehicle. This hit-to kill
vehicle rams into incoming warheads in space. The collision, at some 15,000 miles per hour,
vaporizes both.
3) Terminal-Phase: Terminal-phase systems are perhaps the ones the public knows most.
The PAC-3 system is in operational testing now. Based on the Patriot system, the missile
intercepts incoming ballistic missiles in the atmosphere

26. PRITHVI AIR DEFENSE (PAD)
 Type : Exo atmospheric anti ballistic missile
 Used by : Indian Army
 Manufacturer : DRDO
 In use from : 26 November 2006
 Engine : 2 stage
 Range : 2000 km
 Altitude : 8.0 km
 Speed : Mach 5
 Weight : 1200 kg
 Length : 25 feet
 Diameter : 1.6 feet

27. CONCLUSION
• Currently Ballistic missiles are among the most expensive of single-use weapons,
up to several million dollars
• Guidance System used in Ballistic missile is a complex system which involves
several systems working in random.
• Interception of missile’s technology varies country by country.
• The more advancement in radar technology more rise in missile defense technology.
• Control and testing are the main stream for specialized subjects.

28. REFERENCES
• https://www.nasa.gov/centers/wstf/about_us/our_history/propulsion_testing.html
• http://www.gd-ots.com/locations/anniston_missile_components.html
• https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ballistic-missile-defense
• https://fas.org/nuke/intro/missile/basics.htm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile
• https://www.nap.edu/read/13189/chapter/3#27
• http://science.howstuffworks.com/patriot-missile.htm
• MISSILE GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS. By George M. Siouris
• THE STATE OF MULTIPLE SENSOR, MULTIPLE TARGET TRACKING IN
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE. By Barry E. Freddling
• GUIDED MISSILES. By D.R.D.O
• PRINCIPLES OF MISSILE FLIGHT AND JET PROPULSION

29. THANK YOU