This document provides information about guided missiles in 3 sections:
1) It is a certificate confirming Ramvinay Kumar completed a summer internship on guided missiles to fulfill his Bachelor's degree requirements.
2) It outlines the contents of the internship report, including sections on the history, types, components, and working principles of missiles in India.
3) It delves into the introduction, history, development, and types of missiles in more detail, classifying missiles based on type, launch mode, range, propulsion, warhead, and guidance systems.
THIS IS A SEMINAR REPORT ON GUIDED MISSILE. IN THIS REPORT YOU WILL FIND A BRIEF INTRODUCTION LIKE WHAT IS GUIDED MISSILE , TYPES OF MISSILE ,TYPES OF CONTROL AND GUIDANCE SYSTEM, WARHEAD , FUZES.
THIS IS A SEMINAR REPORT ON GUIDED MISSILE. IN THIS REPORT YOU WILL FIND A BRIEF INTRODUCTION LIKE WHAT IS GUIDED MISSILE , TYPES OF MISSILE ,TYPES OF CONTROL AND GUIDANCE SYSTEM, WARHEAD , FUZES.
Thank you for all video clips.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWZXinRwCaE (icbm)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mE-q1IaPIUk (how missiles launch)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOXmVi3A_PI (satan R36)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvHlW1h_0XQ (LRASM)
Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a sub-discipline of military electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, infrared and other detection methods.
The F-35 is designed to work with most legacy weapons.
And the F-35 with the internal fusion engine will allow a whole new approach to the development and use of weapons. Here the focus is upon the legacy weapons.
Legacy 4th generation fighters must load all of their weapons externally which directly impacts aerodynamic performance (agility) and radar cross-section (RCS).
In fact, any strides made to reduce airframe RCS are lost.
5th generation have the option of loading stores internally.
Legacy 4th gen fighters must carry external fuel tanks in order to overcome the drag penalty of the external ordinance.
The F-35 does not need external fuel tanks for two reasons:
1) the airframe was specifically designed to carry significant amounts of internal fuel and,
2) there is no aerodynamic drag from internal ordinance.
A 4th gen fighter is unable to safely penetrate denied airspace. This is airspace for which the threats are able to dominate entirely against the 4th generation.
5th gen fighters are able to penetrate denied airspace.
The internal ordinance of an F-35 is approximately that of an F-16 loaded “wall to wall.”
Because the weapons are internal, the F-35 has a much longer combat range fully loaded or significantly longer loiter time in the area of interest.
In the permissive environment, the F-35 holds another advantage over the F-16: payload.
The F-35 has 11 hard points and can carry about three times the stores load.
External weapons on an F-35 impact aerodynamic performance such that our range is about the same as an F-16.
The picture in slide 4shows an F-35A model with a full compliment of internal stores.
This loadout, which is all internal, is about 5000lbs.
Internal carriage means ZERO impact on radar cross section and ZERO aerodynamic drag.
An F-16, fully loaded, with external stores carries just over 5000lbs and because the load is external the radar cross sections is severely impacted as well as having a significant hit to aerodynamic performance.
The weapons within the blue cone can be carried internally.
The weapons with orange color font will be certified for carry in the SDD phase of the program.
Block 2 weapons carriage and release will be conducted this year.
By the end of block 2, AIM-120 and JDAM will be certified.
On day 1, when stealth is of primary importance, the F-35s will probably be loaded internally.
When stealth is less important, there are 11 hard points on the airplane, which allow about 18,000lbs of ordinance to be carried.
Thank you for all video clips.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWZXinRwCaE (icbm)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mE-q1IaPIUk (how missiles launch)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOXmVi3A_PI (satan R36)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvHlW1h_0XQ (LRASM)
Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a sub-discipline of military electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, infrared and other detection methods.
The F-35 is designed to work with most legacy weapons.
And the F-35 with the internal fusion engine will allow a whole new approach to the development and use of weapons. Here the focus is upon the legacy weapons.
Legacy 4th generation fighters must load all of their weapons externally which directly impacts aerodynamic performance (agility) and radar cross-section (RCS).
In fact, any strides made to reduce airframe RCS are lost.
5th generation have the option of loading stores internally.
Legacy 4th gen fighters must carry external fuel tanks in order to overcome the drag penalty of the external ordinance.
The F-35 does not need external fuel tanks for two reasons:
1) the airframe was specifically designed to carry significant amounts of internal fuel and,
2) there is no aerodynamic drag from internal ordinance.
A 4th gen fighter is unable to safely penetrate denied airspace. This is airspace for which the threats are able to dominate entirely against the 4th generation.
5th gen fighters are able to penetrate denied airspace.
The internal ordinance of an F-35 is approximately that of an F-16 loaded “wall to wall.”
Because the weapons are internal, the F-35 has a much longer combat range fully loaded or significantly longer loiter time in the area of interest.
In the permissive environment, the F-35 holds another advantage over the F-16: payload.
The F-35 has 11 hard points and can carry about three times the stores load.
External weapons on an F-35 impact aerodynamic performance such that our range is about the same as an F-16.
The picture in slide 4shows an F-35A model with a full compliment of internal stores.
This loadout, which is all internal, is about 5000lbs.
Internal carriage means ZERO impact on radar cross section and ZERO aerodynamic drag.
An F-16, fully loaded, with external stores carries just over 5000lbs and because the load is external the radar cross sections is severely impacted as well as having a significant hit to aerodynamic performance.
The weapons within the blue cone can be carried internally.
The weapons with orange color font will be certified for carry in the SDD phase of the program.
Block 2 weapons carriage and release will be conducted this year.
By the end of block 2, AIM-120 and JDAM will be certified.
On day 1, when stealth is of primary importance, the F-35s will probably be loaded internally.
When stealth is less important, there are 11 hard points on the airplane, which allow about 18,000lbs of ordinance to be carried.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEUROFUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE GUIDANCE OF AIR ...Ahmed Momtaz Hosny, PhD
ABSTRACT
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the fusion of neural networks and fuzzy logic specially in missile control problems. A technique for the preliminary design of a control system is presented using a neurofuzzy approach for a highly nonlinear MIMO 5_DOF AIM 9R model. The model reflects cross coupling effects between the longitudinal and lateral motions. Two neural network controllers are used for the low level control of each motion separately. The control effort of these networks is then blended by a fuzzy logic controller to obtain the overall control action.The fuzzy controller which is a Mamdani type inference system has 25 rule base designed to cope with model uncertainties specially in cross coupling between lateral and longitudinal motions. A computer simulation is performed to compare between various control techniques. The result showed the effectiveness of the hybrid system compared to other control strategies where fuzzy systems or neural networks are used separately.
EMAS - Engineered Material Arrestor System (seminar ppt) Chinnu Mohanan
The purpose of an Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) is to stop an aircraft overrun with no human injury and minimal aircraft damage. The aircraft is slowed by the loss of energy required to crush the EMAS material. An EMAS is similar in concept to the runaway truck ramp made of gravel or sand. It is intended to stop aircraft that have overshot a runway when there is an insufficient free space for a standard runway safety area (RSA).
medical mirror
Introduction
Regular and non-invasive assessments of cardiovascular function are important insurveillance for cardiovascular catastrophes and treatment therapies of chronic diseases.Resting heart rate, one of the simplest cardiovascular parameters, has been identified as anindependent risk factor (comparable with smoking, dyslipidemia or hypertension) for cardiovascular disease [1]. Currently, the gold standard techniques for measurement of thecardiac pulse such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) require patients to wear adhesive gel patches or chest straps that can cause skin irritation and discomfort. Commercial pulseoximetry sensors that attach to the fingertips or earlobes are also inconvenient for patientsand the spring-loaded clips can cause pain if worn over a long period of time.The ability to monitor a patient¶s physiological signals by a remote, non-contactmeans is a tantalizing prospect that would enhance the delivery of primary healthcare. For example, the idea of performing physiological measurements on the face was first postulated by Pavlidis and associates [2] and later demonstrated through analysis of facial thermalvideos. Although non-contact methods may not be able to provide details concerning cardiacelectrical conduction that ECG offers, these methods can now enable long-term monitoring of other physiological signals such as heart rate or respiratory rate by acquiring themcontinuously in an unobtrusive and comfortable manner.Beyond that, such a technology would also minimize the amount of cabling andclutter associated with neonatal ICU monitoring, long-term epilepsy monitoring, burn or trauma patient monitoring, sleep studies, and other cases where a continuous measure of heart-rate is important. The use of photoplethysmography (PPG), a low cost and non-invasivemeans of sensing the cardiovascular pulse wave (also called the blood volume pulse) throughvariations in transmitted or reflected light, for non-contact physiological measurements has been investigated recently. This electro-optic technique can provide valuable informationabout the cardiovascular system such as heart rate, arterial blood oxygen saturation, blood pressure, cardiac output and autonomic function.
Adaptive missile guidance using gps pptShivani Pakal
This ppt gives an brief idea about how an missile can be guided using the latest and most efficient technology, "GPS".
Hope so, it would be helpful for u all...!
Hello, I am DHRUV. This Presentation Includes some pictorial representation as well as information about Nuclear Weapons, missiles, bombs, and small weapons. I made this using information from google only. Hope you will like that.
Up to my knowledge, I collect all information about Indian missiles for the purpose of missile studies and their types to know simple understanding, to get educate their thought.
Cruise missiles form a major part of modern warfare and have spread extensively to all branches of the military. Their effective use in a modern conflict can change the outcome of war without resorting to nuclear weapons. Improvements in cruise missile technology will see more intelligent, self-manoeuvring and hypersonic missiles flood the world market. But whatever happens, cruise missiles will remain one of the most reliable weapons for the foreseeable future.
Presentation by Corinne Kramer, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, as part of the Global Security Technical Webinar Series at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Aerodynamic characterisitics of a missile componentseSAT Journals
Abstract
A Missile is a self-propelled guided weapon system that travels through air or space. A powered, guided munitions that travels through the air or space is known as a missile (or guided missile). The Missile is defined as a space transversing unmanned vehicle that contains the means for controlling its flight path. The aerodynamic characteristics of a missile components such as body, wing and tail are calculated by using analytical methods to predict the drag and the normal forces of the missile. The total drag of the body is computed by using the parasite drag, wave drag, skin friction drag and base drag. The wing surface normal force coefficient (CN)Wing is a function of Mach number, local angle of attack, aspect ratio, and the wing surface plan form area (CN)Wing , based on the missile reference area, decreases with increasing supersonic Mach number and increases with angle of attack and the wing surface area. When the wing surface area is reduced the total weight of the missile and drag are reduced thereby increasing the lift and achieve excessive stability.
Keywords—Aerodynamics, drag, missile, normal forces and stability
Small presentation on different types of missile,their characteristics,technology etc.If anything is wrong let me know.There are some animated videos that will help to understand. Thank you.
: The main objective of this paper is the systematic description of the current research and
development of small or miniature unmanned aerial vehicles and micro aerial vehicles, with a focus on
rotary wing vehicles. In recent times, unmanned/Micro aerial vehicles have been operated across the
world; they have also been the subject of considerable research. In particular, UAVs/MAVs with rotary
wings have been expected to perform various tasks such as monitoring at fixed points and surveillance
from the sky since they can perform not only perform static flights by hovering but also achieve vertical
takeoffs and landing. Helicopters have been used for personnel transport, carrying goods, spreading
information, and performing monitoring duties for long periods. A manned helicopter has to be used for
all these duties. On the other hand, unmanned helicopters that can be operated by radio control have
been developed as a hobby. Since unmanned helicopters are often superior to manned helicopters in
terms of cost and safety, in recent years, accomplishing tasks using unmanned helicopters has become
popular. Considerable expertise is required to operate unmanned helicopters by radio control, and
hence, vast labor resources are employed to train operators. Moreover, it is impossible to operate
unmanned helicopters outside visual areas because of lack of radio control, and the working area is
hence limited remarkably. For solving the above problems, it is necessary to realize autonomous
control of unmanned helicopters. However, no general method for designing the small unmanned
helicopters has been developed yet – today, various design techniques by different study groups using
different helicopters exist. In this paper the conceptual design process is explained.
The Biggest Aircraft Carrier_ A Monument of Naval Supremacy.pdfjamesbelfort32
The world of naval engineering and military prowess is often epitomised by the presence of colossal vessels known as aircraft carriers. Among these behemoths, there exists a category that stands out as the epitome of size and capability — the biggest aircraft carrier. In this informative blog, we delve into the awe-inspiring world of the biggest aircraft carriers, exploring their history, features, capabilities, and their enduring impact on naval warfare.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Guided missile dox
1. 1
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that seminar on “GUIDED MISSILE” is a bonafide record of summer
internship by “RAMVINAY KUMAR” (COER ID-11310324), in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor Of Technology in Electronics And
Telecommunication Engineering from COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE for the
year 2014-15.
Ms. BHARTI MODI
(Assistant Professor)
College Of Engineering Roorkee
2. 2
CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….03
2. HISTORY OF MISSILE…………………………………………………………04
3. MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA………………………………………………..05
4. TYPES OF MISSILES…………………………………………………………...06
5. MISSILE COMPONENTS………………………………………………………12
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE…………………………………………………………21
a. TRACKING………………………………………………….. ….21
b. GUIDANCE………………………………………………………21
c. FLIGHT…………………………………………………………...21
7. ADVANTAGES ………………………………………………………………….23
8. DISADVANTAGES………………………………………………………………24
9. REFRENCES……………………………………………………………………...25
3. 3
1. INTRODUCTION
The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send".
They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes only.
Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-
selected target.
Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering destructive force (usually in the
form of an explosive warhead) upon a target.
Aside from explosives, other possible types of destructive missile payloads are various forms
of chemical or biological agents, nuclear warheads, or simple kinetic energy (where the
missile destroys the target by the force of striking it at high speed).
4. 4
2. HISTORY OF MISSILES
Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first practical use for
serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the Chinese against the Mongols. There
after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south India) perfected the
rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively using it in war against British
colonial armies. At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian soldiers launched a
huge barrage of rockets against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of British
forces.
Portrait of Tipu Sultan of Mysore, present day Karnataka,
India
Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion chamber was made of wood
(bamboo), Tipu's rockets (weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder casings
that allowed greater pressure, thrust and range (1.5 to 2.5 Km). The British were
greatly impressed by the Mysorean rockets using iron tubes.
5. 5
3. MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA
After regaining independence in 1947, India focused all its energy in nation
building, primarily on economic and industrial development fully understanding the
key role of science and technology. Indian rocketry was reborn, thanks to the
farsighted technological vision of Prime Minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru. Professor
Vikram Sarabhai took the challenge of realizing this dream. Hon. President of India
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam played a key engineering role in realizing both the Indian
SLV-3 space launcher as well as the Prithvi and Agni missiles. Initial missile
programs like Project Devil (a theatre ballistic missile) and Project Valiant (an
intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered and stymied by many issues. But the
success of all our missile programs including BRAHMOS makes up for the shelved
old projects.
6. 6
4. TYPES OF MISSILE
Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range, Propulsion;
Warhead Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range
Propulsion, and Warhead and Guidance Systems.
Type:
Cruise Missile
Ballistic Missile
Launch Mode:
Surface to Surface Missile
Surface to Air Missile
Surface (Coast) to Sea Missile
Air to Air Missile
Air to Surface Missile
Sea to Sea Missile
Sea to Surface (Coast) Missile
Anti-Tank Missile
Range:
Short Range Missile
Medium Range Missile
Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
Propulsion:
Solid Propulsion
Liquid Propulsion
Hybrid Propulsion
Ramjet
Scramjet
Cryogenic
Warhead:
Conventional
Strategic
Guidance Systems:
Wire Guidance
Command Guidance
Terrain Comparison Guidance
Terrestrial Guidance
7. 7
Inertial Guidance
Beam Rider Guidance
Laser Guidance
RF and GPS Reference
On the basis of Type:
(i) Cruise Missile: A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled
(till the time of impact) guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most
of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a
target. They fly within the earth’s atmosphere and use jet engine technology. These vehicles
vary greatly in their speed and ability to penetrate defences.Cruise missiles can be
categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), range and whether launched from land,
air, surface of ship or submarine.
Depending upon the speedsuch missiles are classified as:
1) Subsonic cruise missile
2) Supersonic cruise missile
3) Hypersonic cruise missile
1. Subsonic cruise missile flies at a speed lesser than that of sound. It travels at a speed of
around 0.8 Mach.The well-known subsonic missile is the American Tomahawk cruise
missile. Some other examples are Harpoon of USA and Exocet of France.
2. Supersonic cruise missile travels at a speed of around23 Mach i.e.; It travels a kilometer
approximately in a second. The modular design of the missile and its capability of being
launched at different orientations enable it to be integrated with a wide spectrum of platforms
like warships, submarines, different types of aircraft, mobile autonomous launchers and silos.
The combination of supersonic speed and warhead mass provides high kinetic energy
ensuring tremendous lethal effect. BRAHMOS is the only known versatile supersonic cruise
missile system which is in service.
3. Hypersonic cruise missile travels at a speed of more than 5 Mach. Many countries are
working to develop hypersonic cruise missiles. BrahMos Aerospace is also in the process of
developing a hypersonic cruise missile, BRAHMOSII, which would fly at a speed greater
than 5 Mach.
(ii) Ballistic Missile: A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of
its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a weapon delivery vehicle. Ballistic missiles
are categorized according to their range, maximum distance measured along the surface of
earth's ellipsoid from the point of launch to the point of impact of the last element of their
payload. The missile carries a huge payload. The carriage of a deadly warhead is justified by
the distance the missile travels. Ballistic missiles can be launched from ships and land based
facilities. For example, Prithvi I, Prithvi II, Agni I, Agni II and Dhanush ballistic missiles are
currently operational in the Indian defense forces.
8. 8
On the basis of Launch Mode:
(I) Surface to Surface Missile: A surface to surface missile is a guided projectile launched
from a handheld, vehicle mounted, trailer mounted or fixed installation. It is often powered
by a rocket motor or sometimes fired by an explosive charge since the launch platform is
stationary.
(II) Surface to Air Missile: A surface to air missile is designed for launch from the ground to
destroy aerial targets like aircrafts, helicopters and even ballistic missiles. These missiles are
generally called air defense systems as they defend any aerial attacks by the enemy.
(III) Surface (Coast) to Sea Missile: A surface (coast) to sea missile is designed to be
launched from land to ship in the sea as targets.
(IV) Air to Air Missile: An air to air missile is launched from an aircraft to destroy the enemy
aircraft. The missile flies at a speed of 4 Mach.
(V) Air to Surface Missile: An air to surface missile is designed for launch from military
aircraft and strikes ground targets on land, at sea or both. The missiles are basically guided
via laser guidance, infrared guidance and optical guidance or via GPS signals. The type of
guidance depends on the type of target.
(VI) Sea to Sea Missile: A sea to sea missile is designed for launch from one ship to another
ship.
Anti-Satellite
Missile
Anti-Ship
Missile
9. 9
(VII) Sea to Surface (Coast) Missile: A sea to surface missile is designed for launch from
ship to land based targets.
(VIII) Anti-Tank Missile: An antitank missile is a guided missile primarily designed to hit
and destroy heavily-armoured tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. Antitank missiles
could be launched from aircraft, helicopters, and tanks and also from shoulder mounted
launcher.
On the basis of Range:
This type of classification is based on maximum range achieved by the missiles. The basic
classification is as follows:
(i) Short Range Missile
(ii) Medium Range Missile
(iii) Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
(iv.) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
On the basis of Propulsion:
(i) Solid Propulsion: Solid fuel is used in solid propulsion. Generally, the fuel is aluminium
powder. Solid propulsion has the advantage of being easily stored and can be handled in
fuelled condition. It can reach very high speeds quickly. Its simplicity also makes it a good
choice whenever large amount of thrust is needed.
(ii) Liquid Propulsion: The liquid propulsion technology uses liquid as fuel. The fuels are
hydrocarbons. The storage of missile with liquid fuel is difficult and complex. In addition,
preparation of missile takes considerable time. In liquid propulsion, propulsion can be
controlled easily by restricting the fuel flow by using valves and it can also be controlled
even under emergency conditions. Basically, liquid fuel gives high specific impulse as
compared to solid fuel.
(ii) Hybrid Propulsion: There are two stages in hybrid propulsion solid propulsion and liquid
propulsion. This kind of propulsion compensates the disadvantages of both propulsion
systems and has the combined advantages of the two propulsion systems.
(iii) Ramjet: A ramjet engine does not have any turbines unlike turbojet engines. It achieves
compression of intake air just by the forward speed of the air vehicle. The fuel is injected and
Anti-tank
guided missile
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ignited. The expansion of hot gases after fuel injection and combustion accelerates the
exhaust air to a velocity higher than that at the inlet and creates positive push. However, the
air entering the engine should be at supersonic speeds. So, the aerial vehicle must be moving
in supersonic speeds. Ramjet engines cannot propel an aerial vehicle from zero to supersonic
speeds.
(iv.) Scramjet: Scramjet is an acronym for Supersonic Combustion Ramjet. The difference
between scramjet and ramjet is that the combustion takes place at supersonic air velocities
through the engine. It is mechanically simple, but vastly more complex aerodynamically than
a jet engine. Hydrogen is normally the fuel used.
(v) Cryogenic: Cryogenic propellants are liquefied gases stored at very low temperatures,
most frequently liquid hydrogen as the fuel and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. Cryogenic
propellants require special insulated containers and vents which allow gas to escape from the
evaporating liquids. The liquid fuel and oxidizer are pumped from the storage tanks to an
expansion chamber and injected into the combustion chamber where they are mixed and
ignited by a flame or spark. The fuel expands as it burns and the hot exhaust gases are
directed out of the nozzle to provide thrust.
On the basis of Warhead:
(i) Conventional Warhead: A conventional warhead contains high energy explosives. It is
filled with a chemical explosive and relies on the detonation of the explosive and the
resulting metal casing fragmentation as kill mechanisms.
(ii) Strategic Warhead: In a strategic warhead, radio-active materials are present and when
triggered they exhibit huge radio activity that can wipe out even cities. They are generally
designed for mass annihilation.
On the basis of Guidance Systems:
(i) Wire Guidance: This system is broadly similar to radio command, but is less susceptible to
electronic counter measures. The command signals are passed along a wire (or wires)
dispensed from the missile after launch.
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(ii) Command Guidance: Command guidance involves tracking the projectile from the launch
site or platform and transmitting commands by radio, radar, or laser impulses or along thin
wires or optical fibers. Tracking might be accomplished by radar or optical instruments from
the launch site or by radar or television imagery relayed from the missile.
(iii) Terrain Comparison Guidance: Terrain Comparison (TERCOM) is used invariably by
cruise missiles. The system uses sensitive altimeters to measure the profile of the ground
directly below and checks the result against stored information.
(IV) Terrestrial Guidance: This system constantly measures star angles and compares them
with the preprogrammed angles expected on the missile’s intended trajectory. The guidance
system directs the control system whenever an alteration to trajectory is required.
(v) Inertial Guidance: This system is totally contained within the missile and is programmed
prior to launch. Three accelerometers, mounted on a platform spacestabilised by gyros,
measure accelerations along three mutually perpendicular axes; These accelerations are then
integrated twice, the first integration giving velocity and the second giving position. The
system then directs the control system to preserve the preprogrammed trajectory. These
systems are used in the surface to surface missiles and in cruise missiles.
(VI) Beam Rider Guidance: The beam rider concept relies on an external ground or ship
based radar station that transmits a beam of radar energy towards the target. The surface radar
tracks the target and also transmits a guidance beam that adjusts its angle as the target moves
across the sky.
(vii) Laser Guidance: In laser guidance, a laser beam is focused on the target and the laser
beam reflects off the target and gets scattered. The missile has a laser seeker that can detect
even miniscule amount of radiation. The seeker provides the direction of the laser scatters to
the guidance system. The missile is launched towards the target, the seeker looks out for the
laser reflections and the guidance system steers the missile towards the source of laser
reflections that is ultimately the target.
(viii) RF and GPS Reference: RF (Radio Frequency) and GPS (Global Positioning System)
are examples of technologies that are used in missile guidance systems. A missile uses GPS
signal to determine the location of the target. Over the course of its flight, the weapon uses
this information to send commands to control surfaces and adjusts its trajectory. In a RF
reference, the missile uses RF waves to locate the target.
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5. MISSILE COMPONENTS
Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections
are carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile
assembly.
The major components of a missile are:
WARHEAD
FUSING
GUIDANCE SYSTEM
PROPULSION SYSTEM
FINS
(A.)WARHEAD
A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy
vehicles or buildings. Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile, rocket or
torpedo. It consists of the explosive material, and a detonator.
Types of warhead:-
Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage
surrounding areas with a shockwave.
Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to
injure or kill human beings.
Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to
sicken and kill humans.
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Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy
release.
Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or
injury.
B. FUSING
It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to
function in proper relation to the target. There are two general types of
fuzzes used in guided missiles proximity fuzzes and contact fuzzes. Some
common methods of fusing are:-
(a.) Radio frequency sensing
The shell contains a micro transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and
emits a continuous wave of roughly 180–220 MHz
Fig. - A NUCLEAR
WARHEAD
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As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created.
This causes a small oscillation of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator
supply current of about 200–800 Hz, the Doppler frequency. This signal is sent
through a band pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds
given amplitude.
(b.) Optical sensing
Based on the use of petoscope which is an optoelectronic device for detecting small,
distant objects such as flying aircraft.
Modern air-to-air missiles use lasers. They project narrow beams of laser light
perpendicular to the flight of the missile.
(c.) Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as
ships. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Fuzzes of this type can be defeated
by degaussing; using non-metal hulls for ships (especially minesweepers) or
by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed buoys.
(d.) Acoustic sensing
Used a microphone in a missile.
The characteristic frequency of an aircraft engine is filtered and triggers the
detonation.
Naval mines can also use acoustic sensing, with modern versions able to be
programmed to "listen" for the signature of a specific ship.
(e.) Pressure wave sensing
Some naval mines are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead
(C.)GUIDANCE SYSTEM
Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some
form of radiation, such as infrared, lasers or radio waves, to guide the missile onto its
target.
There are two types of guidance system
One is fire-and-forget & another method is to use a TV camera—using either visible light
or infra-red—in order to see the target.
Some methods of target detection are:-
a. Laser Guidance - A laser designator device calculates relative
position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of
the technology on Laser-guided bomb. The space shuttle crew leverages a
hand held device to feed information into rendezvous planning. The
primary limitation on this device is that it requires a line of sight between
the target and the designator.
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b. Terrain contour matching (TERCOM) - This method uses a ground
scanning radar to "match" topography against digital map data to fix current position.
Used by cruise missiles such as the BGM-109 Tomahawk.
C. Infrared homing: This form of guidance is used exclusively for military
munitions, specifically air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. The missile’s seeker head
homes in on the infrared (heat) signature from the target’s engines (hence the term
“heat-seeking missile”).
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d. Celestial navigation- It is a position fixing technique that was designed to
help sailors. The Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon,
planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in nautical
almanacs.
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Long-range Navigation (LORAN): This was the predecessor of
GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in commercial sea transportation. The
system works by triangulating the ship's position based on directional reference to
known transmitters.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS was designed by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a
commercial. GPS is a system of 24 satellites orbiting in unique planes 10.9-14.4
Nautical miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well-defined orbits and transmit
highly accurate time information which can be used to triangulate position.
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D. PROPULSION SYSTEM
Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion.
ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSIONSYSTEM.—There are
three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systems—the turbojet, pulsejet, and ramjet
engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is currently being used in
Navy air-launched missiles.
The various methods are as follows:-
TURBOJET –
The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine.
Compared to turbofans, turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below about Mach
2 and are very noisy.
As a result, most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic reasons,
although turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high
exhaust speed, low frontal area, and relative simplicity.
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RAMJET –
A ramjet uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary
compressor.
Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft
from a standstill.
Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3. This type of
engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6.
Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple
mechanism for high-speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells.
They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, as tip jets on the end
of helicopter rotors.
Ramjets employ a continuous combustion process.
ROCKET— Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant, and combined
propellant systems.
Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites and that this
fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles immediately before launching. A
missile cannot wait to be fueled when it is needed for defense or offense-it must be
ready. That is one of the reasons why solid propellants have replaced liquid
propellants in most of our missiles.
Fig.-RAMJET
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Solid Propellant Engines- The combustion chamber of a solid propellant rocket
contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are of two basic
types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning.
HYBRID PROPULSION –
A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellants. The liquid is the
oxidizer and the solid is the propellant. Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is,
spontaneous ignition takes place upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant. The
combustion chamber is within the solid grain, as in a solid-fuel rocket; the liquid
portion is in a tank with pumping equipment as in a liquid-fuel rocket. Combustion
takes place on the inside surface of the solid fuel, after the liquid fuel is injected, and
the combustion products are exhausted through the nozzle to produce the thrust as in
other rockets.
Liquid Propellant + Solid Propellant Engines = HYBRID PROPULSION
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6. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
TRACKING: To target the missile by knowing the location of the target, and using
a guidance system such as inertial navigation system (INS), TERCOM or GPS. This job
can also be performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and
the missile, and guides it using either cable or radio based remote-control, or by
an automatic system that can simultaneously track the target and the missile.
GUIDANCE: – It involves guiding the missile to the target.
FLIGHT:-
The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e. Action and reaction are
equal and opposite the propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It
produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant. The hot gases are
produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical reactions. The
propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the rocket to
move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law). Flight system contains Vectored Thrust
(For missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and
Aerodynamic Maneuvering (wings, fins, canards, etc.)
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Aerodynamic Maneuvering
Guided missiles launched from surface ships have their flight
paths within the earth's atmosphere, so it is important that you
understand some basic aerodynamic principles. Aerodynamics may
be defined as the science that deals with the motion of air and other
gases, and with the forces acting on bodies moving through these
gases
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ADVANTAGES OF GUIDED MISSILES
Missile combat employment is completely autonomous (“fire and forget”)
Missile flexible flight trajectories
High supersonic speed at a whole trajectory
High effectiveness in case of strong electronic and fire counter measures
High level of mobility
Minimal crew
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DISADVANTAGES OF GUIDED MISSILES
Missiles can be destroyed in flight (either with Defender missiles or with a well-timed
smart bomb detonation)
Missiles have to rely on the ground-based radar for guidance.
Nuclear missiles make plants, soil and rain radioactive.
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9. REFRENCES
1. www.google.com
2. www.brahmos.com
3. http://en.wikipedia.org
4. www.mikalac.com/mis/missile.html
5. GUIDED MISSILES , by - T V Karthikeyan & A K Kapoor , Scientists Defense
Research &- Development Laboratory, Hyderabad , Defense Scientific Information &
Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) , Ministry of Defense, DRDO.